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Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog Niacin lossis Vitamin B3!

Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog Niacin lossis Vitamin B3!

Thaum peb feem coob hnov ​​lo lus "vitamin B," peb xav tias nws tsuas yog ib qho vitamin xwb, puas yog? Tab sis qhov tseeb muaj yim tus tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg vitamin B. Txhua tus ntawm lawv pab kom peb lub cev noj qab haus huv hauv ntau txoj kev sib txawv. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog ib tus tswv cuab tshwj xeeb ntawm tsev neeg no, vitamin B3, lossis niacin raws li peb txhua tus paub. Hauv lwm lo lus, niacin yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev hloov cov khoom noj uas peb noj mus ua lub zog. Nws tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom peb lub paj hlwb, lub plab zom mov, thiab daim tawv nqaij noj qab haus huv.

Niacin yog dab tsi tiag?

Feem ntau peb tau txais niacin ntau npaum li cas los ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb noj txhua hnub. Piv txwv li, cov khoom noj xws li nqaij liab, nqaij qaib, ntses, mov xim av, txiv ntoo qhuav, noob, taum pauv, thiab txiv tsawb puav leej muaj niacin ntau heev. Ntau cov mov ci thiab cov khoom noj uas peb yuav hauv khw kuj muaj niacin ntxiv rau hauv.

Qee zaum, cov kws kho mob yuav sau ntawv kom noj niacin ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom tswj tau cov roj cholesterol, tswj kev loj hlob ntawm qee yam mob plawv, thiab tiv thaiv cov mob xws li kev nco tsis zoo thiab kev puas hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tias tej zaum yuav muaj qee qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj niacin ntau dhau.

Niacin thiab Niacinamide puas yog tib yam?

Yog lawm, ob lub npe no zoo ib yam, tab sis lawv tsis yog tib yam. Niacinamide yog lwm yam tshuaj uas tsim thaum koj lub cev muaj niacin ntau dhau. Ua ib qho tshuaj ntxiv, niacinamide feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov khoom uas tiv thaiv thiab noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab kho pob txuv.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv Niacin yog dab tsi?

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom tias qhov tsis txaus niacin ua rau tib neeg muaj kab mob tawv nqaij loj heev hu ua pellagra . Nrog rau qhov kev tshawb pom no, pellagra tam sim no yog ib qho kab mob tsis tshua muaj. Raws li lub sijhawm dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom ntau lwm yam txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm niacin.

Yuav ua li cas los tswj cov roj cholesterol

Thaum siv los kho cov roj cholesterol, niacin tau pom tias ua rau cov roj cholesterol HDL zoo nce ntxiv thiab txo cov roj triglycerides, ib hom rog hauv lub cev. Nws kuj txo cov roj cholesterol LDL phem rau qee qhov. Qee zaum Niacin raug pom zoo ua ke nrog cov tshuaj statins (piv txwv li, atorvastatin, simvastatin), uas yog siv los tswj cov roj cholesterol.

Tiam sis nco ntsoov qhov no kom zoo:Yuav kom txo tau cov roj cholesterol, yuav tsum noj niacin ntau dua. Kev noj ntau npaum li no yuav ua rau lub siab puas, mob plab, thiab tsis haum glucose. Yog li ntawd, tsis txhob yuav niacin ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj ntawm koj tus kheej. Ib txwm nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham thiab siv nws tsuas yog raws li qhov ntau npaum li tau teev tseg yog tias nws pom zoo.

Ntshav siab

Vim niacin zoo rau cov roj cholesterol, muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog seb nws puas yuav pab txo cov ntshav siab. Tsis ntev los no hauv Suav teb tau qhia tias cov neeg uas nyuam qhuav kuaj pom tias muaj ntshav siab thiab noj niacin ntau dua hauv lawv cov zaub mov muaj ntshav siab qis dua.

Peb xav tau niacin ntau npaum li cas ib hnub?

Txhua tus neeg xav tau ib qho niacin ntau npaum li cas hauv ib hnub kom ua haujlwm tau zoo. Qhov ntau npaum li cas no txawv nyob ntawm hnub nyoog thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau, peb tau txais qhov ntau npaum li no los ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb noj.

Pawg hnub nyoog lossis lub sijhawm Qhov xav tau txhua hnub hauv milligrams (mg)
Cov menyuam yaus (raws li hnub nyoog) 2-16 mg
Cov txiv neej 16 mg
Cov poj niam 14 mg
Cov niam cev xeeb tub 18 mg
Cov niam uas pub niam mis 17 mg
Qhov ntau tshaj plaws txhua hnub rau ib tus neeg laus35 mg

Yog koj tus kws kho mob pom zoo kom noj niacin, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom noj nrog pluas mov kom tsis txhob mob plab. Qee tus neeg yuav muaj lub ntsej muag thiab caj dab liab thaum lawv thawj zaug pib noj niacin. Qhov no tsis txaus ntshai. Yuav kom txo qhov no, koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia koj kom noj niacin nrog aspirin thiab kom tsis txhob haus cawv thiab zaub mov ntsim.

Yuav ua li cas yog tias koj noj niacin ntau dhau (overdose)?

Txawm hais tias niacin yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub cev, ntau dhau ntawm txhua yam tsis zoo. Koj tuaj yeem tau txais niacin ntau dhau los ntawm cov khoom noj thiab tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi. Txawm li cas los xij, kev noj niacin ntau dhau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv yam tsis muaj lus qhia los ntawm kws kho mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij. Kev noj ntawm 2,000 thiab 6,000 milligrams ib hnub tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phiv loj heev.

Yog tias koj xav tias koj tau noj niacin ntau dhau, saib xyuas cov tsos mob hauv qab no.

Cov tsos mob ntawm kev noj niacin ntau dhau
Lub plawv dhia ceev Xeev siab thiab ntuav
Tawv nqaij liab heev nrog khaus Mob plab thiab o
Khaus thiab tev tawv nqaij Cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob gout tshwm sim

Yog koj muaj ib lossis ntau yam ntawm cov tsos mob no, nrhiav kev pab kho mob tam sim ntawd. Yog tias tsim nyog, mus rau Chav Kho Mob Thaum Muaj Xwm Ceev (ETU) ntawm lub tsev kho mob ze tshaj plaws.

Cov khoom noj twg muaj niacin ntau?

Nov yog qee cov khoom noj uas muaj niacin ntau uas tuaj yeem ntxiv rau peb cov zaub mov niaj hnub:

  • Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov mov ci thiab cov nplej uas muaj niacin ntxiv rau
  • Nqaij liab: nqaij nyuj, siab nyuj, nqaij npuas
  • Qaib
  • Ntses
  • Txiv tsawb
  • Mov nplej
  • Cov zaub ntsuab (xws li taum pauv, lentils, taum ntsuab)
  • Cov txiv ntoo (xws li txiv laum huab xeeb, txiv laum huab xeeb)
  • Cov noob (xws li noob taub dag, noob paj noob hlis)

Cov kev phiv thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm niacin

Kev noj cov tshuaj niacin ntau dhau yuav ua rau muaj qee qhov kev phiv thiab kev pheej hmoo.

Kev ntxuav tawv nqaij

Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim feem ntau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum koj thawj zaug pib noj niacin, koj lub ntsej muag thiab caj dab yuav liab thiab kub. Tab sis qhov no yuav ploj mus tom qab ob peb hnub.

Cov Teeb Meem Plab Hnyuv

Tej zaum yuav mob plab, o, thiab raws plab. Tej yam no kuj yuav txo qis zuj zus mus.

Lwm yam kev pheej hmoo rau kev noj qab haus huv

Muaj qee qhov kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog kev noj cov tshuaj niacin ntau. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub siab puas tsuaj, mob plab, hloov pauv ntawm cov ntshav qab zib, cov leeg nqaij puas tsuaj, ntshav siab qis, thiab hloov pauv ntawm lub plawv dhia. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 2024 tau qhia tias thaum lub cev zom cov niacin ntau dhau, nws tuaj yeem ua rau o uas ua rau cov hlab ntsha puas tsuaj thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob plawv.

Yog li ntawd, leej twg uas muaj mob nkeeg, xws li mob siab lossis mob raum, ntshav qab zib, ntshav siab, lossis mob plawv , yuav tsum nrog lawv tus kws kho mob tham ua ntej siv cov tshuaj niacin.

Tej zaum yuav muaj kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov tshuaj

Yog tias koj noj lwm yam tshuaj lossis cov tshuaj ntxiv tsis tu ncua, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej pib noj niacin. Niacin tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj ntshav qab zib, cov tshuaj ua kom cov ntshav nyias, cov tshuaj ntshav siab, cov tshuaj hormones thyroid, thiab qee cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Kev haus dej cawv ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Niacin (vitamin B3) yog ib yam khoom noj tseem ceeb rau peb lub cev. Feem ntau peb tau txais cov khoom noj uas peb xav tau los ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb noj txhua hnub.
  • Cov tshuaj niacin ntau yuav tsum tau noj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob ua kev kho mob rau cov mob xws li cov roj cholesterol.
  • Tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj niacin uas muag hauv tsev muag tshuaj yam tsis tau kev qhia los ntawm kws kho mob. Qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj heev, xws li ua rau daim siab puas.
  • Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tias niacin ntau dhau hauv lub cev yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob plawv.
  • Yog tias koj cev xeeb tub, pub niam mis, lossis muaj lwm yam mob ntev, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham ua ntej noj cov tshuaj ntxiv.

Niacin, Vitamin B3, Niacin, Cholesterol, Ntshav Siab, Cov Kev Mob Tshwm Sim, Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Niacin thiab Niacinamide puas yog tib yam?

Yog lawm, ob lub npe no zoo ib yam, tab sis lawv tsis yog tib yam. Niacinamide yog lwm yam tshuaj uas tsim thaum koj lub cev muaj niacin ntau dhau. Ua ib qho tshuaj ntxiv, niacinamide feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov khoom uas tiv thaiv thiab noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab kho pob txuv.

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 4 + 2 =
Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog Niacin lossis Vitamin B3!

Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog Niacin lossis Vitamin B3!

Thaum peb feem coob hnov ​​lo lus "vitamin B," peb xav tias nws tsuas yog ib qho vitamin xwb, puas yog? Tab sis qhov tseeb muaj yim tus tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg vitamin B. Txhua tus ntawm lawv pab kom peb lub cev noj qab haus huv hauv ntau txoj kev sib txawv. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog ib tus tswv cuab tshwj xeeb ntawm tsev neeg no, vitamin B3, lossis niacin raws li peb txhua tus paub. Hauv lwm lo lus, niacin yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev hloov cov khoom noj uas peb noj mus ua lub zog. Nws tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom peb lub paj hlwb, lub plab zom mov, thiab daim tawv nqaij noj qab haus huv.

Niacin yog dab tsi tiag?

Feem ntau peb tau txais niacin ntau npaum li cas los ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb noj txhua hnub. Piv txwv li, cov khoom noj xws li nqaij liab, nqaij qaib, ntses, mov xim av, txiv ntoo qhuav, noob, taum pauv, thiab txiv tsawb puav leej muaj niacin ntau heev. Ntau cov mov ci thiab cov khoom noj uas peb yuav hauv khw kuj muaj niacin ntxiv rau hauv.

Qee zaum, cov kws kho mob yuav sau ntawv kom noj niacin ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom tswj tau cov roj cholesterol, tswj kev loj hlob ntawm qee yam mob plawv, thiab tiv thaiv cov mob xws li kev nco tsis zoo thiab kev puas hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tias tej zaum yuav muaj qee qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj niacin ntau dhau.

Niacin thiab Niacinamide puas yog tib yam?

Yog lawm, ob lub npe no zoo ib yam, tab sis lawv tsis yog tib yam. Niacinamide yog lwm yam tshuaj uas tsim thaum koj lub cev muaj niacin ntau dhau. Ua ib qho tshuaj ntxiv, niacinamide feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov khoom uas tiv thaiv thiab noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab kho pob txuv.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv Niacin yog dab tsi?

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom tias qhov tsis txaus niacin ua rau tib neeg muaj kab mob tawv nqaij loj heev hu ua pellagra . Nrog rau qhov kev tshawb pom no, pellagra tam sim no yog ib qho kab mob tsis tshua muaj. Raws li lub sijhawm dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom ntau lwm yam txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntawm niacin.

Yuav ua li cas los tswj cov roj cholesterol

Thaum siv los kho cov roj cholesterol, niacin tau pom tias ua rau cov roj cholesterol HDL zoo nce ntxiv thiab txo cov roj triglycerides, ib hom rog hauv lub cev. Nws kuj txo cov roj cholesterol LDL phem rau qee qhov. Qee zaum Niacin raug pom zoo ua ke nrog cov tshuaj statins (piv txwv li, atorvastatin, simvastatin), uas yog siv los tswj cov roj cholesterol.

Tiam sis nco ntsoov qhov no kom zoo:Yuav kom txo tau cov roj cholesterol, yuav tsum noj niacin ntau dua. Kev noj ntau npaum li no yuav ua rau lub siab puas, mob plab, thiab tsis haum glucose. Yog li ntawd, tsis txhob yuav niacin ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj ntawm koj tus kheej. Ib txwm nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham thiab siv nws tsuas yog raws li qhov ntau npaum li tau teev tseg yog tias nws pom zoo.

Ntshav siab

Vim niacin zoo rau cov roj cholesterol, muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog seb nws puas yuav pab txo cov ntshav siab. Tsis ntev los no hauv Suav teb tau qhia tias cov neeg uas nyuam qhuav kuaj pom tias muaj ntshav siab thiab noj niacin ntau dua hauv lawv cov zaub mov muaj ntshav siab qis dua.

Peb xav tau niacin ntau npaum li cas ib hnub?

Txhua tus neeg xav tau ib qho niacin ntau npaum li cas hauv ib hnub kom ua haujlwm tau zoo. Qhov ntau npaum li cas no txawv nyob ntawm hnub nyoog thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau, peb tau txais qhov ntau npaum li no los ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb noj.

Pawg hnub nyoog lossis lub sijhawm Qhov xav tau txhua hnub hauv milligrams (mg)
Cov menyuam yaus (raws li hnub nyoog) 2-16 mg
Cov txiv neej 16 mg
Cov poj niam 14 mg
Cov niam cev xeeb tub 18 mg
Cov niam uas pub niam mis 17 mg
Qhov ntau tshaj plaws txhua hnub rau ib tus neeg laus35 mg

Yog koj tus kws kho mob pom zoo kom noj niacin, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom noj nrog pluas mov kom tsis txhob mob plab. Qee tus neeg yuav muaj lub ntsej muag thiab caj dab liab thaum lawv thawj zaug pib noj niacin. Qhov no tsis txaus ntshai. Yuav kom txo qhov no, koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia koj kom noj niacin nrog aspirin thiab kom tsis txhob haus cawv thiab zaub mov ntsim.

Yuav ua li cas yog tias koj noj niacin ntau dhau (overdose)?

Txawm hais tias niacin yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub cev, ntau dhau ntawm txhua yam tsis zoo. Koj tuaj yeem tau txais niacin ntau dhau los ntawm cov khoom noj thiab tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi. Txawm li cas los xij, kev noj niacin ntau dhau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv yam tsis muaj lus qhia los ntawm kws kho mob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij. Kev noj ntawm 2,000 thiab 6,000 milligrams ib hnub tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phiv loj heev.

Yog tias koj xav tias koj tau noj niacin ntau dhau, saib xyuas cov tsos mob hauv qab no.

Cov tsos mob ntawm kev noj niacin ntau dhau
Lub plawv dhia ceev Xeev siab thiab ntuav
Tawv nqaij liab heev nrog khaus Mob plab thiab o
Khaus thiab tev tawv nqaij Cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob gout tshwm sim

Yog koj muaj ib lossis ntau yam ntawm cov tsos mob no, nrhiav kev pab kho mob tam sim ntawd. Yog tias tsim nyog, mus rau Chav Kho Mob Thaum Muaj Xwm Ceev (ETU) ntawm lub tsev kho mob ze tshaj plaws.

Cov khoom noj twg muaj niacin ntau?

Nov yog qee cov khoom noj uas muaj niacin ntau uas tuaj yeem ntxiv rau peb cov zaub mov niaj hnub:

  • Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov mov ci thiab cov nplej uas muaj niacin ntxiv rau
  • Nqaij liab: nqaij nyuj, siab nyuj, nqaij npuas
  • Qaib
  • Ntses
  • Txiv tsawb
  • Mov nplej
  • Cov zaub ntsuab (xws li taum pauv, lentils, taum ntsuab)
  • Cov txiv ntoo (xws li txiv laum huab xeeb, txiv laum huab xeeb)
  • Cov noob (xws li noob taub dag, noob paj noob hlis)

Cov kev phiv thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm niacin

Kev noj cov tshuaj niacin ntau dhau yuav ua rau muaj qee qhov kev phiv thiab kev pheej hmoo.

Kev ntxuav tawv nqaij

Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim feem ntau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum koj thawj zaug pib noj niacin, koj lub ntsej muag thiab caj dab yuav liab thiab kub. Tab sis qhov no yuav ploj mus tom qab ob peb hnub.

Cov Teeb Meem Plab Hnyuv

Tej zaum yuav mob plab, o, thiab raws plab. Tej yam no kuj yuav txo qis zuj zus mus.

Lwm yam kev pheej hmoo rau kev noj qab haus huv

Muaj qee qhov kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog kev noj cov tshuaj niacin ntau. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub siab puas tsuaj, mob plab, hloov pauv ntawm cov ntshav qab zib, cov leeg nqaij puas tsuaj, ntshav siab qis, thiab hloov pauv ntawm lub plawv dhia. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 2024 tau qhia tias thaum lub cev zom cov niacin ntau dhau, nws tuaj yeem ua rau o uas ua rau cov hlab ntsha puas tsuaj thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob plawv.

Yog li ntawd, leej twg uas muaj mob nkeeg, xws li mob siab lossis mob raum, ntshav qab zib, ntshav siab, lossis mob plawv , yuav tsum nrog lawv tus kws kho mob tham ua ntej siv cov tshuaj niacin.

Tej zaum yuav muaj kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov tshuaj

Yog tias koj noj lwm yam tshuaj lossis cov tshuaj ntxiv tsis tu ncua, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej pib noj niacin. Niacin tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj ntshav qab zib, cov tshuaj ua kom cov ntshav nyias, cov tshuaj ntshav siab, cov tshuaj hormones thyroid, thiab qee cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Kev haus dej cawv ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Niacin (vitamin B3) yog ib yam khoom noj tseem ceeb rau peb lub cev. Feem ntau peb tau txais cov khoom noj uas peb xav tau los ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb noj txhua hnub.
  • Cov tshuaj niacin ntau yuav tsum tau noj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob ua kev kho mob rau cov mob xws li cov roj cholesterol.
  • Tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj niacin uas muag hauv tsev muag tshuaj yam tsis tau kev qhia los ntawm kws kho mob. Qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj heev, xws li ua rau daim siab puas.
  • Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tias niacin ntau dhau hauv lub cev yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob plawv.
  • Yog tias koj cev xeeb tub, pub niam mis, lossis muaj lwm yam mob ntev, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham ua ntej noj cov tshuaj ntxiv.

Niacin, Vitamin B3, Niacin, Cholesterol, Ntshav Siab, Cov Kev Mob Tshwm Sim, Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Niacin thiab Niacinamide puas yog tib yam?

Yog lawm, ob lub npe no zoo ib yam, tab sis lawv tsis yog tib yam. Niacinamide yog lwm yam tshuaj uas tsim thaum koj lub cev muaj niacin ntau dhau. Ua ib qho tshuaj ntxiv, niacinamide feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov khoom uas tiv thaiv thiab noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab kho pob txuv.

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 4 + 2 =