Lohe pinepine mākou i ka huaʻōlelo "ADHD" i kēia mau lā, ʻeā? Ua lohe paha ʻoe i kēia huaʻōlelo i ka wā e kamaʻilio ana e pili ana i kāu keiki, a i ʻole ke keiki a kahi hoahānau a hoaaloha paha. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he "nui loa ka nānā ʻana." Akā, ʻo ka ADHD kahi maʻi i loaʻa ka mōʻaukala lapaʻau hohonu ma mua o kēlā. No laila, i kēia lā, e kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻike mua ʻana o nā kauka i kēia maʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo ADHD, pehea i loli ai i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, a me nā mea a mākou i ʻike ai e pili ana i kēia lā.
Pehea i ʻike mua ʻia ai kēia kūlana?
ʻAʻole i hoʻomaka kēia moʻolelo i nehinei, akā ma mua o 200 mau makahiki i hala. E noʻonoʻo, i ka makahiki 1798 , ua ʻike kekahi kauka Sekotia, ʻo Sir Alexander Crichton, i kahi mea ʻē. Ua ʻike ʻo ia he paʻakikī loa i kekahi poʻe ke kau i ka manaʻo ma luna o hoʻokahi mea e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua auwana mau ko lākou manaʻo. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ua loaʻa iā lākou kēia maʻi mai ko lākou wā kamaliʻi. ʻO ka mea a mākou e kapa nei i kēia lā ʻo ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) ua like loa ia me kēlā maʻi.
A laila, i ka makahiki 1902 , ua hōʻike kekahi kauka ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo Sir George Frederic Still e pili ana i kahi hui o nā keiki i olakino maikaʻi ʻole a ʻaʻohe kīnā noʻonoʻo. He poʻe wikiwiki loa kēia mau keiki, ua paʻakikī iā lākou ke kāohi i ko lākou nānā a me ke kāohi ʻana iā lākou iho. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia e pili ana i 15 mau keikikāne a me 5 mau kaikamahine. Ua ʻike nō mākou i kēia lā he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā keikikāne me ka ADHD ma mua o nā kaikamahine. No laila hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i ka pololei o kēia mau nānā ʻana, ʻeā?
Pehea i loaʻa ai ka inoa "hyperkinetic"
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hana ʻia nā noiʻi hou aʻe ma kēia. I ka makahiki 1932, ua wehewehe nā kauka Kelemania ʻelua, ʻo Franz Kramer lāua ʻo Hans Polnau, i kahi maʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo "Hyperkinetic Disease." I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he paʻakikī i nā keiki me kēia maʻi ke noho mālie . ʻAʻole lākou e hahai i nā lula, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā hana o ka lumi papa. He pilikia nō hoʻi iā lākou ke hana pū me nā keiki ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻomaka kēia ʻano i ka wā ʻōpiopio, ma kahi o 3-4 mau makahiki, a piʻi aʻe ma kahi o 6 mau makahiki. Akā ʻo ka nūhou maikaʻi, i ka wā i piha ai nā keiki i 7 mau makahiki, ua emi iki kēia hoʻomaha ʻole, a no ka nui, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano i ko lākou ulu ʻana.
ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau mua no ADHD a me ka hiki ʻana mai o Ritalin
He hanana hoihoi loa kēia. I ka makahiki 1937 , ua ʻike kekahi kauka ʻAmelika i kapa ʻia ʻo Charles Bradley i ka wā i hāʻawi ai ʻo ia iā Benzedrine, he mea hoʻoulu, i kekahi mau keiki, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ko lākou ʻano. ʻAʻole wale kēlā, akā ua hoʻomaikaʻi pū ʻia kā lākou hana kula.
E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ia mea, manaʻo pinepine mākou i ka wā e hāʻawi ʻia ai nā keiki i kahi mea hoʻoulu, e lilo lākou i mea kolohe. Akā i kēia hihia, ʻo ke ʻano ʻē aʻe ia. ʻO kēia ka mea i alakaʻi i nā kauka e hoʻomaopopo he pili ka ADHD i ka kemika o ka lolo .
ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau i kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia no ka ADHD i kēia lā ʻo methylphenidate. Ua hoʻolauna mua ʻia i ka mākeke i ka makahiki 1954 ma lalo o ka inoa inoa ʻo Ritalin . Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ia e mālama i nā mea e like me ka luhi mau loa, akā ua ʻike ʻia ma hope he mea kūpono loa ia i ka kaohi ʻana i nā hōʻailona ADHD.
Mai ADD a i ADHD: Pehea i loli ai ka inoa
Ua loli ka inoa o kēia maʻi i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻoiai ua holomua ko mākou ʻike no ia mea. ʻIke maopopo ʻia kēia mau hoʻololi ma ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), i paʻi ʻia e ka American Psychiatric Association.
| Makahiki | Inoa a me ka wehewehe i hoʻohana ʻia |
|---|---|
| 1968 | ʻO ka hopena Hyperkinetic o ke kamaliʻi: Kālele nui ʻia ma ka hyperactivity. |
| 1980 | Ka Maʻi Hoʻolohe ʻAʻole Loaʻa (ADD): Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ʻelua ʻano nui ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ADD me ka hyperactivity a me ADD me ka ʻole o ka hyperactivity. He ʻokoʻa nui kēia, no ka mea, ua kālele pū ʻia i nā keiki ʻaʻole kolohe, akā he nānā pono ʻole. |
| 1987 | Ka Maʻi Hoʻomaʻi ʻAʻole Loaʻa ka Manaʻo (ADHD): He inoa e hoʻohui i nā hōʻailona ʻekolu o ka nānā ʻole, ka impulsivity, a me ka hyperactivity. |
Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i ka ADHD i kēia lā
I kēia lā, nānā nā kauka i ka ADHD ma ke ʻano ākea. Wahi a ka manual DSM hou loa, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 2013 , aia ʻekolu mau "hōʻike" nui o ka ADHD. ʻO "Nā hōʻike" wale nō ke ala e ʻike ʻia ai nā hōʻailona . ʻO ka mea nui, hiki i kēia mau hōʻike ke loli i ke ola o ke kanaka.
| Hōʻikeʻike ADHD | I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi... |
|---|---|
| Hoʻolohe ʻole nui | He paʻakikī i kēia poʻe ke noho ma ke ala kūpono, e hahai ana i nā kuhikuhi, a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka hana. Me he mea lā ua nalowale lākou i loko o kahi honua moeʻuhane. Akā, ʻaʻole lākou i like me he mea kolohe loa. |
| ʻOi aku ka Hyperactive-Impulsive | ʻAʻole hiki i kēia poʻe ke noho ma kahi hoʻokahi, ke neʻe mau nei lākou, ke holo nei, a me ka lele ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke kali i ko lākou manawa. Lele lākou i waenakonu o nā kamaʻilio a haʻi. Hana lākou me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole. |
| Ua hui pū ʻia | Loaʻa i kēia poʻe nā ʻano o nā ʻano ʻelua i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. ʻO ia hoʻi, loaʻa iā lākou ka hemahema o ka nānā ʻana a me ka hyperactivity. |
ʻO kekahi mea nui, ʻo ia ka ʻae ʻana o nā kauka i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka ADHD i ka wā kamaliʻi, a hiki nō hoʻi i kēia mau hōʻailona ke ʻike ʻia i ka wā makua .
Nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou a me ka wā e hiki mai ana
ʻO nā mea hoʻoulu ka lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka ADHD. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe he nui ma waho aʻe o Ritalin. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻaʻole hoʻoulu ma hope o 2002. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka atomoxetine a me ka guanfacine.
Akā ʻo ka mea nui loa, inā kānalua ʻoe he ADHD kou a i ʻole kāu keiki, e kamaʻilio me ke kauka kūpono e pili ana i ia mea. ʻO ia ka mea hiki ke ʻike pololei i ke kūlana a, inā pono, e paipai i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana . Mai hoʻoholo ma muli o ka lohe.
Ke nānā mākou i ka mōʻaukala o ADHD, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole ia he mea i hana wale ʻia, akā he mea i hoʻomaopopo mālie ʻia ma o ka hana nui a nā kauka a me nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā makahiki he nui. No laila, he mea nui loa ia e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kēia maʻi me ka ʻepekema.
Leka Lawe-Home
- ʻAʻole he mea hou ka ADHD. He mōʻaukala lapaʻau lōʻihi kona, ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 mau makahiki.
- ʻAʻole kēia he "hana kolohe iki" a "palaualelo wale nō." He maʻi olakino maoli ia e pili ana i ka hana o ka lolo.
- Hiki i ka ADHD ke hōʻike ʻia ma nā ʻano hōʻike like ʻole. Loaʻa i kekahi poʻe ka nānā ʻole wale nō, loaʻa i kekahi ka hyperactivity wale nō, a loaʻa paha i kekahi nā mea ʻelua.
- Hiki i kēia maʻi ke hoʻopilikia ʻaʻole i nā keiki wale nō akā i nā pākeke hoʻi.
- I kēia lā, aia nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono loa no ADHD, akā naʻe, pono e hana ʻia kēia mau hoʻoholo a pau e kāu kauka.
- Inā manaʻo ʻoe he loaʻa iā ʻoe a i ʻole kāu keiki kēia mau hōʻailona, e ʻoluʻolu e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka ʻohana a i ʻole kekahi loea e pili ana i ia mea.
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