Reka twige ku ndwara zisobanura SIDA.

Uribuka ko rimwe na rimwe iyo turwaye mu buryo butunguranye, twibaza tuti "Iyi ndwara yaturutse he?" Cyane cyane iyo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri buri hasi, indwara zigerageza kwinjira mu mubiri byoroshye. Uyu munsi tugiye kuvuga ku ndwara nyinshi zidasanzwe zishobora kuvuka iyo twanduye virusi yitwa 'HIV' (Virusi itera SIDA) kandi iyo ndwara ikarushaho gukomera, ni ukuvuga iyo bamwe bavuga ko igera ku rwego rwa SIDA. Ibi nibyo abaganga bita 'Indwara zisobanura SIDA (ADIs)'. Izi ni nk'amatara atukura, agaragaza ko ubudahangarwa bwacu bw'umubiri bwacitse intege bitewe n'ubwandu bwa 'HIV' mu mubiri wacu.

Ni izihe ndwara zigaragaza SIDA (ADI)?

Mu magambo make, izi 'ADI' ni kanseri n'indwara ziri mu cyiciro cya 'Infections Opportunistic' zishobora kubaho iyo ubwandu bwa 'HIV' bubaye bubi cyane, ni ukuvuga iyo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wacu bucitse intege cyane.

Ese uzi "indwara z'amahirwe" icyo ari cyo? Tekereza usige inzugi n'amadirishya byose by'inzu yawe bifunguye kandi nta mutekano uhari. Hanyuma umuntu wese ashobora kwinjira byoroshye. Uko ni ko bigenda, iyo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wacu bucitse intege kubera "agakoko gatera SIDA", ndetse na mikorobe nto cyane ubusanzwe zidashobora gutera indwara ku muntu muzima zibona byoroshye "amahirwe" yo kwinjira mu mubiri no gutera indwara zikomeye. Ibyo ni byo twita "indwara z'amahirwe". Izi mikorobe ubusanzwe zishobora kuboneka mu bidukikije, ariko ubudahangarwa bw'umuntu muzima burazirwanya kandi burazigenzura.

Abaganga bakoresha umubare w’uturemangingo twa CD4 n’utu turemangingo twa ADI kugira ngo bapime ubukana bw’ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, ni ukuvuga aho bwakwirakwiriye n’ubukana bwabwo. Utu turemangingo twa CD4 ni ingenzi cyane mu budahangarwa bw’umubiri wacu, nk’abapolisi badasanzwe mu mibiri yacu. Virusi ya SIDA isenya utu turemangingo twa CD4. Rero, niba wanduye virusi itera SIDA kandi ufite utu turemangingo twa ADI, abaganga babyita icyiciro cya gatatu cy’ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, ari cyo SIDA.

Hari igihe umuntu arwaye "ADI" gusa iyo arwaye "ADI". Ariko, ni ngombwa kwibuka ko atari buri wese ufite "ADI" ufite "HIV". Nubwo "ADI" zimwe na zimwe zikunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu bafite "HIV" cyangwa abafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri budakomeye, "ADI" nyinshi zishobora no ku bantu bazima badafite indwara iyo ari yo yose. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwiza bwo kumenya neza ni ugupimisha kwa muganga.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'indwara zisobanura SIDA (ADIs)?

Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwa 'ADI'. Muri zo harimo cyane cyane indwara zandura (imikaya, bagiteri, parasites, virusi), ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa kanseri, hamwe n'izindi ndwara zifitanye isano n'imitsi. Reka turebe ibyo ari byo.

Indwara za fungal

Iyo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wawe bucitse intege, indwara zandurira mu bihumyo zishobora gukwirakwira mu mubiri wawe. Zimwe muri zo zirimo:

• Umusonga w'ibihaha (Pneumocystis pneumonia): Iyi ni indwara ikomeye y'ibihaha.
• Candidiasis yo mu mitsi yo mu bwoko bwa bronchi, umwobo, trachea, cyangwa ibihaha
• Coccidioidomycosis - ikwirakwira/isohoka hanze y'ibihaha
• Cryptosporidiosis y'amara idakira imara igihe kirenga ukwezi
• Cryptococcosis - ikoreshwa hanze y'ibihaha
• Histoplasmosis - ikwirakwira/isohoka hanze y'ibihaha

Tekereza gato, iyo ubudahangarwa bwacu bw'umubiri bukomeye, izi fungi ntacyo zishobora gukora cyane. Ariko iyo ubudahangarwa bwacu bw'umubiri bucitse intege kubera virusi itera SIDA, zitangira guteza ibibazo.

Indwara za bagiteri

Bagiteri zishobora kandi gutera indwara zitandukanye. Zimwe mu ndwara za bagiteri zifatwa nka 'ADIs' ni:

• Igituntu (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) ku bantu bafite imyaka 6 kuzamura: Iyi ni indwara abantu benshi bumvise, kandi ishobora kugira ingaruka ku bihaha ndetse no ku zindi ngingo.
• Izindi ndwara za Mycobacterium zakwirakwiriye hanze y'ibihaha: Ingero zirimo Mycobacterium kansasii na Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
• Ubwandu bwa bagiteri bugaruka mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka 6.
• Septicemia ya Salmonella isubira iterwa na tifoyide: Muri ibi, ubwandu bwa Salmonella bwinjira mu maraso bugakwirakwira mu mubiri wose.

Indwara zandurira mu mitsi

Udukoko dushobora no gutera `ADI`. Ingero:

• Toxoplasmose mu bwonko: Ariko, ibi ntibireba abana bari munsi y'ukwezi kumwe.
• Indwara ya cystoisosporiasis y'amara idakira imara igihe kirenga ukwezi

Indwara za virusi

VIH na yo ni virusi. Nanone, iyo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bucitse intege, byoroshye ko izindi virusi zikwirakwira.

• Herpes simplex bronchitis, pneumonitis, cyangwa esophagitis: Ibi ntibireba abana bari munsi y'ukwezi kumwe.
• Ibisebe bya Herpes simplex bimara igihe kirenga ukwezi
• Indwara ya Cytomegalovirus: Mu bindi bice bitari umwijima, urwagashya, cyangwa utunyangingo tw’amaraso (urugero: cytomegalovirus retinitis - ifata amaso). Ibi ntibireba abana bari munsi y’ukwezi kumwe.
• Indwara ya leukoencephalopathy igenda yiyongera (PML): Iyi ni indwara idasanzwe ariko ikomeye igira ingaruka ku bwonko.

Kanseri

Iyo uturemangingo twa T (CD4 na two ari ubwoko bwa T selile) tugabanuka, ibyago byo kurwara kanseri iterwa na virusi cyangwa kanseri zigira ingaruka ku budahangarwa bw'umubiri ubwazo biriyongera. Ubwoko bwa kanseri zifatwa nk'iziterwa na ADI ku bantu banduye agakoko gatera SIDA:

• Kaposi sarcoma: Kanseri ishobora kugaragara ahantu nko mu ruhu, mu mitsi no mu kanwa.
• Burkitt lymphoma
• Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura yibasira
• Lymphoma y'imyuga itera indwara
• Lymphoma y'ibanze yo mu bwonko

Izindi ngingo

Uretse ibi, hari izindi ndwara nyinshi zizwi nka `ADIs`:

• Umusonga uhora ugaruka: Ku bantu bakuru n'abana barengeje imyaka 6. Umusonga ni indwara y'ibihaha iterwa na virusi, bagiteri, cyangwa fungi.
• Ubwivumbure bwa virusi itera SIDA: Muri ibi, virusi itera SIDA igira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ubwonko.
• Indwara yo kwangirika kwa virusi itera SIDA: Ibi bituma umubiri unanuka kandi ugacika intege.

Ni izihe ndwara zikunze kugaragara cyane zigaragaza SIDA (ADIs)?

Ibi byose si ko bibaho kuri buri wese. Ariko, zimwe muri "ADI" zikunze kugaragara ni izi:

• Umusonga w'indwara ya pneumocystis (PCP)
• Kaposi sarcoma
• Indwara yo gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gupima virusi itera SIDA
• Candidiasis yo mu nda
• Ubwandu bwa Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
• Igituntu

Ni ibihe bimenyetso by'izi ndwara?

Ibimenyetso bya 'ADI' biratandukanye bitewe n'indwara. Ariko, indwara nyinshi zifite ibintu byinshi bihuriyeho:

• Umuriro
• Umutwe
• Ububabare bw'umubiri, ububabare bw'imitsi
• Kubabara mu muhogo
• Guhumeka bigoranye
• Uduheri ku ruhu
• Impiswi
• Urujijo cyangwa izindi mpinduka zo mu mutwe

Niba ufite kimwe cyangwa byinshi muri ibi bimenyetso, cyane cyane niba uzi ko urwaye agakoko gatera SIDA, ni ngombwa cyane kujya kwa muganga vuba bishoboka.

Kuki izi ndwara zigaragaza SIDA (ADI) ziba?

Nkuko twabiganiriyeho, virusi ya `HIV` yica uturemangingo twa `T` (cyane cyane uturemangingo twa `CD4`) mu budahangarwa bwacu bw'umubiri. Utwo turemangingo twa `T` ni two tudufasha kurwanya ubwandu. Rero, iyo umubare w'utwo turemangingo twa `T` ugabanutse cyane, umubiri wacu ntushobora kurwanya ubwandu mu buryo busanzwe. Hanyuma, dushobora kurwara ibintu bidatera indwara ku muntu ufite ubudahangarwa bwiza bw'umubiri. Nanone, iyi ni yo mpamvu ituma habaho kanseri zijyanye n'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri cyangwa kanseri ziterwa na virusi.

Uburyo bwo kuvura agakoko gatera SIDA (ART) bufite akamaro kanini mu gutuma ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwacu bukomeza kubaho neza. Ariko, rimwe na rimwe ADI ishobora kugaragara no mu gihe ufata ART. Hari impamvu nyinshi zishobora gutera:

• Niba udashobora gufata imiti yawe uko byategetswe kandi ku gihe.
• Niba umuti ufata udakora neza.
• Ushobora kuba warigeze kugira ADI idafite ibimenyetso mbere yuko utangira gufata imiti ya ART, kandi ishobora kugaruka iyo ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwawe bugarutse nyuma yo gutangira gufata imiti ya ART (ibi byitwa kandi immunoreconstitution inflammatory syndrome - IRIS).

Ni gute indwara zisobanura SIDA (ADIs) zimenyekana?

Muganga wawe azagupima indwara ya ADI akurikije ibimenyetso byawe. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo gupima amaraso cyangwa andi mazi yo mu mubiri, ndetse no gukora biopsy. Bashobora kandi gukora ibizamini byo gufata amashusho, nka X-ray cyangwa CT scan, kugira ngo barebe impinduka mu bihaha byawe cyangwa izindi ngingo.

Niba utarafatwa na virusi itera SIDA mbere, kandi ukaba ufite ADI gusa, muganga wawe ashobora kugupima virusi itera SIDA n'izindi mpamvu zishobora gutuma ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bugabanuka.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibizamini bikorwa?

Bimwe mu bipimo muganga ashobora gukoresha:

• Gupima amaraso
• Gufata icyitegererezo mu mazuru (Gufata amazi yo mu mazuru)
• Isuzuma ry'ibinyabuzima
• Ikizamini cy'amatembabuzi: Icyitegererezo cy'amatembabuzi gifatwa mu bihaha kugira ngo harebwe niba nta bwandu bwacyo cyanduye.
• Isuzuma ry'intebe
• X-ray yo mu gituza
• gupima CT (CT scan)
• Gutobora umugongo/gupfuka amenyo mu kibuno
• gupima agakoko gatera SIDA

Izi ndwara zivurwa zite?

Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa n'ubwoko bw'indwara ufite n'imimerere yawe yihariye. Niba utari gufata imiti ya ART, muganga wawe ashobora gutangira imiti ya ART vuba bishoboka cyangwa mu byumweru bibiri cyangwa bine uhereye igihe yatangiye kuvurwa indwara z'indengakamere.

Niba waramaze gupimwa agakoko gatera SIDA kandi ukaba urimo gufata imiti ya ART, muganga wawe ashobora gukora ibizamini byinshi kugira ngo arebe uburyo imiti yawe ikora.

Uburyo bwo kuvura indwara za ADI runaka bushobora kuba bukubiyemo:

• Antibiyotike ku ndwara zandurira mu mikorobe
• Imiti irwanya fungal ku ndwara z'ibihumyo
• Imiti irwanya udukoko twandurira mu mitsi
• Kubagwa, imirasire, cyangwa imiti ivura kanseri

Bigenda bite iyo mrwaye indwara iterwa na SIDA (ADI)?

Kugira ADI byongera ibyago byo gupfa bazize indwara ziterwa na SIDA. Ariko, inkuru nziza ni uko mu myaka ya vuba aha, umubare w'impfu ziterwa na SIDA wagabanutse cyane bitewe na ART. Nubwo bivugwa ko hafi kimwe cya kane cy'abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA bapfa bazize indwara ziterwa na SIDA, iyo batangiye gufata ART hakiri kare, abantu benshi bafite virusi itera SIDA babaho ubuzima bwiza batarwaye SIDA.

Ese indwara zisobanura SIDA (ADI) zishobora kwirindwa?

Yego, birashoboka rwose!

ART ishobora gufasha mu kugabanya umubare wa virusi mu maraso yawe (umuvuduko wa virusi). Ibi byongera umubare wa selile T (seli za CD4). Ibi bifasha ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wawe kugumana ubuzima bwiza no kurwanya indwara. Binafasha mu kurwanya virusi zitera kanseri ziterwa na virusi itera SIDA.

Hari ubundi buryo bwinshi bwo kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura:

• Imiti yo kwirinda:Muganga wawe ashobora kukwandikira ibintu nka antibiyotike cyangwa imiti irwanya udukoko kugira ngo agabanye ibyago byo kwandura bimwe na bimwe.
• Gukingirwa: Baza muganga wawe inkingo ukeneye kubona kandi niba zihari ugomba kwirinda.
• Gusuzuma: Muganga wawe ashobora kukugira inama yo gupima kanseri zimwe na zimwe n'indwara zandura buri gihe.
• Ntugasangire ibikoresho byo gutera imiti: Mu gihe ukoresha imiti yanditswe na muganga n'iyitari iya muganga, ntugasangire inshinge, inshinge, n'ibindi n'abandi.
• Isuku: Karaba intoki zawe kenshi, cyane cyane mbere yo gutegura ibiryo, mbere yo kurya, na nyuma yo kuva mu bwiherero. Ntugasangire ibiryo, ibinyobwa, cyangwa ibintu byawe bwite n'abandi.
• Isuku y'ibiribwa: Irinde amagi adatetse neza, amata adatetse neza (harimo foromaje na ice cream), n'umutobe w'imbuto udatetse neza. Karaba cyangwa uhanagure imbuto n'imboga neza mbere yo kurya.
• Irinde gukoresha amazi yavuwe: Irinde koga amazi mu kanwa mu bice nk'ibiyaga n'ibidendezi bitavuwe, kandi irinde kunywa amazi ya robine yavuwe. Niba ugiye ahantu utazi neza isuku y'amazi, nywa amazi ari mu macupa kandi ukoreshe amazi amwe mu guteka.

Ni ryari ngomba kujya kwa muganga?

Niba urwaye virusi itera SIDA, menya neza ko ukurikiza gahunda zawe zose hamwe na muganga wawe. Bwira muganga wawe niba ufite ibimenyetso bishya cyangwa bikomeje kwiyongera, cyangwa niba ufite ikibazo cyo gufata imiti yawe ya ART. Menya icyo wakora kugira ngo wirinde kwandura n'icyo wakora niba ufite ibimenyetso by'ubwandu.

Ni ryari ugomba kujya mu Kigo cyita ku Buvuzi bw’Ingoboka (ETU) ?

Niba utekereza ko ushobora kuba warahuye na virusi itera SIDA, cyangwa niba ufite kimwe muri ibi bimenyetso bikomeye, jya mu cyumba cy’ubutabazi bwihuse:

• Umuriro urenze dogere selisiyusi 40 (dogere selisiyusi 40).
• Kugorwa no guhumeka.
• Kuruka cyane cyangwa impiswi.
• Kubabara mu gituza.
• Urujijo cyangwa guta ubwenge.
• Iyo igisebe gishyushye, gitukura, cyabyimbye, kibabaza, cyangwa kidakira.

Ni ibihe bibazo ngomba kubaza muganga wanjye?

Bishobora kuba byiza kubaza muganga wawe ibibazo nk'ibi:

• Ni gute nafata umuti wanjye neza?
• Wakora iki iyo usibye gahunda yo gufata imiti?
• Nakora iki kugira ngo ngire indwara zandura?
• Ni ibihe bimenyetso ngomba kwitondera?
• Ni ryari nkwiye kujya mu cyumba cy’ubutabazi bw’ibanze?

Amaherezo, ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo

Indwara zisobanura SIDA (ADIs) ni ibizamini bifasha abaganga kumenya uburyo virusi itera SIDA yagize ingaruka ku mubiri wawe. Iyo ufite virusi itera SIDA, uba uri mu kaga gakomeye ko kugira ibibazo bikomeye bivuye ku bwandu ubwo aribwo bwose.

Ariko,Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (ART) neza kandi buri gihe bishobora gutuma ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wawe bugumana ubuzima bwiza kandi bigaha umubiri wawe imbaraga zo kurwanya indwara zandura. Iyi miti yafashije kwirinda SIDA kandi ituma abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA babaho igihe kirekire nk'abatarwaye virusi itera SIDA.

Kubwibyo rero, ganira na muganga wawe ku bindi byemezo ushobora gufata kugira ngo wirinde indwara zikomeye. Ntugahangayike, ushobora kurwanya izi ndwara ufite ubumenyi n'ubuvuzi bukwiye.

SIDA , VIH, gusuzuma SIDA, kwandura indwara z'amahirwe, ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, selile za CD4, ubuvuzi bwa ART