Kodi mudamvapo za lobotomy? Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule!

Mwina munamvapo mawu akuti lobotomy mu kanema kapena m'buku. Mukamva, limakubwerera m'maganizo ngati chinthu choopsa komanso chachilendo, sichoncho? Kodi kwenikweni ndi chiyani? Nchifukwa chiyani izi zinachitika kale? Kodi zikuchitikabe mpaka pano? Lero, tikambirana za mayankho a mafunso onsewa m'maganizo mwanu m'njira yosavuta komanso yochezeka.

Kodi lobotomy kwenikweni ndi chiyani?

Mwachidule, lobotomy ndi opaleshoni ya ubongo. Koma si opaleshoni yapamwamba kwambiri ya ubongo yomwe timachita masiku ano. Inali njira yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1940 ndi 1950, kutanthauza zaka 70-80 zapitazo.

Ubongo wathu umagawidwa m'magawo angapo, kapena 'malo olumikizirana'. Chigawo chilichonse chimagwira ntchito yosiyana. Kulumikizana kumeneku kunayang'ana mbali yakutsogolo ya ubongo. Opaleshoniyi inaphatikizapo kudula dzenje m'chigaza ndikudula kulumikizana kwa mitsempha pakati pa mbali yakutsogolo ndi gawo la ubongo lotchedwa thalamus.

Tsopano mwina mukuganiza kuti, "Mulungu wanga, n’chifukwa chiyani anachita zimenezo?" Kuti timvetse chifukwa chake, tiyenera kubwerera m’mbuyo mu nthawiyo. Panthawiyo, panalibe mankhwala othandiza pa matenda aakulu amisala monga momwe timachitira masiku ano. Zipatala zamaganizo, kapena monga momwe zinkatchulidwira panthawiyo, zinali zodzaza ndi odwala omwe anali ndi matenda aakulu amisala. Anapatsidwa njira zochepa chabe zochiritsira, monga chithandizo cha electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Choncho, opaleshoni ya lobotomy inafika pamalopo ngati 'njira yomaliza' yoperekera chithandizo kwa odwala oterewa.

Ndi matenda amtundu wanji omwe opaleshoniyi inkachitika kale?

Panthawiyo, madokotala ankagwiritsa ntchito opaleshoni imeneyi kwa odwala omwe anali ndi matenda amisala kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo sanalandire chithandizo china. Zina mwa matenda akuluakulu ndi awa:

• Maganizo ndi zochita zosafunikira mobwerezabwereza ( Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - OCD )
• Kuvutika maganizo kwambiri
Schizophrenia
• Matenda amisala
• Matenda a Neurosis Osatha
• Munthu Wosakonda Anthu (Psychopathic Personality)

Ndipotu, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti odwala opitilira 40% anatulutsidwa kunyumba atachitidwa opaleshoni. Ngakhale kuti opaleshoni imeneyi inali yakale kwambiri komanso yoopsa masiku ano, inkaoneka ngati chiyembekezo chatsopano kwa anthu panthawiyo.

Mbiri yamdima ya lobotomy

Opaleshoni iyi idayambitsidwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Portugal Egas Moniz. Anapatsidwanso Mphoto ya Nobel mu Zamankhwala mu 1949 chifukwa cha kupeza kumeneku. Dokotala waku America dzina lake Walter Freeman adapita patsogolo kwambiri pa njira iyi. Anayambitsa njira yotchedwa 'transorbital'. M'menemo, chida chakuthwa chomwe adapanga (chofanana ndi chotsukira ayezi) chinalowetsedwa kudzera m'maso, pamwamba pa diso, muubongo ndikudula ulusi wa mitsempha. Anaona kuti iyi ndi njira yachangu komanso yosavuta, ndipo adachita maopaleshoni ambirimbiri, kuphatikizapo ana.

Koma sizinayende bwino. Maopaleshoni amenewa anali ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri. Makhalidwe a odwala ena anasintha kotheratu. Anakhala opanda chidwi, osakonda chilichonse. Ena anaiwala momwe angakhalire m'gulu la anthu ndipo anayamba kuchita zinthu zosayenera. Chifukwa cha izi, madokotala ambiri ankatsutsa zimenezi, chifukwa ankakhulupirira kwambiri kuti kusintha umunthu wa munthu kudzera mu opaleshoni sikunali koyenera.

Pamene mankhwala othandiza kwambiri a matenda amisala, monga chlorpromazine, anapezeka m'zaka za m'ma 1950, kufunika kwa lobotomy kunatha pang'onopang'ono. Pofika m'ma 1960, njira yakale ya lobotomy inali itasiyidwa kwathunthu.

Kodi zotsatirapo zake zazikulu ndi ziti za opaleshoniyi?

Opaleshoni ya ubongo nthawi zonse imakhala yoopsa. Popeza ubongo ndi chiwalo chosavuta kumva, kuwonongeka kwake nthawi zambiri sikungatheke. Gome ili pansipa likuwonetsa zina mwa zotsatirapo zazikulu zomwe zingachitike pambuyo pa opaleshoni yakale ya lobotomy.

Kodi ma lobotomies akadalipobe mpaka pano?

Yankho lalifupi komanso lomveka bwino la funsoli ndi lakuti, "Ayi." Izi zikutanthauza kuti, opaleshoni yakale, yakale, komanso yosachitika mwachisawawa ya lobotomy siichitika kulikonse padziko lapansi masiku ano.

Komabe, sizikutanthauza kuti opaleshoni ya ubongo ya matenda amisala yatha kotheratu. Maopaleshoni amenewa amatchedwa ' psychosurgery ' kapena, molondola kwambiri, stereotactic neurosurgery . Izi ndi njira zosiyana kwambiri komanso zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa njira zakale zochotsera ululu.

Momwe opaleshoni imachitikira masiku ano

Masiku ano, madokotala amatha kuchita ma scan (CT), ma scan (MRI), ndi ma scan (EEG)Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono monga , kuti tidziwe komwe vuto lili muubongo mpaka kufika pa milimita imodzi. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yaying'ono kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga maikulosikopu ndi mpeni wa gamma, malo ochepa okha omwe ali ndi vuto ndi omwe amachiritsidwa popanda kuwononga ziwalo zina zaubongo.

Opaleshoni yamtunduwu imachitika kokha pa gulu laling'ono la odwala omwe sanachire ku chithandizo china chilichonse, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ndi psychotherapy, kwa nthawi yayitali. Imachitika ndi madokotala odziwa bwino ntchito za mitsempha. Zotsatira zomwe zapezeka pano zimagwira ntchito bwino, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa ubongo ndi kochepa.

Masiku ano, njira zamakono zopangira opaleshonizi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza ululu waukulu, khunyu, matenda oyendayenda monga matenda a Parkinson, ndi matenda ena oopsa amisala monga OCD ndi kuvutika maganizo. Njira ina yamakono yotchedwa Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) ikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pa matenda amenewa.