Mukaonera sewero la pa TV kapena filimu yokhudza kufufuza milandu pa TV, muyenera kuti mwamvapo zokambirana monga "Pokhapokha lipoti la DNA litafika pomwe tinganene kuti wachifwamba ndi ndani kwenikweni," sichoncho? Nthawi zina mwina mwawonapo m'nyuzipepala kuti mtembo unazindikirika patapita zaka zambiri kudzera mu mayeso a DNA. Kodi kujambula zala za DNA komwe aliyense akunena ndi chiyani kwenikweni? Lero, tikambirana za ukadaulo wodabwitsa uwu womwe ungazindikire munthu ngati chala chala, koma molondola kwambiri komanso molondola kwambiri.
'Mapu a majini' mkati mwa matupi athu
Mwachidule, DNA ndi malangizo ang'onoang'ono omwe amapezeka mkati mwa selo lililonse m'thupi lathu. Monga momwe zilili ndi pulani yomangira nyumba, chidziwitso chonse chomwe thupi lathu limafunikira kuti likule, likule, ndikugwira ntchito bwino tsiku ndi tsiku chimalembedwa mu DNA iyi ngati code. Dzina lonse la DNA ndi deoxyribonucleic acid .
Unyolo wa DNA uwu umapangidwa ndi mitundu inayi ya mankhwala. Timatcha izi 'maboma'. Izi zimasonkhana pamodzi kuti zikhale 'maboma awiriawiri'. Kodi mungaganizire, pali maboma pafupifupi 3 biliyoni awa mu selo limodzi lokha m'thupi lathu! Dongosolo lomwe izi zimalumikizidwa pamodzi limauza maselo athu momwe angapangire maselo atsopano, ofanana.
DNA yonseyi m'thupi lathu imatchedwa ' genome ' . Nayi chinthu chodabwitsa. Munthu aliyense padziko lapansi ali ndi 99.9% ya genome yake yofanana. Inde, DNA yanu ndi ya munthu amene simukumudziwa ndi ofanana ndi 99.9%. Koma kusiyana kochepa kwa 0.1% ndiko kumakupangitsani inu ndi ine kukhala osiyana mwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo. Sikuti khungu lathu lokha, kapangidwe ka tsitsi lathu, kutalika kwathu, komanso kuthekera kwathu kudwala matenda ena kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyana kochepa kumeneku.
Ukadaulo wa DNA umagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuti alekanitse zingwe za DNA izi ndikuzindikira ziwalo zomwe zili zosiyana ndi inu, zomwe zimasiyana ndi 0.1%. Zotsatira zake ndi mawonekedwe a mizere. Mawonekedwe awa akhoza kuyerekezeredwa ndi mawonekedwe omwe apezeka kuchokera ku chitsanzo china cha DNA.
Ndiye kodi mungatani kuti mupeze chizindikiro cha DNA?
Izi sizovuta kapena zoopsa monga momwe mungaganizire. Kuyesa kumeneku kumafuna kutenga chitsanzo cha maselo m'thupi lanu.
- Mkati mwa pakamwa: Mungagwiritse ntchito swab kuti mukweze mkati mwa pakamwa kuchokera kumbali ya tsaya.
- Khungu: Kachidutswa kakang'ono kwambiri ka khungu.
- Kuchokera ku tsitsi: muzu wa mtengo wa tsitsi.
- Madzi a m'thupi: Kuchokera ku malovu, thukuta, kapena madzi ena a m'thupi.
Koma kuposa njira zonseziNjira yosavuta komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndiyo kutenga magazi.
Zomwe zimachitika mu labu ndi izi:
1. Kupatula DNA: Mankhwala amawonjezedwa ku chitsanzocho kuti alekanitse DNA ndi maselo omwe ali mmenemo.
2. Kudula DNA: Kenako, njira ina ya mankhwala imagawa maunyolo aatali a DNA m'mapangidwe obwerezabwereza omwe timafunikira. Izi ndi ziwalo zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi munthu ndi munthu.
3. Kupanga makope: Tsopano tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta DNA timakopedwa kambirimbiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti timapangidwa kukhala makope ambiri, kukula kwake kumawonjezeka. Kenako zimakhala zosavuta kuyesa.
4. Kuzindikira Mapangidwe: Kenako, zidutswa za DNA izi zimayikidwa mu chinthu chonga gel ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsamo. Zidutswa za DNA zimapatukana m'zidutswa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono kutengera kukula kwake ndikuyenda mu gel. Kenako, utoto wapadera ukawonjezedwa, zingwe za DNA zolekanitsidwazi zimawala pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet kapena kuwala kwa laser.
Pamapeto pake, timapeza chitsanzo cha mizere, monga momwe barcode imagwirira ntchito pa chinthu cha m'sitolo yaikulu. Chitsanzo ichi ndi 'zala za DNA' zanu zapadera. Izi zitha kuyerekezeredwa ndi chitsanzo cha munthu wina molondola 100%.
Kodi ubwino weniweni wa DNA fingerprinting ndi wotani?
Kuyambira tsiku lomwe ukadaulo uwu unapezeka mu 1984, ubwino wake wawonjezeka umodzi ndi umodzi. Ubwino wake ukhoza kugawidwa m'magawo awiri.
| Munda | Ntchito |
|---|---|
| Zamalamulo ndi Zaumboni | |
| Kufufuza milandu | Gwirizanitsani umboni, monga tsitsi kapena banga la magazi, lomwe lapezeka pamalo ochitira upandu ndi munthu wokayikira kapena tsimikizirani kuti wokayikira ndiye munthu woyenera. |
| Kufunafuna achibale | Tsimikizirani molondola makolo a mwana (kuyezetsa abambo), abale ake, ndi achibale ena a magazi. |
| Kuzindikira anthu | Kutsimikizira kuti ndi matupi ati omwe afa pangozi kapena tsoka lachilengedwe ndipo sangathe kuzindikirika. |
| Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zachipatala | |
| Kuika ziwalo zina | Onetsetsani ngati minofu ya woperekayo ikugwirizana ndi minofu ya wodwalayo amene akufunika chiwalocho. |
| Kuzindikira matenda obadwa nawo | Dziwani pasadakhale ngati muli ndi matenda obadwa nawo, kapena muli pachiopsezo chotenga matenda obadwa nawo . |
| Kupeza mankhwala a matenda | Kafukufuku amathandiza kuzindikira kusintha kwa majini komwe kumayambitsa matenda obadwa nawo ndikupeza mankhwala omwe angawachiritse. |
Kodi n'zotheka kudziwa za matenda a m'banja pasadakhale?
Inde, iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo wa DNA pazachipatala. Pali matenda ena omwe amapatsirana kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kudzera m'majini. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya khansa (khansa ya m'mawere, yam'chiberekero, khansa ya m'matumbo), matenda amtima, ndi matenda monga Thalassemia , omwe ndi ofala m'dziko lathu.
Ngati wina m'banja mwanu ali ndi matenda ofanana, mutha kudziwa kudzera mu DNA test ngati muli ndi chibadwa choyambitsa matendawa. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mudzakhala ndi matendawa. Komabe, kudziwa pasadakhale kuti muli pachiwopsezo kumakupatsani mwayi wabwino wodziteteza ku matendawa kapena kuwazindikira msanga mwa kusintha moyo wanu wathanzi ndikuyesa mayeso ofunikira azachipatala panthawi yake. Ngati muli ndi nkhawa iliyonse pankhaniyi, chinthu chabwino kuchita ndikulankhula ndi dokotala wa banja lanu kapena katswiri.
Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba
- Kujambula zala za DNA ndi njira yolondola kwambiri yodziwira munthu. Munthu aliyense ali ndi kapangidwe kake ka DNA.
- Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pazifukwa zalamulo monga kufufuza milandu ndi kutsimikizira ubale wa abambo .
- Ukadaulo uwu ndi wofunikanso kwambiri pazifukwa zachipatala monga kusamutsa ziwalo, kuzindikira matenda obadwa nawo, ndikupeza chithandizo cha matendawa.
- Mayesowa angagwiritse ntchito chitsanzo chilichonse cha maselo ochokera m'thupi, monga malovu, magazi, kapena follicle ya tsitsi.
- Ngati mukufuna kudziwa mbiri ya matenda a banja lanu kapena zoopsa za majini, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za izi ndipo mupeze upangiri woyenera.
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