Igumbi lokulawula elifihliwe lobuchopho: Ake sifunde nje nge-Basal Ganglia!

Ubuchopho bethu buyindawo emangalisayo kakhulu, akunjalo? Kufana ne-supercomputer. Ingxenye ngayinye yalobu buchopho yenza umsebenzi ohlukile. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngeqembu lezingxenye ezitholakala ngaphakathi kobuchopho, kodwa zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Lezi yizo esizibiza ngokuthi i-Basal Ganglia . Mhlawumbe awukaze uzwe leli gama ngaphambili. Kodwa kulungile, ake sixoxe ngalo namuhla nje.

Iyini i-Basal Ganglia?

Kalula nje, ama-basal ganglia ayiqembu lezakhiwo ezikhethekile eziseduze nesikhungo sobuchopho bakho ezisebenza ndawonye. Cabanga ngawo njengeqembu elincane ngaphakathi kobuchopho bakho. Umsebenzi oyinhloko waleli qembu ukusiza ukudlulisa ulwazi phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zobuchopho bakho. Asebenza njengebhuloho, exhumanisa izindawo ezahlukene. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu abayenzayo ukuphatha izimpawu ubuchopho bakho obuzithumelayo ukuze kushukunyiswe imisipha yakho . Uma ushukumisa ingalo yakho, uhamba, noma ukhuluma, ama-basal ganglia asiza izimpawu ukuthi zigeleze kahle.

Kwenzekani ngempela ku-basal ganglia?

Ama-basal ganglia abaluleke kakhulu kunalokho ongakucabanga. Siyazi kakhulu ngendima yawo ekulawuleni ukunyakaza, kodwa ahilelekile kwezinye izinto eziningi. Odokotela nososayensi basazama ukuqonda yonke imisebenzi yawo.

1. Ukulawula ukunyakaza kwemizimba yethu

Lona umsebenzi oyinhloko nowaziwa kakhulu we-basal ganglia. I-basal ganglia iyingxenye enkulu yenethiwekhi yamaseli ezinzwa ebuchosheni elawula yonke intshukumo oyenzayo ngamabomu, okungukuthi, ukunyakaza okuzithandela. Cabanga, uma ucabanga ngokwenza okuthile, ubuchopho bakho buthumela isignali ehlobene nayo. Njengoba lesi signali sidlula kwi-basal ganglia, bahlola ukuthi lesi signali "silungile" noma "asilungile" . Kufana nesango.

• Izimpawu ezidingekayo yilezi: Yiyeke. Bese leso sibonakaliso siya emisipheni efanele bese ungenza lowo mnyakazo.
• Izimpawu ezingadingekile noma ezingalungile: Ziyavinjelwa noma zihlehliswe. Yingakho uma ushukumisa umsipha owodwa, eminye imisipha eseduze engaxhumene nawo ishiywa inganyakazi.

I-basal ganglia nayo ithola ulwazi oluvela ezinzwa zakho ezinhlanu (amehlo, izindlebe, impumulo, ulimi, isikhumba). Besebenzisa lolu lwazi, bakusiza ukuthi wenze ukunyakaza kwakho kube okunembe kakhulu futhi okunembile.

2. Ukwenza izinqumo, ukufunda kanye nemikhuba

Ngaphezu kokunyakaza, ama-basal ganglia ahilelekile kwezinye izinto eziningi ezibalulekile.

• Ukwenza izinqumo: Lokhu kukusiza ukuthi ucubungule izinto ezinjengalezi uma uzibekela umgomo futhi ucabangela izingozi ezihilelekile.
• Imizwa kanye nesisusa:Lokhu kuhlobene nemizwa yakho kanye nesisusa sakho sokwenza okuthile.
• Ukufunda kanye nemikhuba: Uma ufunda okuthile okusha, imikhuba emihle noma emibi yakhiwa ngomsebenzi we-Basal Ganglia. Lokhu kubalulekile uma wenza uhlelo nalapho ulusebenzisa.

3. Ukuzizwa ujabule futhi uluthekile

Ngenxa yokuthi i-basal ganglia ihlotshaniswa nezinto ezifana nemizwa, izisusa, kanye nemikhuba, zisiza futhi ekulawuleni indlela ozizwa ngayo uvuzwa uma wenza okuthile kanye nendlela ozizwa ngayo uphoqelekile ukugwema okuthile.

Abantu baba umlutha wezinto ezinjengokubhema nezidakamizwa ngoba i-basal ganglia ixhunyaniswe nohlelo lomvuzo lobuchopho. Lokho kusho ukuthi nazo zinomthelela ezimweni ezinjengomlutha.

Zikuphi ngempela lezi zinto ebuchosheni? Zenziwe ngani?

I-basal ganglia akuyona isakhiwo esisodwa ebuchosheni. Iyiqoqo lezakhiwo eziningana ezitholakala enkabeni yobuchopho, ezijulile kancane. Phakathi kwalezi, eziyinhloko yi-'Caudate nucleus', i-'Globus pallidus', kanye ne-'Putamen'. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile njenge-'Subthalamic nucleus' kanye ne-'Substantia nigra' nazo ziyingxenye yalolu hlelo. Cabanga ngakho njenge-'(ibhodi lesifunda)' kudivayisi kagesi. Izingxenye ezahlukene ze-basal ganglia zixhumene futhi zisebenza ngokwenza ukuxhumana nezinye izingxenye zobuchopho. Ezinye izixhumanisi zinikeza izibonakaliso zokuqala isenzo (ukuvuselela) , kanti ezinye izixhumanisi zinikeza izibonakaliso zokumisa isenzo (ukuvimbela) . Lezi zibonakaliso zishintshwa ngamakhemikhali akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-neurotransmitters . Ingakanani? Zonke lezi zi-basal ganglia ndawonye zithatha cishe amasentimitha ayi-10 esikhala. Lokho kucishe kube usayizi webhola lethoyizi elivamile . Ngisho noma zincane, zenza umsebenzi omningi, akunjalo? Zenziwe ngani? Nakuba igama elithi "basal ganglia" lithi "ganglia," azigcini nje ngokuqukatha i-ganglia, ziphinde ziqukethe ama-nuclei. Kalula nje:

• Ama-Nuclei: amaqoqo amaseli ezinzwa enza umsebenzi ofanayo noma axhuma ezindaweni ezifanayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa.
• I-Ganglia: Amaqembu amangqamuzana ezinzwa axhumene futhi asebenza ngendlela efanayo.

La ma-nuclei nama-ganglia akhiwe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamaseli: 1. Ama-Neuron: Lawa ngamaseli ezinzwa. Lawa ma-neuron athwala ulwazi futhi ashintshanise izimpawu ebuchosheni nasesimisweni sezinzwa. Angasebenzisa izimpawu zikagesi nezamakhemikhali. Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-neuron umzimba weseli, i-axon ende efana nesiqu ethwala izimpawu, kanye nama-dendrite afana negatsha athola izimpawu ezivela kwamanye ama-neuron. Amanye ama-axon azungezwe yisivikelo esivikelayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-myelin, esisheshisa izimpawu. 2. Amaseli e-Glial: Lawa ngamaseli asiza ama-neurons futhi asebenze njengokusekela kwawo. Nakuba engathwali izimpawu ezifana nama-neurons, lawa maseli e-glial abaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni, ekugcinweni nasekuvikelweni kwama-neurons. Kuthiwa kunamaseli e-glial aphindwe kayishumi kunama-neurons ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa.

Yiziphi izifo ezithinta i-basal ganglia?

Ngeshwa, kunezimo eziningana zezokwelapha ezingathinta le ngxenye ebalulekile. Ezinye zazo yilezi:

• Ukulutheka
• Isifo sika-Alzheimer
• Isifo sokungakwazi ukunaka kakhulu (ADHD)
• Izimila zobuchopho (ezinomdlavuza kanye nezingezona umdlavuza)
• Ubuthi be- carbon monoxide
• Ukulimala ekhanda, ikakhulukazi ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu
• Ukungenisa izinsimbi ezisindayo (isib. i-mercury , i-lead) noma ezinye izinto ezinobuthi (Ubuthi bensimbi obunzima)
• Izifo (ikakhulukazi izifo ezithinta ubuchopho, njenge-encephalitis)
• Isifo sikaHuntington
• I-Lewy body dementia
• I-multiple sclerosis
• Isifo sikaParkinson
• Isifo sohlangothi
• I-Tourette syndrome
• Isifo sikaWilson

Lolu hlu lungase lubonakale luthusa, kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu othola zonke lezi zifo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela.

Wazi kanjani ukuthi kunenkinga ngalezi zinto? (Izimpawu)

Izimpawu zingahluka kuye ngesimo esithinta i-basal ganglia. Isibonelo, izimpawu ezibonakala kwisifo sikaParkinson zihlukile kunezimpawu ezibonakala kwi-carbon monoxide poisoning. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izimpawu ezivamile zifaka:

• Izinkinga zokulinganisela kanye nokuxhumana: Ukungakhululeki lapho uhamba, ukungakwazi ukulawula izitho zomzimba kahle.
• Ubuthakathaka bemisipha, ukuqina, noma ukuqaqamba kwemisipha.
• Ukuthuthumela.
• Izinkinga zokubona.
• Inkulumo engaqondakali.

Uma unesinye noma ngaphezulu salezi zimpawu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha .

Ungayihlola kanjani impilo ye-basal ganglia?

Uma udokotela esola inkinga nge-basal ganglia, angenza izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene ukuze aqinisekise lokho. Ezinye zazo zifaka:

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Lokhu kungathola izinto ezifana nezinkinga zesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba kanye nobuthi (ikakhulukazi izinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-mercury, kanye nomthofu).
• I-CT scan `(I-computerized tomography - I-CT scan)`
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-EEG (i-electroencephalogram - i-EEG)
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-EMG (i-Electromyogram - i-EMG)
• Ukuhlolwa kofuzo
• Ukuskena kwe-MRI `(Ukufanekisa kwe-Magnetic resonance - MRI)`
• I-Positron emission tomography (i-PET scan)

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha lezi zimo?

Ukwelashwa kwezifo ezithinta i-basal ganglia kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesifo. Akukho ukwelashwa okukodwa kwesifo ngasinye. Ezinye izifo zingelashwa ngemithi. Ezinye zingadinga ukuhlinzwa noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezikhethekile. Ngezinye izikhathi, nakuba lesi sifo singelapheki ngokuphelele, ukwelashwa kungasetshenziswa ukulawula izimpawu nokwenza impilo ibe lula.

Ungayigcina kanjani i-basal ganglia iphilile? (Ukuvimbela)

Nakuba singenakukwazi ukuvimbela zonke izifo ezithinta i-basal ganglia, kunezinto esingazenza ukuvimbela eziningi zazo. Eqinisweni, okubalulekile lapha ukugcina ubuchopho nomzimba wonke uphilile.

• Yidla ukudla okulinganiselayo: Ukuntuleka kwamavithamini namaminerali kungathinta ubuchopho kanye nesimiso sezinzwa. Futhi, ukudla kwakho kungathinta impilo yesimiso sakho sokujikeleza kwegazi. Izimo ezifana nesifo sohlangothi zibangelwa izinkinga zenhliziyo kanye nesistimu yokujikeleza kwegazi.
• Hlala umatasa ngokomzimba futhi ulondoloze isisindo esinempilo: Isisindo sakho kanye nezinga lomsebenzi wakho kungasiza ekuvimbeleni noma ekubambezeleni izifo ezithinta ubuchopho, ikakhulukazi izinkinga zokujikeleza kwegazi njengomfutho wegazi ophakeme.
• Gqoka imishini yokuzivikela uma kudingeka: Ukulimala ekhanda, ikakhulukazi ukuxhuzula kanye nokulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, kungalimaza i-basal ganglia kanye nezinye izingxenye zobuchopho. Lokhu kulimala ngezinye izikhathi kungaba kubi futhi kube unomphela. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugqoka imishini yokuzivikela njengezigqoko zomsebenzi, ngenkathi udlala, nalapho ugibela ibhayisikili.
• Lawula izimo zakho ezingamahlalakhona: Izimo zesikhathi eside ezifana nesifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophezulu zingathinta ubuchopho. Ukwelashwa okufanele kwalezi zimo kungasiza ekumiseni noma ekubambezeleni ukuwohloka kwazo.

Ekugcineni, yini okufanele uyikhumbule! (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

I-basal ganglia iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu futhi enamandla yobuchopho bethu. Indlela esebenza ngayo ithinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke - kusukela endleleni esinyakazayo ngayo, endleleni esenza ngayo izinqumo, nendlela esizizwa ngayo. Ososayensi basafunda kabanzi ngalezi zakhiwo ezincane kodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuthuthuka kwezokwelapha nobuchwepheshe, ukuqonda kwethu ngazo kuya ngokuya kuba ngcono. Njengoba lokhu kuqonda kukhula, odokotela bazokwazi ukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokuxilonga nokwelapha izifo ezithinta i-basal ganglia.

Ngakho-ke, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukunakekela impilo yobuchopho bakho iyonke kuzosiza nasekulondolozeni impilo yalezi zinhlayiya eziyinhloko! Ukuphila ngendlela enempilo kuyinto engcono kakhulu ongayenza.