Namuhla sizokhuluma ngamaseli akhethekile (ama-photoreceptor) akusiza ukuthi ubone umhlaba ngamehlo akho!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi sibona kanjani izinto ezinhle kuleli zwe, imibala, imininingwane emihle? Amehlo ethu empeleni afana namakhamera amabili amangalisayo. Ngaphakathi kwalawa "makhamera" kunamaseli amancane akhethekile kakhulu. Siwabiza lawo maseli ngokuthi '(ama-Photoreceptors)'. Kalula nje, lawa yiwo "abamba" ukukhanya futhi athumele imiyalezo ebuchosheni bethu, ethi, "Nakhu engikubonayo." Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngalawa '(ama-Photoreceptors)' amangalisayo ngemininingwane ethe xaxa, kodwa kalula kakhulu.

Ziyini lezi (ama-Photoreceptor)?

Kalula nje, "ama-Photoreceptor" akho awuhlobo olukhethekile lweseli elizwela ukukhanya elitholakala ongqimbeni oluncane kakhulu lwezicubu olubizwa ngokuthi "i-Retina" ngemuva kwamehlo akho. Athola igama lawo eqinisweni lokuthi asho "abamukeli bokukhanya." Umsebenzi oyinhloko wala maseli ukuthatha ukukhanya okungena esweni lakho bese kuguqula kube isignali ye-electrochemical ubuchopho bakho obungayiqonda. Yilapho-ke uzwa khona lokho okubiza ngokuthi "ukubona."

Ubuwazi ukuthi lonke uhlelo lwethu lwezinzwa lusebenza ngamaseli akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-neurons ? La ma-neurons asebenzisa izimpawu zikagesi nezamakhemikhali ukuthumela ulwazi oluvela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba wethu luye ebuchosheni, bese lubuya futhi ebuchosheni. Olunye uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-neuron yi-photoreceptors e-retina yethu. Ngenxa yendlela i-retina yethu ekhula ngayo ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kombungu, la ma-photoreceptors ngokwezobuchwepheshe ayingxenye yesistimu yethu yezinzwa ephakathi - uhlelo olufanayo oluhlanganisa ubuchopho nomgogodla. Akumangalisi lokho?

Kwenzekani ezindongeni nasezikhonini?

Lawa ma-photoreceptor amabili angamaqhawe amabili enqubo amehlo akho ayisebenzisayo ukuthola ukukhanya nokukuguqula kube yinto ubuchopho bakho obungayiqonda. Uma sicabanga ngamehlo ethu, sivame ukuwacabanga njengamakhamera. Eqinisweni, amakhamera edijithali anamuhla aklanywa ngokweso lomuntu.

Cabanga ngekhamera yedijithali entsha sha. Ngaphakathi kwayo kunenzwa ekhethekile. Le sensor isebenza njenge-retina emehlweni ethu. Ithola ukukhanya bese ikuguqula kube ikhodi yedijithali. Bese kuba ne-chip encane yekhompyutha ngaphakathi kwekhamera ecubungula leyo khodi ukuze idale isithombe noma ividiyo enhle esiyibonayo.

Lena inqubo efanayo ncamashi eyenzeka lapho i-retina yakho nobuchopho bakho besebenzisana ukukukhombisa umhlaba okuzungezile. Izinto i-retina yakho ezitholayo ziguqulwa zibe izimpawu zemizwa ezifihliwe, ezithunyelwa ebuchosheni bakho nge -optic nerve . Ubuchopho "buyafunda" futhi buhumushe lezo zimpawu, "budale" lokho okubonayo. Amaseli akhethekile ku-retina yakho aqala yonke le nqubo abizwa ngokuthi ama-photoreceptors. Manje, ingabe lokho kucacile?

Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-photoreceptors?

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-"Photoreceptors" esweni lomuntu. Zibizwa ngesimo sazo. Lezi yizi:

1. Amaseli enduku `(Amanduku)`

2. Amaseli ekhoni `(Amakhoni)`

Ake sibheke ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo ngokwehlukana.

Ake sifunde ngamaseli enduku.

Lawa ma-photoreceptor amade futhi ayindilinga, njengezinduku ezincane. Yingakho ebizwa ngokuthi “ama-rod cells.” Azwela kakhulu ngisho nokukhanya okuncane kakhulu. Cabanga nje, cishe ama-95% ama-photoreceptor emehlweni akho (lokho kuyizigidi eziyi-100 kuya kweziyi-125!) angama-rod cells.

• Lezi zinhle kakhulu ekukusizeni ukuthi ubone ezimweni eziphansi, njengalapho uhamba ngaphandle ebusuku.
• Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvezi imininingwane ecacile.
• Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amaseli enduku awakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala. Abona kuphela omnyama, omhlophe, nompunga.

Ama-Rod photoreceptors abangela kakhulu ukubona okuphansi kokukhanya kanye nokubona ebusuku. Akusiza ukuthi ubone ekukhanyeni okufiphele, okwaziwa ngokwezokwelapha ngokuthi umbono we-scotopic .

Ulwazi mayelana namaseli ekhoni

Amaseli e-cone anomumo we-cone, okusho ukuthi ayindilinga phansi futhi akhombe phezulu (ama-photoreceptors).

• Lawa maseli adinga ukukhanya okwengeziwe ukuze asebenze kunamaseli enduku, okusho ukuthi asebenza kakhulu ezindaweni ezikhanyiswe kahle.
• Kodwa, uma lokhu kuvuliwe, ungayibona imibala! Yebo, lawa maseli ekhoni yiwo akusiza ukuthi ubone yonke imibala emhlabeni oyibonayo.
• Amaseli amaningi e-cone atholakala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-retina yakho, endaweni ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-macula . Yingakho ingxenye ephakathi yokubona kwakho ikwazi ukubona imibala neminye imininingwane emincane (isib. ukufunda izinhlamvu encwadini) ngokucacile.

Inqubo Emangalisayo Yokubona Umbala (Ukubona Umbala)

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli e-cone emehlweni ethu. Sithola ikhono elimangalisayo elibizwa ngokuthi umbono wombala ngoba zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zisebenza ndawonye. Into emangalisayo ukuthi, lawa maseli e-cone awaboni imibala "empeleni". Kunalokho, abona kuphela ubude bamaza obuhlukahlukene bokukhanya. Bese etshela ubuchopho ngalawo maza. Ubuchopho bakho buhlaziya lolo lwazi futhi bukunika ikhono lokubona imibala.

Uma ubheka uthingo, lokho okubonayo empeleni kuyisibonelo esihle sokuqonda ububanzi bokukhanya okubonakalayo. Ukukhanya okubomvu kunobude obude kakhulu, yingakho kungaphandle — futhi kukude kakhulu — ohlangothini lothingo. I-Violet inobude obufushane kakhulu, yingakho ingaphakathi — futhi imfushane kakhulu — ohlangothini lothingo.

Iningi labantu linezinhlobo ezintathu zama-cone photoreceptors. Ukuba nazo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zama-cones kubizwa ngokuthi i-trichromacy . Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu yilezi:

• Izwela kakhulu kuma-wavelength amafushane (ama-S-cone): Lawa azwela kakhulu kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
• Ama-M-cones azwela ubude obuphakathi nendawo: Lawa azwela kakhulu koluhlaza okotshani.
• Izwela kakhulu kuma-wavelength amade (ama-L-cone): Lawa azwela kakhulu kubomvu.

Nakuba zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli e-cone zizwela kakhulu emibala ethile, kukhona ukufana okuthile kokuzwela phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezintathu. Ubuchopho bakho bungahlukanisa imibala ehlukene kanye nemibala yazo ehlukene ngokuqhathanisa umehluko ekuqineni kwezibonakaliso ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli e-cone. Yingakho iso lomuntu eliphilile elijwayelekile lingahlukanisa imibala engaba yisigidi!

I-Tetrachromacy: Amaseli amane ekhoni!

Lesi yisimo esingavamile kakhulu. Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okuthinta abesifazane kuphela kubangela abanye abantu ukuthi babe nezinhlobo ezine zamaseli e-cone. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-tetrachromacy (i-tetra isho "ezine" ngesiGreki sasendulo).

Lesi simo se-`(Tetrachromacy)` singaba buthakathaka noma sibe namandla. Umuntu one-`(Tetrachromacy)` enamandla, okusho ukuthi ubuchopho bucubungula ulwazi oluvela kuseli yekhoni yesine kahle, angahlukanisa futhi abone imibala engaba yizigidi eziyi-100! Kodwa lokhu kuyinto engavamile kakhulu, ngakho kusacwaningwa.

Izifo nezimo ezivamile ezithinta ama-photoreceptor

Ngeshwa, kunezimo eziningana ezingathinta ama-rod nama-cone akho. Ezinye zazo ziyizimo ezisakazekile ezithinta ezinye izingxenye ze-retina kanye nezicubu ezizungeze iso. Kodwa kunezimo ezithile ezithinta ngqo ama-photoreceptor akho. Ake sibheke ezinye zezimo eziyinhloko:

• Ukungaboni imibala: Lokhu kunezinhlobo ezingaphelele neziyingxenye (isb., i-achromatopsia - ukungakwazi ukubona noma yimiphi imibala).
• I-Cone-rod dystrophy: Kulokhu, amaseli e-cone namaseli e-rod ayawohloka kancane kancane.
• Ukuwohloka kwe-macular: Ukulimala kwe-macula, ikakhulukazi ngokuguga, kuthinta umbono ophakathi.
• Isifo se-Refsum: Isimo esingavamile sofuzo.
• I-Retinitis pigmentosa: Isifo sofuzo esiqala sithinte amangqamuzana enduku bese kuba amangqamuzana e-cone.
• I-Solar retinopathy: Ukulimala kwe-retina okubangelwa ukubuka ilanga ngqo, njengasesikhathini sokushona kwelanga.
• I-Usher syndrome: Isimo sofuzo esithinta kokubili ukubona nokuzwa.

Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile zezifo ezihlobene ne-photoreceptor?

Uma unesimo esithinta ama-photoreceptor akho, uphawu oluyinhloko luwukufiphala noma ukulahlekelwa umbono. Kodwa izinga lokulahlekelwa umbono lingahluka. Kuya ngohlobo lwama-photoreceptor athintekile (izinduku, ama-cone, noma kokubili).

Izici zezimo ezihilela izinduku

• Uphawu oluyinhloko oluqala ukubonakala ezimweni ezinjalo ubumpumputhe basebusuku (i-Nyctalopia), okusho ukuthi umbono awubonakali kahle ekukhanyeni okufiphele.
• Ezinye izimo, njenge-retinitis pigmentosa, zingaba zimbi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ekugcineni zithinte ama-photoreceptor e-cone, okuthinta kokubili umbono wasemini kanye nombono wombala.

Izici zezimo ezihilela amaseli ekhoni

• Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ubumpumputhe bombala (ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibala ehlukene) noma ukulahlekelwa umbono wombala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Zingathinta nekhono lakho lokubona imininingwane emincane ngokucacile, okungaholela ekuboneni okufiphele noma okufiphele.
• Ezinye zalezi zimo zingaba zimbi kakhulu futhi kamuva zibangele izimpawu ezihlobene nenduku (njengokungaboni ebusuku).

Okubalulekile, izimo eziningi ezihlobene ne-photoreceptor zithinta amaseli e-cone kanye ne-rod ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezimweni lapho kukhona umonakalo noma ukuguqulwa kwezicubu ze-retinal. Ukuwohloka kwe-macular kuyisibonelo esihle.

Ngingayihlola kanjani impilo yamaseli ami enduku kanye ne-cone?

Kunezivivinyo eziningana ongayenza ukuze uthole ngempilo yama-photoreceptor akho.

• Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile: Lokhu kufana nokuhlolwa kwempilo kwamehlo akho minyaka yonke. Udokotela wamehlo noma udokotela wamehlo angahlola ingaphakathi nengemuva leso lakho (i-retina).
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Mydriasis kanye nesibani esiqhekekile : Lezi zinqubo zivumela i-retina ukuthi ibonakale ngokucacile ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamehlo. Lokhu kungasiza ekutholeni izimo ezingabonakali futhi ezingase zingabonakali izimpawu ezigabeni zokuqala.
• Ukuhlolwa okukhethekile: Ngezinye izikhathi, udokotela wakho angase ancome ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kakhulu. Izibonelo:
• I-Electroretinography (ERG): Lokhu kulinganisa umsebenzi kagesi we-retina yakho, kuhlola ukuthi isabela kanjani ekukhanyeni.
• Amandla avuselelwe ngokubonakalayo (i-VEP): Lokhu empeleni ukuhlolwa kobuchopho, kodwa kungabonisa ukuthi ubuchopho bakho buthola yini izimpawu ezivela ku-retina yakho ngendlela efanele.
• Ukuhlolwa kwezithombe: Lokhu kuhlolwa kusiza ukubona ngokucacile izendlalelo ezahlukene ze-retina, okuhlanganisa nemithambo yegazi. Kungabona ukukhula kwemithambo yegazi emisha (okungenzeka ezimweni ezifana nesifo sikashukela) noma ezinye izinguquko zezicubu ezingalimaza i-retina.

Udokotela wakho wamehlo uzonquma ukuthi yiziphi izivivinyo ezifanele wena futhi akuchazele zona.

Ngingawanakekela kanjani ama-photoreceptor ami?

"(Ama-Photoreceptors)" akho ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye-retina yakho. Ngakho-ke, ukunakekela kahle i-retina yakho kanye nempilo yamehlo iyonke kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuvikela umbono wakho. Nazi ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ongazenza:

• Thola ukuhlolwa kwamehlo njalo: Lokhu akuzona nje izivivinyo zokuhlola umuthi wakho kadokotela. Kungabona izimo zamehlo ezimbi kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba izimpawu ziqale. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ugqoka izibuko noma ama-contact lens noma cha, kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu ahlolwe amehlo okungenani njalo eminyakeni emibili (noma ngokushesha uma udokotela wakho ekuncoma).
• Thola ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba njalo: Amehlo akho ayisibuko esibonisa impilo yomzimba wakho wonke. Izifo ezingamahlalakhona, ikakhulukazi umfutho wegazi ophakeme kanye nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, zingathinta ngqo amehlo akho. Lokhu kuhlolwa ngokomzimba kwaminyaka yonke kungabona eziningi zalezi zimo isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba kubangele izimpawu noma umonakalo emehlweni akho.
• Gwema i-Nicotine ngokuphelele: Ukubhema, ukuvapha i-vape, neminye imikhiqizo kagwayi kuyingozi kakhulu ohlelweni lwakho lokujikeleza kwegazi. Imithambo yegazi ethambile enikeza igazi ku-retina yakho inamathuba amaningi okulimala ngokusebenzisa i-nicotine.
• Beka phambili ukudla okunempilo okufanele: I-Vitamin A, ikakhulukazi, iyisakhi esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwama-photoreceptors. Ukudla okunempilo nokulinganiselayo kubalulekile empilweni yakho iyonke, kanye nempilo yamehlo akho.
• Gcina isisindo esinempilo: Xhumana nodokotela womndeni wakho ukuze uthole ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu.

Ama-photoreceptor asabela kanjani ekukhanyeni?

Kalula nje, lapho ukukhanya kushaya izinduku zakho nama-cone, uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinqubo zamakhemikhali kanye nogesi luyavuselelwa kulawo maseli nakwamanye amaseli ku-retina axhunywe kuwo. Kungalezi zinqubo lapho ama-photoreceptors namaseli e-retina aguqula khona amandla okukhanya abe amasignali e-electrochemical ubuchopho bakho obungawaqonda.

Izinduku nama-cone zibalulekile, izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zombono wakho. Ngaphandle kwazo, ubuchopho bakho ngeke buthole izimpawu ezizidingayo ukuze "budale" lokho okubonayo. Futhi zenzelwe ngobuhlakani imisebenzi ethile. Nakuba ezinye zikusiza ukuthi ubone ebumnyameni, ezinye zikusiza ukuthi uqonde yonke imibala, yonke into ecacile, ezweni elikuzungezile.

Ngokuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo, ngeke nje ubonge umsebenzi wazo omangalisayo, kodwa futhi uzoba nentshisekelo enkulu ekugcineni impilo yamehlo akho. Uma unemibuzo mayelana '(ama-Photoreceptors)' akho, i-retina, noma enye inkinga ehlobene namehlo, ungangabazi ukubona udokotela wamehlo. Ngaleyo ndlela, ungalondoloza umbono wakho isikhathi eside futhi uthole okuningi kuwo.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okudingeka uyikhumbule kulesi sihloko (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ngakho-ke, umyalezo oyinhloko okufanele uwuthathe ekhaya kukho konke esikhulume ngakho namuhla yilo:

Lawa ma-photoreceptor amancane angaphakathi kwamehlo ethu – izinduku nama-cone – “ayizisebenzi” eziyinhloko ezisisiza sibone leli zwe elihle, elinemibala kanye nemininingwane emihle ekulo ngokucacile. Ukugcina la maseli ephilile kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni amehlo ethu eyigugu!

Ngakho-ke, nakekela amehlo akho. Hlola amehlo njalo futhi uphile impilo enempilo. Ngoba amehlo akho ayimpahla eyigugu onayo!

Ama - Photoreceptor, Amaseli eRod, Amaseli e-Cone, Impilo yamehlo, Umbono wombala, i-Retina