Kafukufuku pa mankhwala atsopano? Tiyeni tikambirane za mayeso azachipatala awa!

Mwina mwamvapo za kafukufuku amene akuchitidwa kuti apeze mankhwala atsopano kapena mankhwala atsopano. Nthawi zina madokotala amalankhulanso za izi. Chifukwa chake, mwina mukudabwa kuti " mayesero azachipatala " kapena "mayesero azachipatala" awa amatanthauza chiyani. Musadandaule, tiyeni tikambirane izi momveka bwino komanso mophweka.

Kodi mayeso azachipatala ndi chiyani?

Mwachidule, mayeso azachipatala ndi kafukufuku wa zamankhwala momwe anthu amadzipereka kutenga nawo mbali. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa ndiyo njira yokhayo yopezera ofufuza kudziwa ngati chithandizo chatsopano chikugwiradi ntchito komanso ngati chili chotetezeka kwa anthu.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya mayeso azachipatala. Ena ndi okhudza kupeza matenda atsopano, ena ndi okhudza kupewa matenda, ndipo ena ndi okhudza kupeza matenda. Koma lero tikulankhula kwambiri za mayeso azachipatala omwe akufunafuna mankhwala atsopano. Ofufuza zachipatala amatchanso "mayeso azachipatala." Izi zitha kuyesa mankhwala atsopano, momwe mankhwala omwe alipo amaperekedwera kuti achiritse matenda osiyanasiyana, zida zatsopano zamankhwala , kapena mankhwala ena.

Mwina mukudzifunsa kuti, "Ndani angadzipereke pa izi?" Anthu ena amachita nawo chifukwa ali ndi matendawa omwe akuphunziridwa, akuyembekeza kupeza chithandizo chatsopano. Ndipo palinso anthu athanzi omwe alibe matenda aliwonse, omwe akufuna kuthandiza ena ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo sayansi ya zamankhwala.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mayeso a zachipatala asanayambe?

Taganizirani izi, simungangopatsa anthu mankhwala atsopano nthawi imodzi. Pali njira yayitali isanafike nthawi imeneyo. Nthawi zambiri, njira izi zimatsatiridwa:

• Mayeso asanayambe chithandizo: Mayeso aliwonse azachipatala amayamba ndi lingaliro la chithandizo chatsopano (monga mankhwala atsopano, kuphatikiza mankhwala, kapena chipangizo chachipatala). Mayeso asanayambe chithandizochi amachitikira m'ma laboratories kapena pa nyama .
• Njira yoyesera matenda: Ngati mayeso oyamba omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa akusonyeza kuti chithandizo chatsopanocho chili ndi mwayi wopambana, ofufuza amapanga dongosolo la zochita. Izi zimatchedwa njira yoyesera matenda. Mapulani awa amatha kusiyana. Komabe, ayenera kuphatikizapo cholinga cha mayeso, mankhwala omwe akuyesedwa, ndi zomwe ofufuza akuyembekeza kuyeza kumapeto kwa mayeso (mapeto a mayeso).
• Kuwunikanso ndi kuvomereza kuchokera ku mabungwe olamulira monga FDA :M'dziko ngati America, ofufuza ayenera kupeza chilolezo kuchokera ku FDA (Food and Drug Administration) asanayambe kuyesa kuchipatala. M'dziko lathu, chilolezo kuchokera kwa akuluakulu oyenerera chikufunikanso.
• Kuwunikanso ndi Kuvomereza kwa Bungwe: Izi zikuphatikizapo kuunikanso kwa Bungwe Lowunikanso la Bungwe (IRB) kapena Komiti ya Makhalidwe Abwino ya chipatala chilichonse chomwe chikukhudzidwa ndi mayeso azachipatala. Cholinga chachikulu cha komitiyi ndi chitetezo ndi ufulu wa omwe akutenga nawo mbali mu mayesowo.

Ofufuza ayamba kufunafuna anthu omwe akufuna kutenga nawo mbali akangolandira zilolezo zonsezi. Nthawi zina, amalankhulana ndi anthu omwe adalembetsa kale. Nthawi zambiri, dokotala wanu angakutumizireni ku mayeso azachipatala.

Ngati mukuganiza zotenga nawo mbali mu mayeso azachipatala, gulu lachipatala lomwe limayang'anira kafukufukuyu lidzakupatsani kaye kufotokozera kwathunthu za zomwe zikuchitika. Kenako mutha kusankha ngati mukufuna kutenga nawo mbali kapena ayi. Njirayi imatchedwa kupeza " Chilolezo Chodziwitsidwa ."

Kodi 'Chilolezo Chodziwitsidwa' n'chiyani?

Iyi ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri. Apa ndi pomwe mudzaphunzira zonse zokhudza mayeso azachipatala. Gulu lofufuza lidzakufotokozerani zonse.

"Chilolezo chodziwitsidwa" si kungosaina chabe. Ndi ufulu wanu!

Adzakuwonetsani "chikalata chovomerezeka chodziwitsidwa" ndikukufotokozerani pang'onopang'ono. Chikalatachi chikufotokoza cholinga ndi njira yoyeserera mwatsatanetsatane. Chimafotokozanso zoopsa ndi zabwino zomwe zingachitike. Chimafotokozanso njira zofufuzira zomwe zidzakhalapo komanso zomwe mungasankhe ngati simutenga nawo mbali mu mayeso azachipatala. Chimafotokozanso nthawi yomwe mayesowo adzatenga, zofunikira zotsatizana , ndalama zomwe zidzafunike, komanso ngati mudzalandira chipukuta misozi chilichonse. Pomaliza, chimafotokoza momveka bwino kuti kutenga nawo mbali mu mayeso azachipatala ndi kodzipereka kwathunthu.

Kapepala kameneka kanganene kuti mayesowo "amachitika mwachisawawa." Zili ngati kuponya ndalama. Izi zikutanthauza kuti si aliyense amene akutenga nawo mbali mu mayesowo amene adzalandira chithandizo chatsopano, choyesera. Ngati muli ndi matenda ndipo mukulowa nawo mu mayesowo ndi chiyembekezo cholandira chithandizo chatsopano, izi ndizofunikira kudziwa.

Tsatanetsatane wa mayeso azachipatala nthawi zina ungakhale wovuta pang'ono komanso wovuta kumvetsetsa. Chifukwa chake, tengani nthawi yanu ndikufunsa mafunso aliwonse omwe muli nawo, nthawi zambiri momwe mungafunire. Fomu ya 'Chilolezo Chodziwitsidwa' ndiyo cholinga cha mayeso azachipatala.Si pangano pakati pa inu ndi madokotala omwe akuchita kafukufukuyu. Ngati mwasankha kulowa nawo kafukufukuyu, muyenera kusaina pepalalo. Komabe, kusaina sikutanthauza kuti mwakakamizidwa. Muli ndi ufulu wonse wosintha maganizo anu ndikusiya nthawi iliyonse, ngakhale kafukufukuyu atayamba.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani panthawi ya mayeso azachipatala?

Kawirikawiri pamakhala magawo anayi a mayeso azachipatala. Gawo lililonse limakhala ndi cholinga chake. Ofufuza amafufuza odzipereka atsopano pa gawo lililonse. Magawo anayi ndi awa:

• Gawo 1: Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhudza gulu laling'ono la anthu (pakati pa 20 ndi 100). Akhoza kukhala anthu athanzi omwe alibe matenda odziwika. Ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito gawoli kuti adziwe mlingo woyenera wa mankhwalawa ndikuwona ngati chithandizocho chimayambitsa zotsatirapo zoyipa.
• Gawo lachiwiri: Izi zimakhudza anthu pakati pa 100 ndi 300. Onsewa ali ndi matenda enaake. Mu gawoli, ofufuza amafufuza ngati chithandizocho chikugwiradi ntchito komanso ngati ndi chatsopano kapena chili ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri kuposa kale.
• Gawo 3: Gawoli likhoza kutenga anthu pakati pa 300 ndi 3,000. Apa ndi pomwe ofufuza amaonetsetsa kuti chithandizo choyesera chikugwira ntchito bwino ndipo chili chotetezeka. Angachiyerekezerenso ndi chithandizo chomwe chilipo kale. M'dziko ngati United States, FDA imasankha ngati ivomereze chithandizochi kwa anthu ambiri kutengera zotsatira za kafukufuku wa gawo 3.
• Gawo 4: Ofufuza akupitiriza kuyang'anira chithandizocho ngakhale atavomerezedwa ndi FDA. Chifukwa chakuti mankhwala ena atsopano amakhala ndi zotsatirapo zomwe zimaonekera anthu atakhala akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kwa kanthawi, ofufuza akupitirizabe kufunafuna zotsatirapo kapena mavuto ena.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani pambuyo pa mayeso azachipatala?

Kuyesa kuchipatala kumatha pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chithandizo chomwe chinali mu gawo lofufuza chikhoza kukhala chovomerezedwa ndi FDA ndipo chikupezeka kwa anthu ambiri. Komabe, nthawi zina, ngati mayeso akuwonetsa kuti chithandizocho sichikugwira ntchito bwino monga momwe amayembekezera, kapena sichili bwino kuposa chithandizo chomwe chilipo kale, kuyesa kuchipatala kumatha kuyimitsidwa musanamalize magawo onse anayi.

Kodi ubwino wolowa nawo mu mayeso azachipatala ndi wotani?

Pali ubwino wambiri wokhala mbali ya mayeso azachipatala. Ngati mukudwala matenda enaake:

• Pakhoza kukhala mwayi wolandira chithandizo chatsopano chomwe chingakhale chothandiza kwambiri kuposa chithandizo chomwe chilipo pano.
• Mungathe kutenga nawo mbali kwambiri popanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi chisamaliro chanu chaumoyo .
• Mungathandize ena omwe ali ndi matenda ofanana ndi anu.

Ngati muli ndi thanzi labwino, mudzakhala ndi chisangalalo chothandiza ofufuza kupeza njira zabwino zochiritsira ena.

Kodi zoopsa zake ndi ziti?

Mayeso azachipatala akhoza kubwera ndi zoopsa zina. Mudzadziwitsidwa za zoopsazi mukapereka "chilolezo chanu chodziwitsidwa." Komabe, mutha kupempha zambiri nthawi iliyonse. Ngati zoopsa zisintha panthawi ya mayeso, kapena ngati zoopsa zatsopano zibuka, mudzadziwitsidwa. Kenako mutha kuganiziranso ngati mungatenge nawo mbali. Zina mwa zoopsa zomwe zingachitike ndi izi:

• Chithandizochi, chomwe chidakali mu gawo lofufuza , chingayambitse zotsatirapo zina zomwe zingafunike chithandizo chamankhwala.
• Kuyezetsa kumeneku kungatenge nthawi yayitali kuposa chithandizo chanthawi zonse cha vuto lanu. Mwachitsanzo, pakhoza kukhala nthawi zambiri zokumana ndi dokotala, mayeso, kapena kugonekedwa m'chipatala kuposa nthawi zonse.
• Mankhwala opangidwa ndi kafukufuku sangagwire ntchito, kapena sangakhale abwino ngati mankhwala wamba.
• Simungalandire chithandizo chochokera ku kafukufuku chomwe chikuyesedwa. Mungalandire chithandizo chanthawi zonse cha vuto lanu, kapena mungaikidwe m'gulu la "placebo", komwe simulandira chithandizo konse.

Ndi mafunso ati omwe ndiyenera kufunsa okhudza mayeso azachipatala?

Monga anthu ambiri, mungakhale ndi mafunso ambiri okhudza kudzipereka pa mayeso azachipatala. Nazi mafunso ena omwe mungafunse:

• N’chifukwa chiyani kafukufukuyu akuchitidwa?
• Kodi ndiyenera kutenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?
• Ngati ndikulandira chithandizo, ndipereka bwanji (monga piritsi, ngati `IV`, ngati `implant`, ndi zina zotero)?
• Kodi ndiyenera kubwera kangati? Kodi ndiyenera kubwera kuti?
• Kodi zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti zibwere kamodzi?
• Kodi ndiyenera kulipira gawo lililonse la kafukufukuyu? Kodi inshuwalansi yanga idzandithandiza pa izi?
• Kodi zoopsa za kafukufukuyu ndi ziti? Kodi izi zidzakhudza bwanji thanzi langa?
• Kodi chidzachitike ndi chiyani ndi chithandizo chamankhwala ngati sinditenga nawo mbali kapena kusiya kafukufukuyu?
• Ndani amene akuyang'anira chisamaliro changa chamankhwala?
• Kodi ndingapeze zotsatira zilizonse kuchokera ku kafukufukuyu?
• Ngati chithandizocho chavomerezedwa, kodi ndipitiliza kulandira?
• Ngati ndili ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri chifukwa cha chithandizochi, kodi ndingasiye kafukufukuyu?

Musaope kufunsa mafunso awa okha, komanso chilichonse chomwe mukuganiza.

Ndani amaonetsetsa kuti mayeso azachipatala ndi otetezeka?

Njira zodzitetezera zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yonse yoyeserera zachipatala kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha ophunzira:

• Mabungwe Oyang'anira ndi Kuteteza Deta (DSMBs):Izi zimapangidwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala. Amawunikanso zotsatira zake nthawi yonse yoyeserera kuchipatala. Ngati asankha kuti chithandizo chomwe chikufufuzidwa sichikugwira ntchito kapena kuti zotsatira zake ndi zoyipa kuposa momwe amayembekezera, mabungwewa amatha kuyimitsa mayeso mwachangu.
• Mabungwe aboma: Mabungwe monga FDA ndi Ofesi Yoteteza Kafukufuku wa Anthu amalamulira ndikuyang'anira mayeso onse azachipatala ku United States. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitikanso ndi mabungwe olamulira ku Sri Lanka.
• Mabungwe Owunikira Mabungwe (IRBs): Mabungwe awa, omwe ali m'malo ofufuzira, ayenera kuvomereza mayeso azachipatala asanayambe. Mabungwe awa amaonetsetsa kuti odzipereka sakumana ndi zoopsa zosafunikira ndipo amateteza chitetezo chawo. Mabungwe a IRB nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi anthu ammudzi, komanso madokotala ndi ofufuza omwe si mbali ya gulu lofufuza.

Kodi `Chiyeso Chosasinthika cha Zachipatala` n'chiyani?

Mu kafukufuku "wosasinthika", ofufuza amaika odzipereka m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Gulu lililonse limalandira chithandizo chosiyana. Mwina akuyesa chithandizo chokhazikika ndi chithandizo choyesera, kapena mankhwala awiri oyesera. Maguluwa amaikidwa m'magulu awa mwachisawawa, monga kuponya ndalama. Kenako maguluwo ndi ofanana. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti ofufuza azitha kupeza chithandizo chomwe chili chabwino kwambiri.

Kodi Kuyesa Kwachipatala Kogawikana Ndi Chiyani?

Kuyesa kwachipatala kogawikana ndi komwe mayesowo amachitikira m'malo osiyanasiyana, osati m'malo amodzi okha. Mwachikhalidwe, mayeso azachipatala amafuna kuti odzipereka apite kumalo enaake. Komabe, mu mayeso ogawikana, odzipereka amatha kutenga nawo mbali popanda kuyenda. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kulandira chithandizo kunyumba kwanu, kuchipatala chapafupi, kapena ku labotale yapafupi.

Ndani angatenge nawo mbali mu mayeso azachipatala?

Mayeso azachipatala ali ndi malangizo oyenerera . Amakuuzani omwe angathe kutenga nawo mbali ndi omwe sangatenge nawo mbali. Si aliyense amene akufuna kukhala mu mayeso azachipatala amene angathe kutenga nawo mbali. Malangizo awa amatha kusiyana. Koma, kawirikawiri, amadalira zinthu monga zaka zanu, jenda, thanzi lanu lonse, mtundu wa matenda omwe muli nawo, ndi mankhwala omwe mukumwa panopa.

Kodi ndingadziwe bwanji za mayesero azachipatala?

Choyamba, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu amene akukuthandizani. Iye amadziwa inu ndi vuto lanu, kuti akulimbikitseni mayeso oyenera kwa inu. Njira ina ndikuyang'ana ma database a mayeso azachipatala pa intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kuwona database yomwe imasungidwa ndi US National Center for Biotechnology Information. Ku Sri Lanka, mutha kupezanso zambiri zokhudza kafukufuku wotere kudzera m'mabungwe azaumoyo oyenera.

Kodi mayeso azachipatala amasiyana bwanji ndi chithandizo chanthawi zonse?

Kusiyana kwake kuli pa mtundu wa chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe mumalandira. Ngati mukudwala ndipo mukuchita nawo mayeso azachipatala, gulu lanu lachipatala nthawi zonse lidzasamalira mavuto anu azaumoyo omwe akupitilira. Gulu loyesa zachipatala lidzangoyang'ana pa mankhwala kapena chipangizo chatsopano chomwe chikuyesedwa. Gululo lidzayang'anira momwe mumayankhira chithandizo chofufuza ndikuchiza zotsatirapo zilizonse zomwe mungakhale nazo.

Mayeso azachipatala ndi omwe amapititsa patsogolo mankhwala. Kuchokera kunja, zingawoneke ngati zonse ndi za sayansi. Koma kwenikweni ndi za anthu omwe amathandiza kupanga mankhwala kukhala abwino. Popanda odzipereka, ofufuza sangadziwe ngati lingaliro lidzakhaladi chithandizo chotetezeka komanso chogwira mtima.

Kuyesa kamodzi kokha kungachiritse matenda kapena kupeza chithandizo chabwino chomwe chimathandiza anthu kukhala ndi moyo wautali. Ngakhale mayesowo asapereke zotsatira zomwe amayembekezera, amathabe kutsogolera ofufuza ku njira ina ndikupeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Kusankha kudzipereka ku mayeso azachipatala ndi chisankho chachikulu. Ngati mukuganizira za izi, musazengereze kufunsa mafunso aliwonse omwe muli nawo, nthawi zambiri momwe mungafunire, mpaka mutatsimikiza mtima pa chisankho chanu.

Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba

Kotero, ndikukhulupirira kuti tsopano mwamvetsetsa bwino tanthauzo la "Mlandu wa Zachipatala" womwe tinkakamba.

• Uku ndi kufufuza kofunikira kuti tipeze mankhwala atsopano.
• "Chilolezo Chodziwitsidwa" chanu n'chofunika kwambiri. Dziwani chilichonse, funsani mafunso, ndipo pangani chisankho.
• Dziwani ubwino wake komanso zoopsa zake.
• Muli ndi ufulu wochoka pa mayeso nthawi iliyonse.
• Izi zikutsatira malamulo okhwima komanso njira zodzitetezera.

Ngati inu kapena munthu amene mumamudziwa akuganiza zochita nawo kafukufuku ngati uyu, mfundozi zingathandizenso iwo. Nthawi zonse lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu kuti mudziwe zambiri.

Mayeso azachipatala , mankhwala atsopano, kafukufuku wazachipatala, chilolezo chodziwitsidwa, magawo a chithandizo, chidziwitso chaumoyo, ntchito yodzipereka