Masifunde ngeethumba ezivela kwiiseli ezifana neenkwenkwezi engqondweni yakho (i-Astrocytoma)!

Sonke sijongene neengxaki zempilo ezingalindelekanga ebomini bethu, akunjalo? Mhlawumbi uneentloko ezibuhlungu rhoqo okanye uzive ngathi inkumbulo yakho iyalahleka kancinci. Nangona ezi zizinto eziqhelekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha zinokuba ziimpawu zengxaki emzimbeni wethu, ingakumbi engqondweni. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngohlobo lwethumba olunokwenzeka engqondweni, oluyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, kodwa sonke kufuneka siluqaphele. Yiyo loo nto i-Astrocytoma .

Yintoni i-Astrocytoma? Masiyiqonde ngokulula!

Kulungile, ngoku masibone ukuba yintoni le astrocytoma. Ngamafutshane, luhlobo lwethumba oluvela kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo (CNS) , ekwingqondo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwi-spinal cord (intambo yemithambo-luvo ehamba emqolo). Ezi thumba zenziwe ngohlobo oluthile lweeseli ezimile okweenkwenkwezi engqondweni yethu. Oogqirha babiza ezi seli ngokuthi "ii-astrocyte cells". Ezi "astrocyte cells" ziiseli ezikwiqela leeseli ezinceda, zondle, kwaye zikhusele ingqondo kunye nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Ezi seli zincedisayo zibizwa ngokuba "zii-glial cells". Ngaphandle "kwee-astrocyte cells", kukho ezinye iintlobo "zee-glial cells" ezibizwa ngokuba "zii-oligodendrocytes" kunye "nee-ependymal cells". Ngoko ke, iithumba eziqala xa ezi "glial cells" ziqala ukukhula ngokungalawulekiyo zibizwa ngokuba "zi-glioma". I-Astrocytoma lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwe-glioma.

Ezi thumba ze-astrocytoma zinokuba ngumhlaza (ezinobungozi) okanye ezingezizo zomhlaza (ezingenobungozi) . Oko kuthetha ukuba ezinye ziyingozi kwaye zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Ezinye azisasazeka, kwaye zikhula kwaye zisasazeka kancinci.

Oogqirha bahlulahlula ii-astrocytomas ngokwe "mabakala" azo, njengamabanga esikolweni. La mabanga achaza indlela ithumba elikhula ngayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuba kunokwenzeka kangakanani ukuba lisasazeke kwizicubu zobuchopho ezikufutshane. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza, akukho nkqubo "yokulinganisa".

Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili ze-Astrocytoma?

I-World Health Organisation (WHO) yahlule ii-astrocytomas kwiindidi ezine eziphambili. Ibanga loku-1 lolona hlobo lunobungozi obuphantsi, olukhula kancinci. Ibanga lesi-4 lolona hlobo lunobundlongondlongo, olukhula ngokukhawuleza, nolunobungozi kakhulu.

I-Astrocytoma engeyomhlaza (engeyiyo ebangela umhlaza)

Ezi ziithumba ezinobungozi obuphantsi, ezingezizo ezomhlaza.

• I-Astrocytoma yeBanga loku-1:
• I-Pilocytic astrocytoma:Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwethumba lebanga loku-1. Likhula kancinci kakhulu kwaye alinakwenzeka ukuba lisasazeke. Alinamhlaza. Emva kokuba lisuswe ngokupheleleyo ngotyando, unyango lwe-chemotherapy okanye lwe-radiation alusoloko luyimfuneko. La mathumba adla ngokukhula kwi-cerebellum, inxalenye yobuchopho ebizwa ngokuba yi-cerebellum .
• I-Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Olu hlobo lwethumba luhlala lukhula engqondweni. Luhlala lukhula kwi -temporal lobe yengqondo. Oku kunokubangela ukuxhuzula rhoqo. Lunganyangeka ngotyando.
• I-Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA): Olu hlobo lwethumba luvela ikakhulu kubantwana abanesimo semfuza esibizwa ngokuba yi-tuberous sclerosis. Lukhula kwimingxuma egcwele ulwelo ngaphakathi kwengqondo ebizwa ngokuba yi-ventricles . Lunganyangwa nangotyando.

I-Astrocytoma Enobungozi

Ezi ziithumba eziyingozi eziqulathe iiseli zomhlaza kwaye zinokukhula kwaye zisasazeke ngokukhawuleza.

• I-Astrocytoma yeBanga lesi-2: Ezi thumba zinokwasasazeka ngakumbi kwizicubu zobuchopho ezingqongileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuzinyanga ngokupheleleyo ngotyando lodwa.
• I-Astrocytomas yeBanga lesi-3: Ezi zinamandla ngakumbi kunee-tumor zeBanga lesi-2. Rhoqo, i-tumor yeBanga lesi-2 inokuqhubela phambili iye kwibanga lesi-3 ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ezi azinakuze zinyangeke ngotyando lodwa. Unyango lwemitha luyafuneka ngokuqinisekileyo, kwaye ne-chemotherapy ikwafuneka rhoqo.
• IiGlioblastomas: Ezi zii -astrocytomas zebanga lesi-4 . Zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo nezinobundlongondlongo ze-astrocytoma. Zikhula kwaye zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Malunga ne-10% yazo zikhula kwi-astrocytoma esele ikho ngaphambili ekumgangatho ophantsi eye yaba ngumhlaza. Okanye, kwi-90% yamatyala, ziqala njengethumba lebanga lesi-4.

Ngubani ofumana i-Astrocytoma?

Ezi thumba zinokukhula nakubani na, kodwa kufunyenwe ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi thumba zixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abaneminyaka eyahlukeneyo:

• I-Astrocytoma yeBanga loku-1: Eyona ixhaphakileyo ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala abancinci.
• I-Astrocytoma yeBanga lesi-2: Ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-60 ubudala.
• I-Astrocytoma yeBanga lesi-3: Ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-30 ukuya kwengama-60 ubudala.
• I-Glioblastoma (i-astrocytoma yebanga lesi-4): Ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-50 ukuya kwengama-80 ubudala.

Kuthiwa amadoda anamathuba amaninzi okuphuhlisa i-astrocytomas yebanga lesi-3 nelesi-4.

Ixhaphake kangakanani le sifo?

Ukuxhaphaka kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-astrocytoma nako kuyahluka:

• I-astrocytoma yeBanga loku-1: Malunga ne-2% yazo zonke iithumba zobuchopho.
• I-astrocytoma yeBanga lesi-2: ibandakanya i-2% ukuya kwi-5% yazo zonke iithumba zobuchopho.
• I-Astrocytoma yeBanga lesi-3: Malunga ne-4% yazo zonke iithumba zobuchopho.
• I-Astrocytomas yeBanga lesi-4 (iiGlioblastomas): Zenza i-24% yazo zonke iithumba zobuchopho.

Phakathi kwabantu abadala, i-glioblastoma (i-grade 4 astrocytoma) lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lomhlaza wobuchopho.

Zithini iimpawu ze-Astrocytoma?

Iimpawu zale thumba zingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu bethumba kunye nendawo elikuyo engqondweni. Ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

• Intloko ebuhlungu rhoqo, ngamanye amaxesha iba mandundu kusasa.
• Isicaphucaphu nokuhlanza.
• Ukuxhuzula.
• Utshintsho kwisimo sengqondo: Umzekelo, iimeko ezinje ngokungakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo (ukuphupha kakubi) okanye ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo epheleleyo (i-dementia).
• Ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo.
• Ezinye iingxaki zengqondo: utshintsho lobuntu, utshintsho lweemvakalelo (njengokudakumba).
• Ukudinwa kakhulu emzimbeni.
• Iingxaki zokubona: Ukubona okufipheleyo, ukubona okuphindwe kabini.
• Ubunzima bokuthetha (i-aphasia): Ubunzima bokwenza amagama, ukungakwazi ukucinga into omawuyithethe.
• Iingxaki zokushukuma: amalungu omzimba aba ndindisholo, abuthathaka, kwaye abonise ukusabela okungaqhelekanga.

Ukuba unenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona ugqirha ngokukhawuleza.

Zithini izizathu ze-Astrocytoma?

Enyanisweni, abaphandi abakayazi eyona nto ibangela uninzi lwee-astrocytomas. Uninzi lwale miphunga luvela ngamaxesha athile. Ezibini zezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezibangela umngcipheko abaphandi abazichongileyo kukuvezwa kwimitha kunye nefuthe lemfuza.

Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwakutshanje lutyhile ukuba utshintsho (utshintsho) kwijini ebizwa ngokuba yi-`(IDH1 gene)` lunegalelo elikhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwee-astrocytomas ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Le jini inceda iiseli zethu ukuvelisa amandla. Xa le jini iguquguquka, kuveliswa ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-`(2-HG)`. Oku kuqokelelana kwii-`(iiseli ze-astrocyte)` ezisempilweni ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye ezo seli ziqala ukungaqheleki. Kulapho ke ii-astrocytomas zikhula khona.

Ukuvezwa kwimitha kunye ne-astrocytoma

Ukuchatshazelwa yimitha ye-ionizing, umzekelo, esetyenziselwa unyango lomhlazaUnyango ngemitha luyandisa umngcipheko wokuba ne-astrocytoma.

Umzekelo, abantwana abane-acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) abafumana unyango lwe-radiation ukuthintela esi sifo banokuba namathuba angama-22 okuba ne-central nervous system tumor, efana ne-astrocytoma, kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10.

Izizathu ze-genetic kunye ne-astrocytoma

Ezi meko zilandelayo zemfuza ezingaqhelekanga zifunyenwe zidibene nophuhliso lwee-astrocytomas:

• I-Li-Fraumeni syndrome: Le meko yenzeka xa kukho utshintsho kwi-gene ebizwa ngokuba yi-TP53 gene. Abantu abanale syndrome banethuba elingama-90% lokufumana uhlobo olunye okanye ngaphezulu lomhlaza ebomini babo. Oku kungabandakanya i-astrocytoma.
• Uhlobo lwe-Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1): Kule meko, utshintsho kwi-gene oluthi luthintele ukukhula kweethumba lubangela ukuba iiseli zikhule ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Abantu abane-NF1 banokuba nee-astrocytomas, iithumba zemithambo-luvo engaphandle, kunye namabala e-café-au-lait eluswini.
• I-Tuberous sclerosis: Le meko ibangela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zempilo. Ezi ziquka ukuxhuzula, ukulibaziseka kokukhula, kunye nokwakheka kwamathumba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Ibangelwa kukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezimbini, i-TSC1 gene kunye ne-TSC2 gene. I-Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (ii-SEGA) zihlala zikhula kuphela kubantu abane-tuberous sclerosis.
• I-Turcot syndrome: Le meko ibangelwa kukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezahlukeneyo ezithintela ukukhula kwethumba. Ingabangela ukukhula okuncinci (ii-polyps) emathunjini kunye nethumba elinye okanye ngaphezulu, njenge-astrocytomas, ebuchosheni okanye emgogodleni.

Ifunyaniswa njani i-Astrocytoma?

Ngenxa yokuba iimpawu ze-astrocytoma zifana nezezinye izifo zemithambo-luvo, kunokuba nzima kancinci koogqirha ukuba bakrokre okanye baxilonge.

Nangona kunjalo, ugqirha wakho uza kukubuza ngeempawu zakho kunye nembali yakho yezonyango. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba enze uvavanyo lwemithambo-luvo . Oku kuya kunceda ekufumaneni apho ingxaki ikhoyo engqondweni okanye emgogodleni.

Emva koko ugqirha uza kuyalela uvavanyo lwe-brain imaging . I-MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) yindlela engcono yokufumana nokuchonga i-astrocytoma. Ukuba awukwazi ukwenza i-MRI kuba une-pacemaker okanye i-joint implant, i-CT scan (i-Computed tomography scan) lolona khetho lufanelekileyo.

Ukuba ezi mvavanyo zomfanekiso zibonisa into engaqhelekanga engqondweni, ugqirha uya kwenza i-biopsy (ukuthatha iqhekeza elincinci lethumba ukuze lihlolwe) okanye ukususwa kwezicubu.(ukususwa kwesi sifo ngotyando) kuyacetyiswa. Le yindlela ekuphela kwayo yokwenza uxilongo oluchanekileyo.

Ngaba i-astrocytoma enomhlaza inganyangeka?

Ii-astrocytomas zeBanga loku-1 zihlala zinyangwa ngotyando ukuba ugqirha wemithambo-luvo unokulisusa lonke ithumba ngokukhuselekileyo. Kunqabile kakhulu, ezinye ii-astrocytomas zeBanga lesi-2 nazo zinokunyangwa ngotyando.

Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku akukho nyango lwe-astrocytomas zebanga lesi-3 nelesi-4 (ingakumbi ii-glioblastomas) kuba zikhula kwaye zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, unyango lwemitha kunye namayeza athile anokulawula ukukhula kwezi thumba kwaye anciphise iimpawu.

Inyangwa njani i-Astrocytoma?

Iindlela zonyango zixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:

• Indawo, ubungakanani, kunye nohlobo lwethumba.
• iminyaka yakho.
• Impilo yakho iyonke.

Iqela leengcali liza kusebenzisana ukufumanisa isicwangciso sonyango esifanelekileyo kuwe. Eli qela lingabandakanya:

• Iingcali ze-Neurology
• Iingcali zotyando lwengqondo
• Iingcali zomhlaza wemitha
• Iingcali zomhlaza zonyango

Iindlela eziphambili zonyango lwe-astrocytoma zezi:

• Utyando.
• Unyango ngemitha.
• I-chemotherapy encedisayo.
• Iindawo zonyango lwe-tumor (ze-glioblastoma).

Ukongeza, kunokubakho iimvavanyo zeklinikhi onokuthi uthathe inxaxheba kuzo.

Utyando lwe-astrocytoma

Utyando linyathelo lokuqala ekunyangeni i-astrocytoma. Lubonelela ngezibonelelo ezintathu eziphambili:

1. Ungafumanisa ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwethumba ngokuthatha iqhekeza lesicubu sethumba uze ulihlolisise phantsi kwe-microscope.

2. Oogqirha banokwenza uvavanyo oluthe kratya kwithumba ukuze babone ukuba kukho iiproteni kunye notshintsho oluthile olunokuthi lujoliswe ngamayeza athile.

3. Ivumela ukususwa kwethumba elininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwengqondo kunye nolusu lwentloko kwaye kuthintela nezinye iingxaki.

Ngenxa yokuba ii-astrocytomas zebanga loku-1 zikhula kancinci kwaye azisasazeki kwezinye iindawo zobuchopho, utyando lolona nyango lufumanekayo.

Iindlela zonyango ezincedisayo ze-astrocytoma

Unyango oluncedisayo, ngamanye amaxesha olubizwa ngokuba "lunyango oluncedisayo," lujolise kwiiseli zomhlaza ezingabulawanga lunyango oluphambili. Kwi-astrocytoma, utyando lolona nyango luphambili.

Ii-astrocytomas zeBanga lesi-3 nelesi-4 zihlala zifuna olunye unyango ukongeza kutyando. Ii-astrocytomas zeBanga lesi-2 nazo ngamanye amaxesha zinokufuna unyango olongezelelweyo.

Ezinye iindlela zonyango ezongezelelweyo ze-astrocytoma:

• I-Chemotherapy ene-temozolomide (TMZ): I-Chemotherapy kukusetyenziswa kwamayeza ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza kunye/okanye ukuzithintela ukuba zingaphindaphindani. Eli yeza, i-temozolomide (TMZ), lisebenza ngokutshintsha i-DNA yeeseli zethumba, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zife. I-TMZ lunyango oluncedisayo lomgca wokuqala kuzo zonke ii-astrocytomas zebanga lesi-3 nelesi-4. Ngamanye amaxesha inikwa nee-astrocytomas zebanga lesi-2.
• Unyango ngemitha: Olu nyango lusebenzisa imitha (ngesiqhelo i-X-ray enamandla aphezulu) ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza. Le yindlela esebenzayo kakhulu yokunyanga i-astrocytomas.
• I-Bevacizumab: Eli liyeza elifakwa ngenaliti. Lisebenza ngokuthintela ukukhula kwemithambo yegazi enceda ukukhula kwethumba. I-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ivumile eli yeza kwi-glioblastoma ephindaphindayo. Linceda ukunciphisa ukudumba kunye nokunciphisa iimpawu.
• Iintsimi zonyango lwe-tumor: Esi sisixhobo esikhethekileyo esivelisa iintsimi zombane. Ezi ntsimi zinokucothisa ukukhula kwe-tumor. Inxitywa njengesigcina-ntloko. Oogqirha banokucebisa olu nyango kwi-glioblastoma esandula ukufunyaniswa kwaye iphinda ivele.

Ngaba ndingayithintela i-Astrocytoma?

Okwangoku akukho nto unokuyenza ukuthintela ukukhula kwee-astrocytomas. Uninzi lwexesha, zikhula ngokungacwangciswanga.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unesifo semfuza esikubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu wokuba ne-astrocytoma, kubalulekile ukubona iqela lakho lezonyango rhoqo ukuze lihlolwe. Banokukujonga iimpawu ze-astrocytoma. Okukhona oku kubonwa ngokukhawuleza, kokukhona kungcono.

Ithini i-astrocytoma xa ithelekiswa nomhlaza?

Imbono, nokuba isifo siza kuphucuka na kunye nokuba ungaphila ixesha elingakanani, ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:

• Inqanaba lesihlunu: Okukhona inqanaba liphezulu, kokukhona imeko iba mandundu.
• Ingakanani ithumba elinokususwa ngotyando:Nangona ii-astrocytomas zebanga loku-1 zinokunyangwa ngotyando lodwa, ii-astrocytomas zebanga lesi-2 ukuya kwelesi-4 azinakususwa ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ugqirha wemithambo-luvo unokususa izicubu ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, izinga lokusinda lilungile.
• Ukusetyenziswa konyango olongezelelweyo: Unyango olongezelelweyo olufana ne-chemotherapy kunye nonyango lwe-radiation lunokunciphisa iimpawu kwaye lonyuse ukusinda.
• Ubudala: Ngokubanzi, abantu abancinci baphila ixesha elide.
• Imeko yengqondo: Abo baneempawu ezincinci kunye nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwemithambo-luvo banexesha elide lokusinda.

Iqela lakho lezonyango liya kukwazi ukukunika ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga noko ungakulindela. Musa ukoyika ukubabuza imibuzo.

Ingakanani izinga lokusinda kwe-Astrocytoma?

Izinga lokusinda eliphakathi liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba le-astrocytoma:

• Ibanga loku-1 (ii-astrocytomas zePilocytic): Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-10.
• I-astrocytoma yeBanga lesi-2: ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-5.
• I-astrocytoma yeBanga lesi-3: Phakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-5.
• Ibanga lesi-4 (iiGlioblastomas): Malunga nonyaka.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezi zi-avareji nje zeqela elikhulu labantu abane-astrocytomas. Iqela lakho lezonyango liya kukwazi ukubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga namazinga okusinda ngokusekelwe kwimeko yakho ethile.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha wam malunga ne-Astrocytoma?

Kuya kufuneka ube neentlanganiso zokulandelelana neengcali ze-neurologists, iingcali ze-oncologists, kunye neengcali ze-neurosurgeons ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyango lwakho luphumelele okanye luyaqhubeka luphumelela.

Fowunela ugqirha wakho ngokukhawuleza ukuba ufumanisa iimpawu ezintsha okanye ukuba iimpawu zakho ziya zisiba mandundu. Umzekelo:

• Iingxaki zememori.
• Ukuxhuzula.
• Intloko ebuhlungu kakhulu okanye iingxaki zokubona.
• Ukunciphisa umzimba ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha wam?

Kunganceda ukubuza iqela lakho lezonyango le mibuzo:

• Kutheni ndifumene i-astrocytoma?
• Luhlobo luni lwe-astrocytoma endinalo?
• Yeyiphi indlela engcono yonyango kum?
• Zeziphi iimvavanyo zeklinikhi endinokuthi ndithathe inxaxheba kuzo?
• Zithini iingozi kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango?
• Luluphi unyango oluza kundifuna emva konyango?
• Lingakanani ithuba lokuba umhlaza ubuye okanye usasazeke emva konyango?
• Zeziphi iimpawu zokukhula kwethumba ekufuneka ndizijonge?
• Zeziphi iimpawu zeengxaki zonyango ekufuneka ndizijonge?
• Ingaba intsapho yam isengozini yokufumana i-astrocytoma?

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-Astrocytoma kunye ne-Glioblastoma?

I-Glioblastoma luhlobo lwe-astrocytoma - ingakumbi i-astrocytoma yebanga lesi-4. I-Glioblastoma sisimila esinomhlaza esikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye sisasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Sisifo somhlaza wobuchopho esiqhelekileyo.

Ngaba i-Astrocytoma inomhlaza okanye ayinobungozi?

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-astrocytomas - ezinye azinamhlaza (zingenobungozi), kwaye ezinye zinomhlaza (ziyingozi). I-astrocytomas zeBanga loku-1 azinamhlaza. IBanga lesi-2 ukuya kwelesi-4 zinomhlaza.

Okokugqibela, yintoni ekufuneka uyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kuqhelekile ukuziva usoyika kwaye uxinezelekile xa ufumanisa ukuba unesimila sobuchopho. I-Astrocytoma inokuza ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo - amanye anobungozi, amanye anomhlaza. Kodwa themba ukuba iqela lakho lezonyango liza kuphuhlisa isicwangciso sonyango esipheleleyo nesilungiselelwe wena ukukunceda ulawule i-astrocytoma yakho kwaye uphucule umgangatho wobomi bakho. Ungoyiki, ungathandabuzi, buza oogqirha bakho imibuzo, kwaye uxhase unyango lwakho. Ndikunqwenelela ukuchacha ngokukhawuleza!

i- astrocytoma, ithumba lobuchopho, i-glioma, i-astrocyte, inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi, umhlaza, i-glioblastoma