Masifunde ngenkqubo emangalisayo esebenza ngokungazi emzimbeni wethu: i-Autonomic Nervous System!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba uphefumla njani, intliziyo yakho ibetha njani, kwaye indlela ocola ngayo ukutya okutyayo zonke ezi zinto zenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kokuba ucinge ngako? Ayimangalisi na loo nto? Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngenkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu eyenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo emizimbeni yethu, ngaphandle kokuba siqaphele. Leyo yinkqubo ye-autonomic nervous, okanye ngesiNgesi, "i-Autonomic Nervous System".

Yintoni le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-Autonomic Nervous System?

Ngamafutshane, inkqubo ye-autonomic nervous yinxalenye yenkqubo yethu yonke ye-nervous. Ifana ne-sub-network encinci kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu kwinethiwekhi enkulu yekhompyutha ngaphakathi emzimbeni wethu. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukulawula imisebenzi yomzimba engazikhethelanga ebalulekileyo ekusindeni kwethu, kodwa esingayilawuli ngabom. Le nkqubo isebenza kokubini xa ulele naxa uvukile. Akunyanzelekanga nokuba ucinge ngayo, ingqondo yakho iyinyamekela yonke loo nto.

Iphi le nto kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo?

Uyazi ukuba yonke inkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini aphambili.

1. Inkqubo Yemithambo-luvo Ephakathi : Kulapho ingqondo yethu kunye nomqolo wethu zikhoyo khona. Ingaba kuyamangalisa? Kwane-retina kunye nomthambo wokubona emehlweni ethu zithathwa njengezinye zezobuchopho ngokwesakhiwo.

2. Inkqubo Yemithambo-luvo Ejikeleze Umzimba : Oku kuquka zonke ezinye iindawo zenkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo ngaphandle kwengqondo kunye nomqolo.

Ngoku le nkqubo ye-nervous system yahlulwe kabini:

• Inkqubo yeNervous yeSomatic : Le yinxalenye yenkqubo yenervous elawula izihlunu esizilawulayo ngabom (njengokushukumisa iingalo zethu) kunye nolwazi esilufumana kwiimvakalelo zethu (ukuva, ukuvumba, ukungcamla, ukuchukumisa ). Ukubona akuyonxalenye yale nkqubo, njengoko iindawo zeliso ezinoxanduva lokubona zikwingqondo.
• Inkqubo Yeemvakalelo Ezimeleyo : Lo ngumlinganiswa wethu ophambili. Lo ngumnatha weemithambo-luvo odibanisa ubuchopho bethu nezitho ezininzi zangaphakathi emzimbeni wethu.

Kwenzeka ntoni kwiNkqubo yeNervous ye-Autonomic?

Le nkqubo ye-autonomic nervous yahlulwe ngakumbi yaba ziinxalenye ezintathu eziphambili, nganye kuzo yenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo.

Inkqubo yeNervous enovelwano – indlela “yokulwa okanye ukubaleka”

Le nkqubo yinto eyenzekayo xa kukho imeko engxamisekileyo, xa kukho uxinezeleko, okanye xa kukho ingozi.Imizimba yethu iyalungiselela. Khawuthelekelele uhamba esitalatweni uze ngequbuliso uhlaselwe yinja. Isantya sentliziyo yakho siyanda, umzimba wakho uqala ukubila, amehlo akho avuleke, kwaye umzimba wakho ulungiselela ukubaleka okanye ukulwa, akunjalo? Kulapho ke inkqubo yeemvakalelo enobubele iqala khona. Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yimpendulo "yokulwa okanye ukubaleka".

Inkqubo yeNervous ye-Parasympathetic – indlela “yokuphumla nokugaya”

Oku kuchasene ngokupheleleyo noko kwenziwa yinkqubo yemithambo-luvo ekhuthaza uvakalelo. Yiyo ethomalalisa imizimba yethu, iyiphumze, kwaye inceda ekugayweni kokutya . Xa utye ukutya okumnandi kwaye uhleli esitulweni kwigumbi lokuhlala, uziva kamnandi... kulapho ke le nkqubo isebenza khona.

Inkqubo yeNervous yamathumbu - Ingcali yokugaya ukutya

Le ikhethekile kancinci. Le nkqubo ikakhulu ilawula ukusebenza kwenkqubo yethu yokwetyisa . Abanye oososayensi bade bathi iyinkimbinkimbi njengenkqubo eyahlukileyo.

I-Autonomic Nervous System inceda njani amanye amalungu omzimba?

Kanye njengokuba indlu ifuna iingcingo zombane ukuze ikhanyise izibane kwaye yenze ezinye izixhobo zisebenze, ingqondo yethu ikwafuna olu nxibelelwano lweemithambo-luvo olubizwa ngokuba yi-autonomic nervous system. Ezi mithambo-luvo zinika ubuchopho unxibelelwano olufunekayo ukulawula uninzi lwezitho zangaphakathi zomzimba wethu.

Makhe sibone ukuba le nkqubo ilawula ntoni emzimbeni wethu:

• Amehlo : Nangona enganxulumananga ngokuthe ngqo nokubona kwakho, ilawula ubungakanani bomfundi wakho (olawula ukuba kungakanani ukukhanya okungena elisweni) kunye nezihlunu ezijolisa ilihlo.
• Ukukrazula, i-mucus, kunye ne-salivary glands : Le nkqubo ilawula ukuhamba kweenyembezi emehlweni, ukuhamba kwee -mucus empumlweni, kunye nokuhamba kwee-saliva emlonyeni.
• Ulusu : Lulawula ukuveliswa kokubila, kunye nezihlunu ezenza umzimba ume (yile nto "iinwele" zikhula ngayo).
• Intliziyo kunye nenkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi : Ilawula ukuba intliziyo ibetha ngesantya esingakanani, ukuba iphampa nzima kangakanani, kunye nobubanzi bemithambo yegazi . Oku kulawula isantya sentliziyo kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi .
• Inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela : Inkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo ye-parasympathetic ingenza ukuba iimpendulo zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela zisebenze. Oku kunokwenzeka ngexesha lezinto ezifana nosulelo, ukuvela kwesifo sesifuba , kunye nee-allergies.
• ImiphungaOku kulawula ububanzi beendlela zakho zomoya kunye nenethiwekhi yeendlela ezithwala umoya ungena kwaye uphuma emiphungeni yakho.
• Amathumbu amancinci kunye namathumbu amakhulu : Ilawula yonke inkqubo yokugaya ukutya ukusuka emathunjini amancinci ukuya emathunjini amakhulu. Ikwagcina izihlunu ezikwi-rectum ziqinile de kufuneke ukuba ukhuphe indle.
• Isibindi kunye nePancreas : Oku kulawula ukukhululwa kweehomoni ezifana ne-"Insulin" kwi-pancreas, eguqula amandla agcinwe esibindini abe yi-"Glucose" enokusetyenziselwa ziiseli zethu.
• Inkqubo yomchamo : Ilawula izihlunu kwisinyi sakho. Le nkqubo yiyo egcina isinyi sakho sifinyezekile de kufuneke ukuba uchame.
• Inkqubo yokuzala : Le nkqubo ibaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yesondo efana nokuvuka kwesondo (ukuqiniswa kwepenis, ukukhupha ulwelo oluthambisayo ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo) kunye nokukwazi ukufikelela kwi-orgasm.

Makhe sifunde ezinye iinyaniso ezinomdla ngale nkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo.

• Ukulinganisela phakathi kweenkqubo ze-sympathetic kunye ne-parasympathetic : Cinga ngayo njengesikali. Ngelixa i-sympathetic ikhawulezisa imisebenzi yomzimba, i-parasympathetic iyayicothisa okanye ide iyinciphise. Olu lungelelwaniso lubalulekile kwimpilo-ntle yethu nasekuphileni kwethu .
• Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoNxibelelwano : Inkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo isebenzisa iikhemikhali (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"neurotransmitters") eziveliswa zii-glands ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni nasengqondweni yethu ukudlulisa imiyalezo. Ikwasebenzisa amandla ombane ngaphakathi "kwee-neurons". Itshintsha phakathi kwezi ndlela zonxibelelwano zombane kunye neekhemikhali njengoko kufuneka.
• Ubunzima benkqubo yemithambo-luvo ye-enteric : Intsonkothile kangangokuba ezinye iingcali ziyijonga njengenxalenye eyahlukileyo yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo yonke kunokuba yinxalenye yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba inkqubo ye-enteric inee-neurons ezininzi (iiseli ezikhethekileyo ezenza ingqondo, intambo yomqolo, kunye nemithambo-luvo) njengentambo yethu yomqolo.

Iphi le nkqubo?

Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo yinethiwekhi yemithambo-luvo ehamba entlokweni nasemzimbeni wethu. Eminye yale mithambo-luvo ivela ngqo ebuchotsheni. Eminye ivela kumqolo, othwala imiqondiso esuka ebuchotsheni iye kuloo mithambo-luvo.

Imiphunga yeCranial

Kukho iintlobo ezili-12 zemithambo-luvo ye-cranial, okanye "ii-Cranial Nerves". Ezi zahlulwe zaza zabizwa ngamagama amaRoma. Ii-nerve fibers zenkqubo yethu ye-autonomic nervous system zifumaneka kwi-4 kwezi zili-12 ze-cranial nerves. Ezi zezesithathu, ezesixhenxe, ezesithoba, nezeshumi ze-cranial nerves. Ezi zilawula ukwandiswa komfundi, zigxile iliso, iinyembezi, i-mucus yempumlo, amathe, kunye nemisebenzi yamalungu esifubeni nasesiswini.

Imiva yoMgogodla

Kwakhona, inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo isebenzisa uninzi lwemithambo-luvo yomqolo engama-31. Oku kuquka imithambo-luvo yomqolo esesifubeni sethu nakumntla womqolo (isifuba), umqolo osezantsi (i-vertebral), kunye nethambo lomsila (i-sacrum).

Kungokuqhagamshelana kwezi mithambo-luvo zomgogodla apho inkqubo ye-autonomic nervous ilawula la malungu:

• Intliziyo
• Imiphunga
• Isibindi
• I-Pancreas
• Ispleen
• Isisu
• Amathumbu amancinci namakhulu
• Izintso
• Isinyi
• Izini

Iziko lolawulo: I-Hypothalamus

Inxalenye yengqondo yethu elawula imisebenzi yokuzimela yi-hypothalamus. Nangona ingeyona inxalenye yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo ngokwayo, iyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yendlela esebenza ngayo.

Yenziwe ngantoni le nto?

Inkqubo ye-autonomic nervous yenziwe ngeeseli ezifanayo nenkqubo yethu yonke ye-nervous. Iintlobo eziphambili zeeseli zezi:

Ii-Neurons – izithunywa

Ezi seli zezona zithumela kwaye zamkele imiqondiso. Zenza ingqondo yethu, umqolo, kunye nemithambo-luvo. Zikwatshintsha phakathi kwemiqondiso yamakhemikhali kunye neyombane.

Iindawo ze-neuron:

• Umzimba weseli : Le yinxalenye ephambili yeseli.
• I-Axon : Le yinxalenye ende efana nengalo ye-axon. Ekupheleni kwe-axon kukho izandiso ezininzi ezifana neminwe. Kulapho isignali yombane ye-neuron iguqulwa ibe sisignali yekhemikhali. Ezi zandiso, okanye ii-synapses, zidibana nezinye iiseli zemithambo-luvo ezikufutshane.
• Iidendrites : Ezi zizakhiwo ezincinci, ezinamasebe emzimbeni weseli (eli gama livela kwigama lesiLatini elithetha “okufana nomthi”). Ezi dendrites zifumana imiqondiso yeekhemikhali evela kwi-synapses zezinye ii-neurons.
• I-Myelin : Le yingqimba encinci yeekhompawundi zamafutha. I-Myelin sisigqubuthelo esikhuselayo esijikeleze ii-axons zee-neurons ezininzi.

Ii-dendrites ze-neuron enye zinokudibana namawaka ee-synapses. Ezinye ii-neurons zinokuba zinde okanye zibe mfutshane, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ziphi emzimbeni kunye nomsebenzi eziwenzayo.

Iiseli zeGlial - abancedisi bee-neurons

Iiseli zeGlial (ezibizwa ngokuba yi "gli-al") zenza imisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo. Zinceda ii-neurons zikhule kwaye ziphuhle xa sisebancinci, kwaye zilawula nendlela ii-neurons ezisebenza ngayo ubomi bethu bonke. Zikhusela inkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo kwizifo, zilawula ibhalansi yeekhemikhali yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, kwaye ziguqula ii-axons zee-neurons zibe yi-myelin. Kukho malunga neshumi leeseli ze-glial kunee-neurons.

I-Nuclei kunye ne-Ganglia – amaqela eeseli

• I-Nuclei : La ngamaqoqo eeseli zemithambo-luvo ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo okanye ezinxibelelana ngendlela efanayo.
• I-Ganglia: (Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-“gang-lee-ya”, enye ibizwa ngokuba yi-“gang-lee-on”) La ngamaqela eeseli zemithambo-luvo ezidibeneyo. Ayizizo zonke iiseli ezikuzo ezinomsebenzi ofanayo okanye unxibelelwano olufanayo, kodwa zikwindawo efanayo okanye zidibene neenkqubo ezifanayo. Umzekelo, i-cochlear kunye ne-vestibular ganglia zinxulumene neemvakalelo zethu zokuva kunye nokulinganisela.

Ziziphi izifo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazela i-Autonomic Nervous System?

Kukho iimeko ezininzi kunye nezizathu ezonakalisa okanye ezibangela izifo zenkqubo ye-autonomic nervous (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-"Autonomic Neuropathy"). Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo yile:

• Uhlobo lweSibini lweSifo seswekile : Isifo seswekile esingalawulwayo singonakalisa inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Umzekelo, i-orthostatic hypotension yenzeka xa uxinzelelo lwegazi luhla xa umile. I-diabetic neuropathy, eyonakalisa imithambo-luvo ebangelwa sisifo seswekile, inokuchaphazela i-reflex eyonyusa uxinzelelo lwegazi xa umile.
• I-Amyloidosis : Kule meko, amasuntswana eeproteni asongiweyo aqokelelana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo wemithambo-luvo ixesha elide.
• Iimeko zokuzikhusela komzimba kunye nokuvuvukala : Umzekelo omhle woku yiGuillain-Barré Syndrome.
• Iimeko zokuzalwa kunye nezemfuza : Ezi zizifo okanye iimeko ezikhoyo ekuzalweni. Iimeko zemfuza zifunyanwa ngabazali. Isifo sikaHirschsprung ngumzekelo woku.
• Izifo : Umonakalo wemithambo-luvo unokubangelwa ziintsholongwane ezifana ne-HIV, isifo seLyme, okanye isifo seChagas, esibangelwa kukulunywa zizinambuzane. Sinokubangelwa nazizinye izifo ezifana ne-botulism okanye i-tetanus.
• Ukuwohloka kweMithambo emininzi : Le meko inzima ifana nesifo sikaParkinson. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, yonakalisa imithambo-luvo elawula ukusebenza kwamalungu omzimba.
• Iityhefu nezinto ezinobungozi : Iimethali ezinzima ezinetyhefu ezifana ne-mercury kunye ne-lead zingonakalisa inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo. Iikhemikhali ezininzi zoshishino nazo zinokubangela olu hlobo lomonakalo. Utywala bunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo.
• Ukonzakala : Iingozi zinokubangela umonakalo kwimithambo-luvo. Oku kunokuba lixesha elide okanye kube yinto engapheliyo. Ukulimala kwintambo yomgogodla, ingakumbi oko kubandakanya inkqubo yemithambo-luvo engaphantsi, kungonakalisa okanye kuqhawule unxibelelwano olukhokelela kwintambo yomgogodla.
• Iithumba : Zombini iithumba ezinomhlaza kunye nezingenabungozi zinokuphazamisa inkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo.

Ziziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zale meko?

Iimpawu zezifo zokuzikhusela komzimba zixhomekeke ekubeni umonakalo uphi. Kwiimeko ezifana nesifo seswekile sohlobo lwesibini, umonakalo unokwenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi zomzimba. Iimpawu ezihlala zibonakala xa inkqubo yokuzikhusela komzimba yonakele ziquka:

• Iingxaki zesingqisho sentliziyo (kuquka i-arrhythmias).
• Ukuba nesiyezi okanye ukuphelelwa zingqondo xa umi.
• Ubunzima bokuginya (i-Dysphagia).
• Iingxaki zokugaya ukutya (kuquka i-gastroparesis).
• Ukuqhinwa.
• Ubunzima bokuchama okanye indle (ukulahlekelwa sisinyi okanye ukulawula amathumbu – `Ukungakwazi ukuzibamba`).
• Ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesondo.
• Ukubila kakhulu (i-Hyperhidrosis) okanye ukungakwazi ukubila (i-Anhidrosis).
• Ubunzima bokunyamezela imozulu eshushu.

Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezikhoyo zokujonga impilo ye-Autonomic Nervous System?

Kukho iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ezinokunceda ekuxilongeni iingxaki zenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo. Ezinye zazo ziquka:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi : Olu vavanyo lunokufumanisa imiba eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiingxaki zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuya kwiityhefu kunye neetyhefu (ingakumbi iimetali ezifana ne-mercury kunye ne-lead).
• I-Electrocardiogram (EKG)
• I-Electroencephalogram (EEG) .
• I-Electromyogram (uvavanyo lokuqhuba imithambo-luvo) .
• Uvavanyo lwemfuza .
• Umzobo weMagnetic Resonance (MRI) .

Zithini iindlela zonyango zoku?

Unyango lwezifo ezizikhuselayo emzimbeni lunokuba luchaneke kakhulu, kuxhomekeke kwisifo. Ezinye iindlela zonyango zijongana nesifo ngokwaso okanye unobangela oyintloko. Ezinye iindlela zonyango zinyanga kuphela iimpawu, ingakumbi xa kungekho nyango okanye unyango olusisigxina lwesifo. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho nyango "lufanayo" lwezi zifo. Amayeza anokunceda kwezinye izifo, kodwa hayi zonke.

Ungazikhusela njani kwiingxaki ze-Autonomic Nervous System?

Ukuthintela umonakalo kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzikhusela kwizifo ezichaphazela yona. Amanyathelo okukhusela angcono onokuwathatha ngala:

• Yitya ukutya okunesondlo . Ukunqongophala kweevithamini, ingakumbi ukunqongophala kwevithamini B12, kunokonakalisa inkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo.
• Kuphephe ukusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi notywala . Ukusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi ezithunyelwa ngugqirha nezokuzonwabisa, kunye notywala, kunokonakalisa inkqubo yemithambo-luvo elawula ukuzimela.
• Hlala usebenza ngokomzimba kwaye ugcine ubunzima obusempilweni . Oku kunokunceda ukuthintela okanye ukulibazisa ukuqala kwesifo seswekile sohlobo lwesibini, esinokonakalisa imithambo-luvo elawula umzimba ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kunokunceda nokuthintela ukwenzakala okunokonakalisa iindawo zomnqonqo ezichaphazela inkqubo yemithambo-luvo elawula umzimba.
• Nxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela xa kuyimfuneko.Iingozi zezona zinto zibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimithambo-luvo. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokhuseleko emsebenzini nasekudlaleni kunokukunceda ukukhuseleka kwezi ntlobo zeengozi, okanye ubuncinane kunciphise ubukhali beengozi.
• Lawula izifo ezingapheliyo njengoko kucetyiswayo . Ukuba unesifo esingapheliyo esinokuchaphazela imithambo-luvo yakho ye-autonomic - ingakumbi isifo seswekile sohlobo lwesibini - kufuneka uthathe amanyathelo okulawula imeko yakho. Oku kunokunceda ukunciphisa iziphumo zesifo okanye kulibazise ixesha elithathayo ukuba sibe sibi kakhulu. Ugqirha wakho unokukukhokela ngeendlela zokulawula imeko yakho.

Kubalulekile : Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo yinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yendlela ophila ngayo. Uninzi lwexesha, akufuneki nokuba ucinge ngayo, yenza nje umsebenzi wayo. Ukunyamekela umzimba wakho, ingakumbi inkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo, yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphepha izifo ezonakalisa inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo. Emva koko unokugxila kwizinto ebomini bakho ofuna ukugxila kuzo.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka siyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ngoko ke, ngokufutshane nje, i-Autonomic Nervous System yethu yinkqubo emangalisayo nezenzekelayo elawula umzimba wethu. Nangona singazi ngayo, inyamekela izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, ukusuka ekuphefumleni kwethu ukuya kwintliziyo yethu ukuya ekugayweni kwethu.

Ukugcina le nkqubo isempilweni kubalulekile kwimpilo yethu iyonke. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukulandela indlela yokuphila enempilo, ukulandela iingcebiso zonyango ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokunyamekela imizimba yethu . Kuba lo gama nje lo msebenzi uthuleyo esebenza kakuhle, sikhululekile ukucinga ngezinye izinto ebomini bethu.