Masifunde nje ngovavanyo lwe-immunophenotyping olunceda ekuchongeni iiseli zomhlaza.

Usenokuba awukaze uve ngegama elithi `(Immunophenotyping)` ngaphambili. Kodwa olu luvavanyo olubaluleke kakhulu, ingakumbi ekuxilongeni izifo ezithile, umzekelo, i-leukemia, i-lymphoma, kunye neminye imidlaza. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngolu vavanyo ngendlela elula, ukuze uluqonde kakuhle.

Yintoni i-Immunophenotyping? Masiyiqonde ngokulula.

Kulungile, ngoku masibone ukuba eli gama elithi `(Immunophenotyping)` lithetha ukuthini. Nangona oku kuvakala ngathi ligama lesayensi, ibali lilula kakhulu.

Igama elithi 'Immuno' libhekisa kwinto enxulumene nenkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela . Kolu vavanyo, ingcali yezifo (ugqirha ochwephesha ekuxilongeni nasekunyangeni izifo) isebenzisa olunye uhlobo lweproteni ebizwa ngokuba yi-'antibodies' evela kwinkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukukhangela iiproteni ezithile ezibizwa ngokuba yi-'antigens' kwiiseli zethu. Cinga ngala 'antibodies' njengesitshixo, kunye 'ne-antigens' njengesitshixo. Njengesitshixo esifanelana nesitshixo ngasinye, 'i-antibody' ethile iya kunamathela kuphela 'kwi-antigen' ethile. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho uhlobo lwesibini esihambelanayo phakathi kwezi zimbini.

Igama elithi 'phenotype' libhekisa kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo ngaphandle . Ngoko ke, xa loo `(antibody)` ibopha kwi `(antigen)` efanelekileyo, ingcali yezifo iyazi ukuba loo seli inayo na loo `(antigen)` okanye ayinayo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezibonisayo.

Ngamafutshane, olu vavanyo lwe-`(Immunophenotyping)` lujonga ezi `(antigens)` markers kumphezulu weeseli zethu kwaye lufumanise ukuba ezo seli ziphilile okanye zinomhlaza. Kwakhona, ezi `(antigens)` zinokuchaza ukuba loluphi uhlobo lweseli yomhlaza.

Olu vavanyo (lwe-Immunophenotyping) lwenziwa nini?

Kukho iimeko ezininzi apho ugqirha wakho angacebisa olu vavanyo.

Khawuthelekelele ukuba umhlobo wakho, masithi uNimal, ebeziva ediniwe kakhulu kwaye ediniwe kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa. Xa ugqirha wenza uvavanyo lwegazi ("i-Complete Blood Count", okanye "i-CBC"), wafumanisa ukuba inani leeseli zakhe ezimhlophe zegazi laliphezulu ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Emva koko ugqirha usenokucinga ukuba oku kusenokuba ngumhlaza wegazi. Kulapho angacebisa ukuba kwenziwe olu vavanyo lwe-"Immunophenotyping" ukuze afumane okungakumbi malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni kanye kanye.

Oko ikukuthi:

• Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo olupheleleyo lwegazi (`(CBC)`) zibonisa ukuba inani leeseli zakho ezimhlophe zegazi liphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga.
• Ukuba kukho ukurhanelwa kweentlobo ezithile zomhlaza wegazi, umzekelo i-leukemia okanye i-lymphoma, oku kunokunceda ukusondela kancinci kwisifo.

Ukongeza, abaphandi basebenzisa le ndlela ye-"Immunophenotyping" ukuze bafunde indlela iiseli zomhlaza ezisabela ngayo kwiimpawu ezithile ze-"antigen", ingakumbi i-"immunotherapy".

Lusebenza njani olu vavanyo?

Uninzi lolu vavanyo lwe-`(Immunophenotyping)` lwenzeka kwilabhoratri, emva kokuba kuthathwe isampuli yethishu okanye yolwelo kuwe. Enyanisweni, okufuneka ukwenze kukubonelela ngesampuli, kwaye iingcali kwilabhoratri zenze okuseleyo.

Uninzi loogqirha basebenzisa indlela yelabhoratri ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Flow Cytometry" ukwenza olu vavanyo. Ukongeza, ngamanye amaxesha kusetyenziswa nendlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Immunohistochemistry - IHC". Makhe sijonge zombini ezi zinto.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili...

(Indlela yeFlow Cytometry) (indlela esetyenziswa kakhulu)

Usebenzisa le ndlela, ungahlola iisampulu ezinkulu zegazi okanye iiseli zegazi ezithathwe kwizicubu. Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo:

• Ukuqokelela isampuli: Oku kudla ngokubandakanya ukuthatha isampuli yomongo wethambo kwi-bone marrow biopsy, okanye inani elincinci legazi. Ngamanye amaxesha, isampuli inokuthathwa kulwelo lomqolo okanye ulwelo olukwisisu.
• Ukugcina isampuli: Abasebenzi belabhoratri balungiselela isampuli yovavanyo lwe-"Immunophenotyping". Bongeza ezinye izinto kuyo ukuze iiseli zingafi.
• Ukongeza (i-Antibody): Okulandelayo, bongeza ``ii-antibodies`` abaziyilele ukubopha kwi ``i-antigen`` abafuna ukuyifumana. Ezi ``antibodies`` zincamathiselwe kwi ``i-fluorescent compound`` okanye ``i-immunofluorescence marker``. Ngenxa yesi siphawuli, xa ``i-antibody`` ibopha kwi ``antigen``, iiseli zikhupha ukukhanya.
• Ukwenza (Flow Cytometry): Ngoku isampuli elungiselelwe ezo `(antibodies)` ifakwa kumatshini obizwa ngokuba yi`(Flow Cytometer)`. Lo matshini unezinzwa ezikhethekileyo (`detectors`), ezinokubona ukukhanya okuvela kuloo `(immunofluorescence marker)`. Ngoko ke, le `(Flow Cytometer)` ilinganisa ukuba zingaphi iiseli ezibotshelelwe yi`(antigen-antibody)` (oko kukuthi, zikhupha ukukhanya).

(Indlela ye-Immunohistochemistry - IHC)

I-Immunohistochemistry yindlela enokubhaqa ubukho bee-antigens ezithile kwisampulu yethishu. Amanyathelo abandakanyekayo kwilebhu afana kakhulu nalawo akwi-flow cytometry. Umahluko ophambili kukuba kwi-IHC, i-enzyme yongezwa kwi-antibodies endaweni ye-fluorescent compound. Le enzyme ifaka iiseli umbala othile ukuba i-antigen ikhona. Ukuba ingcali yezifo ibona ibala phantsi kwe-microscope, oko kuthetha ukuba iiseli ziqulathe i-antigen.

Zithini izithintelo zolu vavanyo (lwe-Immunophenotyping)?

Eyona ngxaki inkulu kukuba ayizizo zonke iilabhoratri ezenza olu vavanyo ezine " inkqubo eqhelekileyo" efanayo. Ke ngoko, ngamanye amaxesha kunokubakho utshintsho oluncinci kwiziphumo.

Kodwa into enye ekufuneka uyikhumbule. Oogqirha abafumani isifo ngokusekelwe kwezi ziphumo ze-`(Immunophenotyping)` zodwa. Basithelekisa nezinye izinto ezininzi, njengeempawu zakho kunye neziphumo zezinye iimvavanyo, ukuze bafikelele kwisigqibo. Oku kuthetha ukuba olu vavanyo lodwa alukuxeleli ukuba unomhlaza. Licandelo elinye nje lomfanekiso omkhulu, ngumthombo omnye onokukunceda ufunde ngakumbi ngempilo yakho.

Zinjani iziphumo? Zisixelela ntoni?

Ugqirha wakho uza kukuchazela ukuba iziphumo zakho zithetha ukuthini ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwengcali yezifo. Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-"Immunophenotyping" azikho nje "ezilungileyo" okanye "ezimbi". Kuthatha ingcali yezifo eziqeqeshiweyo ukuqonda "idatha" eveliswe yi-"Flow Cytometer" malunga nesampulu kwaye ikuxelele kanye kanye ukuba ithetha ukuthini.

Ukusuka kule datha, uhlalutya izinto ezinje:

• Luhlobo luni 'lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi'?
• Bakweliphi inqanaba lophuhliso?
• Zingaphi iiseli ezine-antigen oyifunayo?

Ingcali yezifo ithelekisa idatha evela kwisampulu yakho nedatha evela kubantu abaphilileyo abangenayo umhlaza, kunye nedatha evela kubantu abanohlobo oluthile lwe-leukemia okanye i-lymphoma. Esebenzisa ezi patheni kunye neziphumo zezinye iimvavanyo, umisela ukuba unokuba nomhlaza ochaphazelekayo kangakanani.

Ndifanele ndibize ugqirha wam nini?

Ukuba unemibuzo okanye iinkxalabo malunga neziphumo zakho okanye intsingiselo yazo, qiniseka ukuba ufowunela ugqirha wakho . I-Immunophenotyping luvavanyo oluntsonkothileyo lwelabhoratri olujonga iimpawu zeeseli. Kodwa ugqirha wakho unokuchaza indlela oluchaphazela ngayo impilo yakho ngokulula.

Mhlawumbi awuzange uve ntlungu, waza wamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba iiseli zakho ezimhlophe zegazi zaziphezulu xa uvavanywa rhoqo igazi (i-"CBC"). Okanye mhlawumbi ubusoloko uziva ungaphilanga. Nangona kunjalo, ezo ziphumo ze-"CBC" zinyathelo lokuqala lokufumanisa ukuba kwenzeka ntoni, ngoko ke kuya kufuneka ube nomonde.

Iiseli zakho ziqulethe ulwazi oluninzi olubalulekileyo malunga nempilo yakho. I-Immunophenotyping luvavanyo olujonga iiseli zakho kwaye lukuxelele ngempilo yakho. Ngamaxesha anje, ukulinda iziphumo kunokuba yinto eyoyikisayo kwaye ibangele ixhala. Ukuba ufuna inkxaso yeemvakalelo, thetha nogqirha wakho ngayo. Kwakhona, ukuba unemibuzo malunga neziphumo zovavanyo, ungathandabuzi ukubuza.

Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka sizifunde koku

Kulungile, masishwankathele ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka sizikhumbule ngolu vavanyo `(Immunophenotyping)` esithethe ngalo namhlanje.

• Olu luvavanyo olukhethekileyo lwelabhoratri. Lunceda kakhulu ekufumaneni umhlaza ofana ne-leukemia kunye ne-lymphoma.
• Oku kwenziwa ngokuchonga iiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"antigens" kumphezulu weeseli zethu.
• Iindlela ezimbini ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-``Flow cytometry'' kunye ne-``Immunohistochemistry - IHC''.
• Iziphumo ziyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, ngoko ke ingcali yezifo iyawahlalutya.
• Khumbula oku: Akukho mntu unokukuxelela ukuba unomhlaza ngokujonga nje iziphumo zolu vavanyo. Yinxalenye enye yenkqubo yokuxilonga.
• Ukuba unemibuzo malunga neziphumo, ungoyiki ukubuza ugqirha wakho. Bakhona ukukunceda.

Uvavanyo lwe- immunophenotyping, umhlaza, i-leukemia, i-lymphoma, uvavanyo lwegazi, iiseli, ii-antigens