Ingaba umntwana wakho unenkani kakhulu kwaye akathobeli yonke into? Masifunde nge-ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder)!

Ngaba umntwana wakho ngamanye amaxesha uyala ukukuphulaphula aze aqalise ukulwa? Kuqhelekile ukuba abantwana baziphathe ngolu hlobo xa besebancinci, ingakumbi xa beneminyaka emibini okanye emithathu ubudala, kwaye nokuba sele bekhulile kancinci (malunga neminyaka eli-13 okanye eli-14 ubudala). Kodwa ukuba olu xinzelelo nokungathobeli kuqhubeka ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu, kwaye kubonakala ngathi kungaphezulu kunesiqhelo kwiminyaka yabo, inokuba yimeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-ODD. Makhe sithethe ngale nto ngokweenkcukacha, ungakhathazeki, xa sele siziqonda ezi zinto, kukho iindlela esinokunceda ngazo.

Yintoni i-ODD (i-Oppositional Defiant Disorder)?

Ngamafutshane, i-ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder) yimeko yempilo yengqondo apho umntwana ebonisa indlela yokuziphatha engapheliyo yokungasebenzisani, ukungathobeli, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukuba nobundlobongela kubantu abadala (njengabazali nootitshala) . Le ndlela yokuziphatha inokuphazamisa kakhulu imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yomntwana, ubudlelwane bosapho, kunye nomsebenzi wesikolo.

Khawucinge nje, uxelela umntwana wakho ukuba abeke izinto zokudlala emva kokudlala. Emva koko uphikisa athi, "Andikwazi, wena uzibeke ngokwakho," okanye enze ngathi akakuva. Kuqhelekile ukuba oku kwenzeke kube kanye okanye kabini. Kodwa ukuba ezi zinto zenzeka rhoqo, ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu, kwaye zinzima kwaye azilingani nobudala bomntwana , ngoko ke kufuneka sicinge nge-ODD.

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba ayinguye wonke umntwana one-ODD ongumntwana "ombi". Le yimeko engaphaya kwamandla abo kwaye ifuna unyango.

Ziziphi ezinye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo ezinokwenzeka nge-ODD?

Abantwana abaninzi kunye nabantu abancinci abane-ODD nabo banenye okanye ezinye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo. Oku kubalulekile kuba zonke ezi zinto kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa zinyangwa.

• Ingxaki yokungakwazi ukuqwalasela (ADHD): Le yeyona meko ixhaphakileyo ebonwa kwi-ODD.
• Iingxaki zokuxhalaba: Umzekelo, izinto ezifana noloyiko olungenangqiqo kunye nesifo sokungakhathali (OCD) .
• Umahluko ekufundeni: Abanye abantwana banokuba neengxaki zokufunda.
• Ukuphazamiseka kweemvakalelo: Iimeko ezifana nokudakumba .
• Ukuphazamiseka kolawulo lweempembelelo.

Malunga nama-30% abantwana abane-ODD kamva baya kuba nesifo esibi kakhulu sokuziphatha esibizwa ngokuba yi-Conduct Disorder (CD) . Ukuba i-ODD ayifunyaniswanga kwaye ayinyangwa ngokufanelekileyo, ezi mpawu zinokuqhubeka zize zibe ngabantu abadala.

Yintoni i-Conduct Disorder (CD)? Ingaba imbi kune-ODD?

Ingxaki Yokuziphatha (CD) yimeko apho umntwana okanye umntu oselula eziphatha kakubi kwabanye aze aphule imithetho nemigaqo eyamkelekileyo yoluntu rhoqo . Kungathiwa inzima ngakumbi kune-ODD.

Ezinye zeempawu zabantwana abane-CD zezi:

• Ukwaphula imithetho enzima rhoqo. Umzekelo, ukubaleka ekhaya, ukungamameli xa kuxelelwa ukuba ungaphumi ebusuku, kunye nokuphuma esikolweni.
• Ukuba ndlongondlongo ngendlela elimaza abanye. Cinga ngezinto ezifana nokuxhaphaza abanye abantwana, ukulwa, okanye ukuxhaphaza izilwanyana.
• Ukuxoka, ukuba, nokutshabalalisa izinto zabanye abantu ngabom .

Abantwana abane-CD banamathuba amaninzi okwenzakala, kwaye banengxaki yokuhlalisana kakuhle nabahlobo.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-ODD kunye ne-ADHD?

Ezi meko zimbini zihlala zibhideka. Malunga nama-40% abantwana abane -ADHD (ingxaki yokungakwazi ukuqwalasela/yokungasebenzi kakuhle) banokuba ne-ODD okanye ingxaki yokuziphatha enxulumene nayo. Nangona ezi meko zimbini zinokuhlala kunye, ziimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

• I-ODD imalunga nokuziphatha komntwana kunye nendlela asebenzisana ngayo nabazali, abantakwabo noodadewabo, ootitshala kunye nabahlobo.
• I-ADHD sisifo sengqondo esibangela ukuba umntwana aphazamiseke lula, abe nobunzima bokuhlala ecwangcisiwe, kwaye ahlale engazinzi.

Ngamafutshane, umntwana one-ADHD usenokungathobeli ngenxa yokungazinzi nokungakhathalelwa. Kodwa umntwana one-ODD uthambekele ekwaphuleni imithetho ngabom, axabane, aze axhathise .

Ngoobani abachaphazeleka kakhulu yi-ODD? Zithini izinto ezibangela umngcipheko?

I-ODD idla ngokubonakala ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala abancinci. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha inokuchaphazela nabantu abadala. Idla ngokuqala malunga neminyaka esi-8 ubudala. Abanye abantwana bayayeka ukuba nesifo njengoko bekhula, okanye baphile ngonyango olufanelekileyo. Kodwa kwabanye, ezi mpawu zinokuqhubeka zize zibe ngabantu abadala.

Nangona i-ODD ixhaphake kakhulu kubafana kunamantombazana ebuntwaneni, ichaphazela zombini izini ngokulinganayo xa zikhulile.

Izinto ezibangela umngcipheko kumntwana wakho onesifo se-ODD ziquka:

• Ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukungahoywa ebuntwaneni.
• Ukuba umzali okanye umntu onyamekela umntwana unengxaki yeemvakalelo , okanye unengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi okanye utywala .
• Ukuchanabeka kubundlobongela.
• Ukuba nesimilo esitshintsha rhoqo kunye nokungabikho kokubekwa esweni ngumntu omdala.
• Ukungazinzi kusapho. Umzekelo, abazali abaqhawula umtshato, ukufuduka rhoqo, ukutshintsha izikolo rhoqo.
• Iingxaki zemali zentsapho.
• Ukuba abazali bakhe baba neengxaki zokuziphatha, i-ADHD, okanye ezinye iingxaki zokuziphatha, okanye ngoku banazo.

Ixhaphake kangakanani i-ODD?

Abaphandi bathi phakathi kwe-2% kunye ne-11% yabantwanaI-ODD iyachaphazela. Isizathu solu luhlu lubanzi kukuba abanye abantwana banokuchongwa ngendlela engafanelekanga njengabane-Conduct Disorder, kwaye le meko ayichongwanga ngokwaneleyo kubantwana abancinci. Ukuxhaphaka kwe-ODD kuncipha xa iminyaka ikhula.

Zithini iimpawu ze-ODD? Uzibona njani?

Iimpawu ze-ODD zihlala ziqala malunga neminyaka esi-8 ubudala. Ezi mpawu zihlala zikwinqanaba elifanayo phakathi kweminyaka emi-5 neli-10 ubudala, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo (nangona kungengabo rhoqo) ziqala ukuncipha.

Nangona ezi mpawu zinokubonakala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, njengasekhaya nasesikolweni, zisenokubonakala ngakumbi ekhaya okanye esikolweni .

Iimpawu ze-ODD zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu eziphambili:

1. Umsindo nokucaphuka.

2. Ukuxambulisana kunye nokuziphatha okungathobeliyo.

3. Injongo yokuziphindezela.

Ukongeza, abantwana abaninzi abane-ODD banokuba notshintsho rhoqo kwiimvakalelo, bacaphuke lula, bangazithembi, kwaye banokuguqukela kwiziyobisi notywala.

Umsindo nokucaphuka

Ezi mpawu ziyinxalenye yokuxilongwa kwe-ODD. Ukuba umntwana wakho une-ODD, unokubona izinto ezifana nezi:

• Uba nomsindo ngokukhawuleza.
• Ukusoloko evutha ngumsindo kwaye ebonisa inzondo .
• Nezinto ezincinci ezenziwa ngabanye zinokukwenzakalisa iimvakalelo zakho kwaye zikwenze uzive ucaphukile .
• Ndisoloko ndinomsindo kwaye ndithetha ngokungenantlonelo .

Ukuxambulisana kunye nokuziphatha kokungathobeli

Olu luphawu oluphambili lwe-ODD. Umntwana wakho usenokuziphatha ngolu hlobo:

• Ukuxambulisana nabantu abadala kakhulu.
• Bayala ngabom ukuthobela izicelo nemithetho.
• Batyhola abanye ngeempazamo zabo.
• Ukuzama ngabom ukucaphukisa nokwenzakalisa abanye .

Isizathu sokuziphindezela

Nazi ezinye zeempawu ze-ODD ezibonisa impindezelo:

• Ukubamba inzondo nokufuna ukuziphindezela.
• Xa unomsindo kwaye ukhathazekile, uthetha amazwi amabi nabuhlungu .

Zithini izizathu ze-ODD?

Akukho sizathu sinye se-ODD. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ibangelwa yindibaniselwano enzima yezinto zebhayoloji, zemfuza, kunye nezendalo .

Iimpembelelo zemfuza

Uphando lubonisa ukuba malunga ne-50% ye-ODD yimfuza . Abantwana abaninzi kunye nabantu abancinci abane-ODD banamalungu osapho asondeleyo anezinye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, ezinje ngeengxaki zemood, iingxaki zokuxhalaba, kunye neengxaki zobuntu . Kwakhona, abantwana abaninzi abane-ODD banezinye iimeko zempilo yengqondo, ezinje nge-ADHD, ukukhubazeka kokufunda, ukudakumba, kunye nokuxhalaba, ngoko ke kucingelwa ukuba kunokubakho unxibelelwano lwemfuza phakathi kwezi meko.

Izizathu zebhayoloji

Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha kunokubangelwa lutshintsho kwiindawo ezithile zobuchopho. Ukongeza, i-ODD inokubangelwa ziingxaki zeekhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba zii-neurotransmitters, ezinceda ukuthumela imiyalezo phakathi kweeseli zemithambo-luvo engqondweni . Ukuba ezi khemikhali azilungelelananga okanye azisebenzi kakuhle, imiyalezo ayinakuhamba kakuhle engqondweni, kwaye iimpawu zinokubakho.

Izinto ezisingqongileyo

Ubomi bentsapho obungenazingxaki , ukuphathwa kakubi kwabantwana, kunye noqeqesho olungaguqukiyo lwabazali lunokuba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-ODD. Ukungafunwa ngoontanga , amaqela angalunganga oontanga , ubuhlwempu , ubundlobongela basekuhlaleni , kunye nezinye izinto ezingazinzanga kwezentlalo okanye kwezoqoqosho nazo zinokuba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-ODD.

Kubalulekile: Ukuba umntwana unenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zinto akuthethi ukuba uza kuba ne-ODD. Kwakhona, i-ODD inokwenzeka ngaphandle kwezi zinto. Ezi zizinto ezinobungozi kuphela.

Ungazi njani ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba une-ODD? (Ukuxilongwa)

Iingcali zempilo yengqondo zixilonga i-ODD xa umntwana ebonisa ubuncinane iimpawu ezine ezidweliswe kwi -Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) kangangeenyanga ezingaphezu kwezintandathu . Ezi mpawu kufuneka zibe nzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba ziphazamise ubomi bomntwana bemihla ngemihla .

Ukuba umntwana wakho ubonisa iimpawu ze-ODD, kufuneka abonane nogqirha wengqondo okanye ugqirha wengqondo wabantwana nabakwishumi elivisayo . Aba ngcali bezempilo yengqondo basebenzisa udliwanondlebe kunye novavanyo olucwangcisiweyo ngokukodwa ukuze bahlole umntwana wakho ukuba akanaso na isifo sempilo yengqondo.

Amaxesha amaninzi, oogqirha bengqondo kunye neengcali zengqondo bafumana ulwazi kubazali, kubantakwabo, kubahlobo, nakubafundisi-ntsapho ukuze bafumane ukuqonda okupheleleyo ngendlela umntwana aziphatha ngayo.

Ingcali yezengqondo yomntwana wakho okanye ingcali yezengqondo kuya kufuneka ihlolisise umntwana wakho ngononophelo kwaye yahlule i-ODD kwezinye iimeko ezinokuba neempawu ezifanayo, ezinje:

• Amanqanaba okuziphatha okuqhankqalaza aphantsi okanye aphakathi.
• I-ADHD enganyangwanga (ingxaki yokungakwazi ukunikela ingqalelo/yokungasebenzi kakhulu) .
• Ukuphazamiseka kweemvakalelo.
• Iingxaki zokuxhalaba kunye ne-OCD (i-Obsessive-compulsive disorder).

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango ze-ODD?

Unyango lwe-ODD luxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, umzekelo:

• Ubudala bomntwana wakho.
• Ubunzima beempawu.
• Ukukwazi komntwana ukuthatha inxaxheba nokunyamezela unyango oluthile.
• Nokuba umntwana unezinye iimeko ezifana ne-ADHD, ukukhubazeka kokufunda, okanye i-OCD.

Unyango lwe-ODD lufanele lubandakanye umntwana, usapho lwakho, kunye nesikolo somntwana .

Unyango ludla ngokubandakanya indibaniselwano yezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Uqeqesho Lolawulo Lwabazali (PMT).
• Unyango lwengqondo (unyango lokuthetha).
• Ukungenelela okuqhutywa zizikolo.

Uqeqesho Lolawulo Lwabazali (PMT)

Olu lolona nyango luphambili lokuziphatha okuchaseneyo okunxulunyaniswa ne-ODD. Lufundisa abazali indlela yokutshintsha ukuziphatha komntwana wabo ekhaya ngokusebenzisa ukuqinisa okuhle ukunciphisa ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga nokwandisa ukuziphatha okuhle.

Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenkqubo zoqeqesho. Ezi zihlala ziqulathe iiseshoni ezininzi kangangeeveki ezininzi. Ngeli xesha leeseshoni, abazali bafunda ukuqaphela iindlela zokuziphatha ezinengxaki kunye nokusebenzisana okuhle kunye nokubonelela ngesohlwayo esifanelekileyo okanye impendulo eyakhayo.

Indlela ye-PMT ibonakalisiwe ukuba inceda kakhulu ekunciphiseni iingxaki zokuziphatha kwiintsapho ezahlukeneyo, kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo.

Unyango lwengqondo

Unyango lwengqondo ligama eliqhelekileyo elithetha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango ezikunceda ukuchonga nokutshintsha iimvakalelo, iingcinga kunye nokuziphatha okunengxaki. Ukusebenza nengcali yezempilo yengqondo, efana nengcali yezengqondo okanye yezengqondo, kunokubonelela ngenkxaso, imfundo kunye nesikhokelo kumntwana wakho nosapho.

Ezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo zonyango lwengqondo ezinokunceda ukunyanga i-ODD zezi:

Unyango lokuziphatha kwengqondo (i-CBT)

Olu lunyango olucwangcisiweyo, olujolise kwiinjongo, nolwenzelwe umntu ngamnye . Ingcali yezonyango inceda umntwana ukuba ajonge nzulu kwiingcinga neemvakalelo zakhe. Umntwana uyaqonda indlela iingcinga zakhe ezichaphazela ngayo izenzo zakhe. Nge-CBT, umntwana unokufunda ukuyeka iingcinga nezenzo ezimbi aze aphuhlise iipatheni nemikhuba yokucinga esempilweni . Uqeqesho lokulawula umsindo olusekelwe kwi-CBT luluncedo kakhulu kubantwana abane-ODD abaneengxaki zokulawula umsindo. Kubantwana abadala, uqeqesho lwezakhono zokusombulula iingxaki kunye nokuthatha imbono kuyanceda.

Unyango olugxile kusapho

Olu nyango lolwabantwana abane-ODD kunye nabanakekeli babo. Ngexesha lonyango, umntwana kunye nosapho bathatha inxaxheba kwiiseshoni zonyango kunye ukuze bafumane imfundo yengqondo malunga ne-ODD, baphuhlise izakhono zonxibelelwano, kwaye baphuhlise izakhono zokusombulula iingxaki.Ukufunda. Oku kunokunceda ekuchongeni izinto ezikwimeko yasekhaya ezinegalelo okanye eziya kuyenza mandundu indlela yokuziphatha enobundlobongela.

Ungenelelo oluqhutywa esikolweni

Uncedo oluncedisayo olunceda ukuphucula umsebenzi wesikolo, ubudlelwane noontanga, kunye nezakhono zokusombulula iingxaki ziluncedo kakhulu ekunyangeni i-ODD.

Ezi ndlela zokungenelela zingabandakanya:

• Ukubonelela ngemfundo nezixhobo kootitshala bomntwana ukuphucula indlela yokuziphatha kwigumbi lokufundela.
• Iindlela zokuthintela ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo okanye ukonakala kokuziphatha okunjalo.
• Ezinye iindlela zokunceda umntwana wakho alandele imithetho yeklasi kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu okwamkelekileyo.

Ngaba kukho amayeza e-ODD?

Nangona kungekho mayeza avunyiweyo ngokusemthethweni okunyanga i-ODD, ugqirha okanye ugqirha wengqondo womntwana wakho unokumnika amayeza okunyanga ezinye iimeko anokuba nazo, ezifana ne -ADHD, i-OCD, okanye ukudakumba . Ukuba ezi meko azinyangwa, zingenza iimpawu ze-ODD zibe zimbi ngakumbi.

Iyintoni ikhondo lexesha elizayo le-ODD? (Ingqikelelo)

Abantwana abane-ODD banokuba neengxaki ezinkulu esikolweni, ekhaya, nakubudlelwane nabantu.

I-ODD ethambileyo okanye ephakathi idla ngokuba ngcono ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko ezinzima ngakumbi zinokukhula zibe yi-Conduct Disorder .

Ingozi yokuba umntwana uza kuba ne-ODD inokuba mbi ngenxa yokunqongophala konyango kunye nenkxaso yabazali. Nangona kunjalo, ngonyango olufanelekileyo kwezinye iimeko ezinokwenzeka (ezifana ne-ADHD okanye i-OCD), unyango lomntu ngamnye okanye losapho, kunye nokukhulisa abantwana ngendlela efanelekileyo, iziphumo ezilungileyo zinokulindelwa.

Ngaba i-ODD ingathintelwa?

I-ODD isenokungathintelwa ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqaphela nokulungisa iimpawu ngokukhawuleza nje xa zibonakala kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo kumntwana nakusapho. Kunokunceda nasekuthinteleni iingxaki ezininzi ezinxulumene nale meko. Iintsapho zinokufunda nokuba zenze ntoni xa iimpawu ziphinda zibuye.

Ukongeza, ukudala imeko-bume yasekhaya ekhuthazayo, exhasayo, nezinzileyo kunokunceda ukunciphisa iimpawu nokuthintela iimeko zokuziphatha okuchaseneyo.

Ungamnyamekela njani umntwana one-ODD? Iingcebiso kubazali

Ukuba umntwana wakho une-ODD, ukongeza ekunikezeni unyango lobuchwephesha, nazi ezinye iindlela onokunceda ngazo wena nomntwana wakho:

• Yakha phezu kwezinto ezintle: Mncome umntwana wakho xa ebonisa ukuguquguquka okanye inkxaso, mnike ingxelo eyakhayo , kwaye uxabise nesenzo esincinci esihle.
• Thatha ixesha lokuphumla ukuba kuyimfuneko: ​​Ukuba uziva ngathi wenza ingxabano nomntwana wakho ibe mandundu endaweni yokuba ibe ngcono, yima kude nayo okwethutyana.Lo ngumzekelo omhle kumntwana. Ukuba umntwana ugqiba ekubeni athathe ikhefu ukuze athintele ukuba imeko embi ingabi mandundu, mxhase.
• Hlala uhleli: Misela imida efanelekileyo ngokweminyaka, enemiphumo yokuziphatha okubi. Yisebenzise rhoqo le mithetho. Hlala uhleli uhleli. Musa ukuthetha into enye namhlanje, uze uthethe enye ngomso.
• Zikhathalele: Qhubeka usenza izinto ozithandayo kunye nemisebenzi oyithandayo, kwaye uzikhathalele (ukuzinyamekela) . Sebenza nabanye abantu abadala abajongene nomntwana wakho, kwaye uzame ukufumana inkxaso yabo. Kuphela xa uphilile apho ungamnceda umntwana wakho.
• Funa ingcebiso kagqirha: Ukuba umntwana wakho ufunyaniswe ene-ODD, kodwa ukuziphatha kwakhe kuyawohloka okanye kuphazamisa ubomi bosapho okanye besikolo, thetha nogqirha wakhe wezempilo yengqondo. Ukuba umntwana wakho ubonisa ukuziphatha okuyingozi kwabanye (abanye abantwana okanye izilwanyana) , funa unyango ngokukhawuleza.

Okokugqibela, ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ukujongana nabantwana abangafuni kutshintsha izinto nabaphazamisa kakhulu kunokuba ngumceli mngeni kubazali. Nangona kuqhelekile ukuba abantwana abancinci nabantwana abancinci babonakalise ukuziphatha okuchasayo ngamanye amaxesha, ukuziphatha okungapheliyo nokuphazamisayo kunokuba luphawu lwe-ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder).

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqala unyango lwe-ODD kwangethuba . Inyathelo lokuqala kunyango kukuthetha nogqirha okanye umcebisi wezempilo yengqondo . Ungoyiki ukubuza ugqirha wakho imibuzo. Bakho ukukunceda. Awuwedwa , kwaye baninzi abantu abanokukunceda ujongane nale meko.

Khumbula, i-ODD ayilotyala lomntwana okanye elakho. Ukuba uyakuqonda oku, ungamnceda umntwana wakho ngothando, umonde, kunye nolwalathiso olufanelekileyo.

` ODD, Ukuphazamiseka Kwendlela Yokuziphatha, Impilo Yengqondo Yomntwana, Abantwana Abangathobeliyo, Ingcebiso Yokukhulisa Abantwana, Ukungabi Nankani, Unyango Lokuziphatha