Hari indwara zimwe na zimwe zituruka kuri nyoko na so, sibyo? Cyangwa hari indwara zigoye cyane gukira burundu nubwo haba hari imiti cyangwa kubagwa. Tekereza, byagenda bite iyo habayeho uburyo bwo guhindura utunyangingo mu mubiri wacu no gukiza indwara mu mizi yatwo? Kuvura utunyangingo ni kimwe mu byiringiro bikomeye by'ejo hazaza. Nubwo ibi bikiri bishya cyane, bifatwa nk'ikintu gishobora kugira impinduka nini mu buvuzi.
Kuvura imiterere y'uturemangingo mu buryo bworoshye ni iki?
Mu magambo make, ubuvuzi bushingiye ku ngirabuzimafatizo ni uburyo bw'ubuvuzi bukoresha ibikoresho byacu bwite bya ngirabuzimafatizo mu gukumira no kuvura indwara. Ubusanzwe, twakoreshaga imiti, ibinini, sirupe , inshinge, cyangwa kubaga. Ariko ubu buryo, abaganga bashobora kugira ingaruka ku miterere y'uturemangingo twawe no gukosora impamvu y'indwara.
Tekereza umubiri wacu nk'inyubako nini. Igishushanyo mbonera cyakoreshejwe mu kubaka iyo nyubako ni za gene zacu. Hari igihe hashobora kubaho ikosa rito cyangwa inenge muri iyi mbonerahamwe. Iryo kosa ni ryo ritera indwara zimwe na zimwe. Rero ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo bugamije gukosora iyo mbonerahamwe itari yo. Ibyo bivuze:
- Kugabanya poroteyine zitera indwara: Iyo imiterere imwe n'imwe idakora neza, ikora poroteyine zangiza umubiri. Ubu buryo bushobora kugabanya umusaruro wazo.
- Kongera umusaruro wa poroteyine nziza: Hari igihe umubiri udakora poroteyine zihagije ukeneye. Muri icyo gihe, ubu buryo bushobora kwigisha jeni gukora izo poroteyine neza.
- Gukora poroteyine nshya cyangwa zahinduwe: Ubu buryo bushobora kandi gukora ubwoko bushya bwa poroteyine mu mubiri bushobora kurwanya indwara.
Ibi bikora bite mu mubiri wacu?
Kugira ngo tubisobanukirwe, reka tubanze twige bike ku byerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo. Buri turemangingo two mu mubiri wacu dufite nucleus. Muri iyo nucleus harimo ibintu byitwa chromosomes . Izi chromosomes zigizwe na ADN . Iyi ADN irimo amakuru agena byose uhereye ku ibara ry'umusatsi wawe, ibara ry'amaso, n'uburebure.
Ibi bice byihariye bya ADN ni byo twita genes . Ni nk'uburyo bwo guteka mu gitabo kinini (DNA). Izi genes zitanga amabwiriza y'uburyo bwo gukora poroteyine z'ingenzi kugira ngo imibiri yacu ikore neza. Iyo resept itubwira uburyo bwo guteka keke.
Hari igihe uko tugenda dusaza, uburozi mu bidukikije buteraIyo habayeho imiti, cyangwa habayeho umurage uturutse ku babyeyi, impinduka nto (ubwoko bwa gene/mutations) ziba muri izi gene. Ni nk'aho inyuguti cyangwa ijambo muri iyo resept ari bibi. Hanyuma poroteyine (keke) ikorwa na yo ni bibi. Iyo ni yo ntandaro y'indwara nyinshi.
Ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo ntibugerageza kuvura ibimenyetso by'indwara gusa, ahubwo bugerageza gukosora ikosa ryatewe n'uturemangingo.
Ni izihe ndwara ubu ubuvuzi bushingiye ku ngirabuzimafatizo bukoreshwa?
Mu by’ukuri, uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura imiterere y’uturemangingo buracyari mu cyiciro cy’igeragezwa ry’ubuvuzi. Ibi bivuze ko burimo gupimwa kugira ngo harebwe niba bufite umutekano kandi bufite akamaro mbere yo guhabwa abantu. Inzego z’ingenzi z’ubushakashatsi kuri ubu buryo zirimo gukorwa ni izi zikurikira:
- Kanseri
- Kwangirika kw'amagufwa y'amaso n'izindi ndwara z'amaso
- Zimwe mu ndwara z’uruhererekane rw’uturemangingo
- VIH / SIDA
Ariko, ubu hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura imiterere y’uturemangingo bwemewe n’Ikigo gishinzwe ibiribwa n’imiti muri Amerika (FDA), bivuze ko ibi bitakiri inzozi gusa. Urugero:
- Luxturna®: Ubu ni uburyo bwo kuvura rimwe gusa ku bantu batakaza ubushobozi bwo kubona bitewe n'indwara zimwe na zimwe z'amaso bavukana.
- Zolgensma®: Iyi yemejwe mu kuvura indwara yo kunanirwa kw'imitsi yo mu mugongo, indwara ikomeye yibasira abana bari munsi y'imyaka 2.
Ese hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'ubu buryo bwo kuvura?
Yego, hari uburyo butatu bw'ingenzi bwo kuvura imiterere y'uturemangingo. Reka turebe ubwo ari bwo.
| Uburyo bwo kuvura | Ukora iki gusa? |
|---|---|
| Kongeramo Gene | Kopi nzima ya gene imwe ishyirwa mu karemangingo gafite gene idakora neza cyangwa yangiritse. Ni nko kuzana imashini nshya kandi nziza yo gusimbuza iyavunitse. |
| Gucecekesha Gene | Icyo ibi bikora ni uguhagarika imikorere ya gene ifite inenge itera indwara. Ni nko gucecekesha umuntu utanga inama mbi ukamufunga. |
| Guhindura Gene | Ubu ni bwo buryo bugezweho cyane. Icyakozwe hano ni ugukata cyangwa gukosora igice kitari cyo cya ADN no kugitunganya. Ni nko gusiba ijambo ritari ryo mu gitabo no kwandika ijambo rikwiye mu mwanya waryo. Ikoranabuhanga nka CRISPR/cas9 rirakoreshwa kuri ibi. |
Ni gute imiterere y'uturemangingo (genes) yinjira mu mubiri?
Izi gene nzima ntizijya mu turemangingo twacu. Zikeneye imodoka. Iyo modoka yitwa 'vector' . Tekereza ko wohereje agapaki. Itanga ubutumwa (vector) rijyana ako gapaki (gene) aho rigomba kujya (akagari).
Akenshi, virusi zikoreshwa nk'izi 'vectors'. Noneho ushobora kuba urimo kwibaza uti "Ese ntibyagutera kurwara uramutse ushyize virusi mu mubiri wawe?" Icyo abahanga mu bya siyansi bakora hano ni ugukuraho ibice byose bya virusi bitera indwara, bagasiga gusa ibice bishobora kwinjira mu turemangingo. Hanyuma, bashyiramo gene nzima muri virusi bakayishyira mu mubiri.
Hari uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo kubikora:
1. Mu mubiri (mu mubiri): Aha, 'vector' irimo utunyangingo iterwa mu mubiri nk'urukingo.
2. Ex vivo (hanze y'umubiri): Ibi bikubiyemo gufata uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe mu mubiri wawe (urugero: uturemangingo tw'amaraso), gushyiramo utunyangingo muri utwo tunyangingo muri laboratwari, hanyuma ukongera gushyira utwo tunyangingo twahinduwe mu mubiri wawe.
Ni izihe nyungu n'ibibi byo kuvura ingirabuzima fatizo?
Kimwe n'ibindi byose, ubu buryo bufite ibyiza n'ibibi byabwo.
| Ibyiza | Ingaruka mbi n'ibyago |
|---|---|
| Ibyiringiro bishya:Indwara zafatwaga nk'izidakira ubu zirimo guhabwa uburyo bushya bwo kuvura. | Nta gihamya yuzuye: Ibi biracyari bishya, bityo ntibishoboka kuvuga ko ubuvuzi buzatanga umusaruro 100%. Hashobora kubaho ingaruka mbi zitunguranye. |
| Kuvura impamvu nyamukuru y'indwara: Aho guhagarika ibimenyetso, ushobora gukosora icyateye indwara. | Uburyo bugoye: Iyo ibikoresho by’uturemangingo byinjiye biturutse hanze, ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bushobora kubikoraho. |
| Ubuvuzi hakiri kare: Iyo hatanzwe ubuvuzi mbere yuko indwara itera kwangirika k'umubiri, ibyo byangirika bishobora kwirindwa. | Kutamenya neza ingaruka z'igihe kirekire: Kubera ko ibi ari bishya, ntabwo biramenyekana neza ingaruka zizabaho nyuma y'imyaka myinshi. |
Ese nkwiye kuvugana na muganga wanjye kuri ibi?
Niba wowe cyangwa umuntu wo mu muryango wawe afite indwara y’uruhererekane, kanseri, cyangwa indwara igoye kuvura, nk’iyavuzwe hano, ni ngombwa cyane kubibwira muganga wawe ku bijyanye na yo.
Kuvura ibinyabuzima bidakoresha ikoranabuhanga ntabwo ari uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura muri Sri Lanka. Ariko ni ngombwa kumenya ibi bintu bibera hirya no hino ku isi. Wenda mu gihe kizaza, ibi bishobora kuzaba uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura.
Igikuru ni uko, ntugafate ibyemezo byawe bwite by’ubuvuzi ukurikije ibyo wasomye cyangwa wumva kuri interineti. Buri gihe shaka inama za muganga wawe. Ashobora kugusobanurira uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura indwara yawe, uburyo bwizewe kandi bwiza buhari.
Iri koranabuhanga rizafata igihe kugira ngo ritere imbere, ariko rigaragaza ko siyansi y'ubuvuzi ihora iharanira gushaka igisubizo cy'indwara, uko yaba ikomeye kose. Ibyo ni ibyiringiro bikomeye kuri twese.
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- Uburyo bwo kuvura imiterere y’uturemangingo (gene therapy) ni uburyo bushya bw’ubuvuzi buvura indwara binyuze mu guhindura imiterere y’uturemangingo twacu.
- Ibi bigamije kuvura impamvu nyamukuru y'indwara aho kuvura ibimenyetso.
- Ubu buryo bufite icyizere gikomeye cyo kuvura indwara zikomeye nka kanseri n'indwara z'uruhererekane.
- Ibi biracyari mu cyiciro cy’ubushakashatsi, kandi bifite inyungu n’ibyago.
- Niba ushishikajwe n'uburyo nk'ubwo bwo kuvura bugezweho, ni ngombwa cyane kubiganiraho na muganga wawe.
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