Uke wezwa ngokuguqulwa kwe-DNA? Ake sifunde ngokuguqulwa kwe-Somatic kanye ne-Germline ngendlela elula!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi ezinye izifo emzimbeni wethu zidluliselwa kanjani kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye , noma ukuthi ezinye izifo zivela kanjani ngokuzumayo? Esinye isizathu salokhu izinguquko ezincane ezenzeka ezizakhini zethu zofuzo, okungukuthi, izinguquko ze-DNA ( izinguquko ). Namuhla sizokhuluma ngalokhu kalula, ngendlela ongayiqonda.

Kuyini ukuguqulwa kwe-DNA? Masikuqonde kalula!

Kalula nje, ukuguqulwa kwe-DNA kuwushintsho ochungechungeni lwakho lwe-DNA, okungukuthi, ulwazi lwakho lwezakhi zofuzo. Cabanga ngakho njengeresiphi yokwenza isidlo. Uma uhlamvu noma igama kule recipe lishintsha kancane, ukunambitheka kwesitsha kungashintsha, akunjalo? Yilokho okufana nokuguqulwa kwe-DNA. Lezi zinguquko ku-DNA, okungukuthi, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, zivame ukwenzeka lapho amangqamuzana ethu ehlukana futhi kwakheka amangqamuzana amasha. Kodwa ungakhathazeki, isikhathi esiningi lezi zinguquko ku-DNA azinawo umthelela omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwethu kwezakhi zofuzo, futhi azibangeli zifo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izinguquko ezingadala izimo zezakhi zofuzo ezithinta impilo yethu. Kunezinkulungwane zezinguquko ezinjalo zezakhi zofuzo ezingenzeka lapho amangqamuzana ethu ehlukana futhi kwakheka amangqamuzana amasha. Phakathi kwazo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• Izinguquko ze-germline
• Izinguquko zomzimba

Manje ake sibheke lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ngokwehlukana.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo: i-germline kanye ne-somatic.

Kuyini ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo?

Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka emangqamuzaneni okuzala abazali, kungaba ngamaqanda noma amaseli esidoda. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kushintsha izinto zofuzo ingane ezithola kubazali. Kalula nje, lokhu kuyizinguquko ezizuzwa njengefa. Ungazuza lezi zinguquko zezakhi zofuzo kumama wakho noma kubaba wakho.

Cabanga ukuthi kunomehluko omncane, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, kwelinye lamaseli eqanda likamama noma likababa noma amaseli esidoda . Bese kuthi lapho lawo maseli ehlangana ukuze akhe ingane, lokho kuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kudluliselwa enganeni. Yingakho lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo.

Kuyini ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo?

Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuyizinguquko ezenzeka ku-DNA yanoma yiliphi iseli emzimbeni womuntu elingelona iseli lokuzala (iqanda noma isidoda) ngemva kokukhulelwa. Okubalulekile, lokhu kuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo akudluliswa kubazali kuya ezinganeni (hhayi ngofuzo).Lokhu kungenzeka ngokungahleliwe, okusho ukuthi ngaphandle komlando womndeni, ngokuzumayo. Futhi, akudluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Kalula nje, uma unezinguquko ku-DNA yakho endaweni ethile ngemva kokuzalwa kwakho, njengeseli lesikhumba noma iseli lamaphaphu, kuyi-somatic mutation. Akudluliselwa ezinganeni zakho.

Lezi zinguquko zithinta kanjani imizimba yethu?

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, izinguquko eziningi azisibangeli izinkinga. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinguquko zingabangela izimpawu. Izimo zofuzo ziyizinkinga ezibangelwa izinguquko ku-genome yethu. I-genome yakho iyisethi ephelele yolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo olwakhiwe yi-DNA yakho, izakhi zofuzo, nama-chromosome.

Ingabe ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kungadluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye?

Lona umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu.

• Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ze-germline kungazuzwa njengefa ngoba ukuguquka kwenzeka emangqamuzaneni okuzala (amaqanda noma isidoda). Njengoba amaqanda nesidoda kudluliselwa kusuka kubazali kuya ezinganeni, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo nakho kuzuzwa njengefa.
• Awukwazi ukuzuza i-somatic mutations ngoba zenzeka ngokungahleliwe emangqamuzaneni angewona amaqanda noma isidoda.

Ikuphi i-DNA yethu? Ibukeka kanjani?

I-DNA itholakala kuwo wonke amaseli emzimbeni wethu (kunezigidigidi zamaseli emzimbeni wethu!). Iqukethe ikhodi yethu yezakhi zofuzo. Le khodi yezakhi zofuzo ifana nencwadi yemiyalelo yokuthi umzimba wethu usebenza kanjani. Ngokuqondene nesimo se-DNA, iyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngezisekelo ezine:

• I-Adenine (A)
• I-Cytosine (C)
• I-Thymine (T)
• I-Guanine (i-Guanine - G)

Lezi zisekelo zihlanganiswa ndawonye ngamabili: A no-T, C no-G. Lezi zisekelo, kanye ne-molecule kashukela kanye ne-molecule ye-phosphate, zakha ama-nucleotide. Uma la ma-nucleotide ehlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​akha izitebhisi ezijikelezayo ngaphakathi kwamaseli ethu, i-double helix. Kulokhu, izisekelo zifana nezitebhisi zezitebhisi, kanti ama-molecule kashukela ne-phosphate afana ne-handrails yezitebhisi. Akuyona yini idizayini emangalisayo?

Kwenzeka kanjani futhi kuphi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo?

Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kubangela izinguquko ku-DNA yamaseli okuzala. Lapho iqanda nesidoda kuhlangana ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, lawo maseli ayahlukana ukuze enze amaseli amasha, okudala umbungu. Abazali abathwala ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo bangadlulisela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezinganeni zabo.

Kwenzeka kanjani futhi kuphi ukuguqulwa kwe-somatic?

Ukuguquka kwesimo somzimba kungukushintsha kwe-DNA yomuntu okwenzeka ngemva kokukhulelwa, kunoma yiliphi iseli emzimbeni wakhe elingelona isidoda noma iqanda (amangqamuzana egciwane). Amangqamuzana abantu ahlala ehlukana futhi ethathelwa indawo amangqamuzana amasha. Uma kwenzeka ukuguquka, wonke amanye amangqamuzana avela kulelo seli elithintekile azoba nokuguquka kwe-DNA yawo.

Yiziphi izimo ezivamile ezibangelwa ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo?

Izimo ezizuzwe njengefa zibangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo. Kunezimo eziningi ezinjalo, kodwa ezinye zezimo ezivame kakhulu ezihlobene nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo yilezi:

• Isifo se-sickle cell
• I-cystic fibrosis
• Isifo sikaTay -Sachs
• Isifo sikaHuntington

Yiziphi izifo ezivame ukubangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo emzimbeni?

Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungadala nezifo ezithinta impilo yomuntu. Ezinye zezifo ezivame ukubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo yilezi:

• Umdlavuza wesikhumba
• Umdlavuza wamaphaphu
• Isifo sikaMcCune-Albright
• Isifo se-Sturge-Weber

Ingabe kukhona ukuhlolwa kokuthola lezi zinguquko?

Yebo, ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungathola lokhu kuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi, izinguquko ku-gene yakho, ama-chromosome, noma amaprotheni. Ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungathola ukuthi iyiphi i-gene noma i-chromosome enokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Uma kunomlando womndeni wezimo zezakhi zofuzo kubazali, lokhu kuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungasiza ekuqondeni ingozi yokuba nengane enesifo sezakhi zofuzo.

Sizivikela kanjani kulezi zinguquko?

Nalokhu kudinga ukuxoxwa ngakho ngezingxenye ezimbili.

Izinto ezinganciphisa ukuguqulwa kwe-somatic:

Ngenhlanhla, kunezinto ezithile esingazenza ukunciphisa ingozi yokuguqulwa kwesimo somzimba:

• Ukusebenzisa isithako sokuvikela ilanga uma uselangeni nokunciphisa ukuchayeka emisebeni ye-UV.
• Ukusebenzisa imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu, njengemaski yokuzivikela namagilavu, lapho usebenza ngamakhemikhali.
• Akubhemi.
• Ukudla ukudla okunempilo nokuzivocavoca umzimba.

Ake siqaphele izinguquko ze-germline:

Asikwazi ukuvimbela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okuzuzwe njengefa. Kodwa-ke, ungakhuluma nodokotela wakho mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuze uqonde ingozi yakho yokuba nengane enokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma unomlando womndeni wezimo zofuzo.

Khumbula into ebaluleke kakhulu! (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kusukela kulokho esikhulume ngakho namuhla, kungenzeka ukuthi uqonde ukuthi izinguquko ku-DNA yethu, noma ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, akuyona into okufanele uyesabe.

Esikhathini esiningi, izinguquko ku-DNA azibangeli izimo zofuzo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinguquko ze-DNA zingathinta impilo yakho.

• Uma unomlando womndeni wezimo zofuzo, khuluma nodokotela wakho mayelana nokuhlolwa kofuzo ukuze uqonde ingozi yakho yokuba nengane enokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo.
• Zama ukugwema ukuguquka kwesimo somzimba ngangokunokwenzeka, okungazuzwa njengefa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, zivikele elangeni, ugweme amakhemikhali ayingozi, futhi ulondoloze indlela yokuphila enempilo.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luzokusiza. Uma unemibuzo, ungalokothi unqikaze ukubuza udokotela.