Singakhuluma ngezimbangela zokufa kwezinsana?

Namuhla sizokhuluma ngesihloko esibucayi, kodwa esibaluleke kakhulu. Okungukuthi, ukulahlekelwa yizingane ezincane, okungukuthi, phakathi nonyaka wokuqala wokuzalwa, okusishiya. Yilokhu odokotela nabacwaningi abakubiza ngokuthi `(Ukufa Kwezinsana)`. Uma uzwa leli gama, ungase ucabange ngezibalo, kodwa empeleni, ngemuva kwalokhu kukhona usizi olungabekezeleleki, ukudumala emndenini.

Kuyini Ukufa Kwezinsana? Ingabe siyakuqonda kahle?

Kalula nje, elithi 'Ukufa Kwezinsana' libhekisela ekufeni komntwana zingakapheli izinyanga ezingu-12 zokuzalwa, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba afike eminyakeni engu-1 ubudala. Kukhona elinye igama elibizwa ngokuthi '(Ukufa Kwezinsana)'. Libhekisela ekufeni komntwana zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-28 zokuzalwa. Nakuba la magama esetshenziswa ezibalweni nasocwaningweni, empilweni yangempela lokhu kuyinto ebuhlungu kakhulu. Kufana nokuthi ingxenye yakho ilahlekile, futhi awukwazi ukucabanga ukuthi ungaqhubeka kanjani.

Kodwa kungani sikhuluma ngalokhu? Ngoba, izinto ezinjengalezi akufanele zenzeke. Wonke umntwana unelungelo lokuqala impilo enempilo futhi agubhe hhayi nje kuphela izinsuku zakhe zokuzalwa zokuqala nezesibili, kodwa nezinye eziningi. Kodwa, zingaki izinto ezithinta impilo yezingane nemindeni yazo?

Izinto ezithinta impilo yethu emphakathini, ezithinta impilo yethu, zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nalokhu. Cabanga nje, uma ungatholi ngisho nezisekelo ezifana nokudla okunempilo nokunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokukhulelwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, kuba nzima ukulindela umntwana onempilo. Abacwaningi nodokotela bahlala bezama ukususa izithiyo ezinjalo futhi bakhe indawo lapho wonke umuntu angaba nokukhulelwa okunempilo futhi abelethe izingane ezinempilo.

Yiziphi izizathu ezenza izingane ezincane zihlukane nathi?

Ngokwezibalo ezikhona emhlabeni njengamanje, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neMelika, kunezimbangela eziningana eziyinhloko zokufa kwezinsana:

• Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa (noma ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa): Lezi yizinkinga ezahlukahlukene zomzimba noma zofuzo ezenzeka ngesikhathi umntwana esakhula esibelethweni. Ezinye zincane, kanti ezinye zingasongela ukuphila.
• Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nesisindo esiphansi sokuzalwa: Izingane ezizalwa ngaphambi kosuku lokuzalwa, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kwamasonto angu-37, zingase zibe nezinkinga ezahlukene ngoba izitho zazo zomzimba azikakhuli ngokugcwele. Futhi, izingane ezinesisindo esingaphansi kwamagremu angu-2500 ekuzalweni zisengozini enkulu.
• Isifo Sokufa Kwezinsana Okungazelelwe (SIDS): Lesi yisimo esidabukisayo kakhulu. Kwenzeka lapho umntwana ophilile efa ngokuzumayo, ngokuvamile elele, ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.
• Izingozi ezingalindelekile: Lokhu kufaka phakathi izingozi zezimoto, ukuwa, ukuminza, kanye nokuminza. Njengoba izingane zisengozini enkulu, kubalulekile ukuzinakekela kahle.
• Izinkinga zokukhulelwa: Izimo ezenzeka kumama ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, njengomfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sikashukela, kanye nezifo, nazo zingathinta ingane.

Izimbangela ezithinta ngqo izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa

Izimbangela eziyinhloko ezithinta izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, okungukuthi, izinsana ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingama-28, zifaka:

• I-bacterial sepsis: Lokhu kuyisifo esibi kakhulu.
• Isifo sokucindezeleka kokuphefumula: Lesi simo singavela, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezizalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngoba amaphaphu azo awakakhuli ngokugcwele.
• Isifo senhliziyo esizalwa naso: Izinkinga ngesakhiwo noma umsebenzi wenhliziyo ezikhona lapho umuntu ezalwa .
• Ukopha: Ukopha ngokweqile ngaphakathi kobuchopho noma kwenye indawo.

Yini eyabangela ukufa kwezinsana esikhathini esidlule? Sinjani isimo manje?

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimbangela zamanje, esikhathini esidlule, okungukuthi, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800, imbangela eyinhloko yokufa kwezinsana kwakuyizifo ezithelelanayo . Cabanga nje, zingaki izimpilo ezincane ezazingalahleka ngenxa yezifo ezifana nesifo sohudo, ukukhwehlela okukhulu, isimungumungwane, i-pneumonia, kanye nesifo sofuba ngaleso sikhathi?

Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi simo sashintsha kakhulu. Izinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi ezifana namanzi ahlanzekile, ukubulala ubisi nge-pasteurization (indlela yokubulala amagciwane obisini), kanye nokugoma kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuvikela izingane kulezi zifo ezithelelanayo.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, izifo ezithelelanayo zazibangela ukufa kwezinsana okungaphezu kuka-60%. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, lelo nani lase lehle laya ku-2%. Yeka intuthuko enkulu, akunjalo?

Iyini le IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)? Yini esingayifunda kuyo?

Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa igama elithi `IMR`. `IMR` imele `Izinga Lokufa Kwezinsana`. Kalula nje, leli inani lezingane ezifa zingakafiki unyaka owodwa kokuzalwa okungu-1,000 okuphilayo. Alihlanganisi ukuzalwa kwezingane zifile noma ukuphuphuma kwezisu.

Abacwaningi basebenzisa leli nani le-'IMR' ukuze bafunde ukuthi ukufa kwezinsana kwenzeka kanjani phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene abantu (isib., ngaphakathi kwezwe, isifunda, uhlanga, izinga lemali engenayo). Lokhu kubavumela ukuba baqonde izinto eziningi:

• Thola ukuthi yibaphi abantu nokuthi yiziphi izindawo ezidinga izinsiza ezengeziwe kanye nokusekelwa ukuze kukhulelwe futhi kubelethwe kahle.
• Lokhu akugcini nje ngokunikeza ulwazi ngokufa kwezinsana, kodwa futhi nempilo iyonke yomphakathi noma iqembu labantu. Ngoba izici eziningi ezithinta ukufa kwezinsana (njengokufinyelela izinsizakalo zezempilo kanye nezinsiza) zithinta wonke umuntu kulelo qembu.
• Sisebenzisa lolu lwazi, singakha izinqubomgomo futhi senze izinguquko ezidingekayo zokukhulelwa okunempilo kanye nezingane ezinempilo.

Ukuqonda okuncane ngesimo emhlabeni kanye nesifunda sethu

Ngisho nasezweni elithuthukile njenge-United States, i-'IMR' ngo-2022 yayingu-5.6 ngokuzalwa okuphilayo okungu-1,000. Futhi, phakathi kwamanye amaqembu ezinhlanga kulelo zwe (isib. ama-Afrika aseMelika), leli zinga liphindwe kabili kunesilinganiso sikazwelonke. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi kukhona ukungalingani okukhulu ngisho nangaphakathi kwezwe.

Leli nani le-`IMR` liyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene emhlabeni. Isibonelo:

• Amanye amazwe ane-'IMR' ephezulu kakhulu yilawa: iSierra Leone, iCentral African Republic, iNigeria, neSomalia. Amanye ala mazwe anokufa kwezinsana ezingaphezu kuka-70 kubazali abayi-1000.
• Amanye amazwe ane-'IMR' ephansi kakhulu yilawa: iJapan, iSingapore, iNorway, iSlovenia. Lawa mazwe anesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sokufa kwezinsana ezimbili kubazali abayi-1000.

Lokhu kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi amathuba okuba umntwana agubhe usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lokuqala angahluka kangakanani kuye ngokuthi uzalelwe kuphi kanye nezinsiza anazo (ikakhulukazi izinsizakalo zezempilo). ESri Lanka, sihamba phambili kunamazwe amaningi asathuthuka kulokhu. Ukunakekelwa kwempilo kwethu kwamahhala, ikakhulukazi uhlelo lwemitholampilo yomama nezingane, kuyisici esikhulu kulokhu. Kodwa kuningi okumelwe sikwenze ukuze sithuthukise lesi simo ngokwengeziwe.

Yini esingayenza ukuvimbela lokhu kufa kwezinsana?

Ngeshwa, akuzona zonke izinsana ezifa ezingavinjelwa. Kunezimbangela ezithile ezingenakulawuleka, ngisho nangobuchwepheshe obuhle kakhulu kanye nodokotela abangcono kakhulu. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi ukunakekelwa okutholayo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nangemva kokuzalwa komntwana kungenza umehluko omkhulu.

Inkinga yomhlaba wonke ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu othola izinsizakalo zezempilo nezinsiza ezifanayo. Abacwaningi nabenzi bezinqubomgomo bahlala bezama ukuxazulula le nkinga. Umgomo uwukuba wonke umuntu abe nokufinyelela okungenamkhawulo ezinsizeni azidingayo ukuze avikele impilo yakhe neyezingane zakhe.

Ezingeni lomuntu siqu, kunezinto eziningana ongazenza ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okunempilo kanye nomntwana onempilo:

• Ukunakekela impilo yakho ngaphambi kokukhulelwa: Uma unezinkinga zempilo ezingamahlalakhona (isib. isifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophakeme), bona udokotela bese uzilawula ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.
• Ukuya emitholampilo yangaphambi kokubeletha njengoba kuhleliwe: Yiya kuyo yonke imitholampilo njengoba udokotela/umbelethisi wakho ekutshela. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi impilo yakho neyengane yakho iqashwe njalo.
• Landela iseluleko sikadokotela wakho: Landela iseluleko sikadokotela wakho ngokucophelela mayelana nokuthi yini okufanele uyenze (isib. ukudla okunomsoco, amavithamini anikezwe udokotela) kanye nalokho okungafanele ukwenze (isib. ukubhema, utshwala) ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
• Ukudala indawo yokulala ephephile yengane yakho: Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvimbela i-SIDS. Ungamlalisi ingane yakho ibheke phansi, beka ingane yakho ngomhlane wayo kumatilasi oqinile. Ungabeki amathoyizi noma izingubo zokulala endaweni yokulala.
• Ukusebenzisa isihlalo semoto ukuze kuphephe ingane yakho uma uhamba ngemoto: Sebenzisa isihlalo semoto esifakwe kahle esifanela ingane yakho njalo ohambweni.

Odokotela bahlola umntwana ngokushesha ngemva kokuba ezelwe esibhedlela. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi bakwazi ukubona ngokushesha noma yiziphi izinkinga zempilo futhi baqale ukwelashwa okudingekayo.

Okokugcina, into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele uyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Siyazi ukuthi lesi akusona isihloko esilula ukukhuluma ngaso noma ukucabanga ngaso. Njengoba ufunda lokhu, ungase uzizwe wesaba, ukhathazekile, noma ukhungathekile, ikakhulukazi uma uke wabhekana nento efanayo. Mhlawumbe ufuna izizathu zalokhu. Noma, uma ungumuntu ofunde kabanzi ngalokhu, ungase uzizwe sengathi udinga ukwenza okuthile ngakho.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indaba yakho ithini, kubalulekile ukwazi lokhu: Ochwepheshe bezempilo, abacwaningi, kanye nohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basebenza kanzima nsuku zonke ukunciphisa lokhu kufa kwezinsana nokunikeza ingane ngayinye isiqalo esihle empilweni.

Ngoba akukho mndeni okufanele ubhekane nobuhlungu obungabekezeleleki bokulahlekelwa umntwana. Lapho sifunda kabanzi ngalokhu, kulapho sithola khona izinto ezintsha ngentuthuko yesayensi, kulapho singasiza khona imindeni yethu futhi sakhe indawo lapho wonke umuntu omncane angamukelwa khona kuleli zwe ngothando.

Ukufa kwezinsana , Ukufa kwezinsana, Impilo, Ukunakekelwa kokukhulelwa, i-SIDS, Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, Isisindo esiphansi sokuzalwa, Impilo kamama, Impilo yengane