Ake sifunde ngoSosayensi Wezifo: iqhawe elingadumile elikusiza ukuthi uhlole ngokunembile isifo sakho!

Uma uya kudokotela, bazokucela ukuthi wenze izivivinyo ezithile, njengokuhlolwa kwegazi kanye nokuhlolwa komchamo. Bangase bathathe ngisho nesampula encane yomzimba wakho. Ngakho-ke wake wazibuza ukuthi ubani ngempela owenza lezi zivivinyo, ofunda imibiko, futhi onquma ukuthi yisiphi isifo onaso? Nakuba singavamile ukuhlangana nalaba bantu ngqo, kuneqembu lodokotela abangochwepheshe abasebenza njengamaqhawe angadunyiswanga ohlelweni lwethu lwezempilo. Bayilokho esibabiza ngokuthi odokotela bezifo . Namuhla, sizokhuluma ngalabo dokotela ababalulekile.

Ngubani isazi sezifo? Kalula nje...

Kalula nje, isazi sezifo ngudokotela othole ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile. Ubuchwepheshe babo ukutadisha izifo kusetshenziswa izicubu zomuntu (okungukuthi, izingxenye zomzimba), igazi, umchamo, kanye nolunye uketshezi lomzimba. Yibo abanikeza ulwazi kanye nesiqondiso esidingekayo ukuze kutholakale isifo, selashwe, siqaphe ukuqhubeka kwaso (ukuqapha), futhi sibikezele inkambo yaso yesikhathi esizayo (ukubikezela). Ucwaningo lwabo lusisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono zonke izinhlobo zezifo.

Odokotela bezifo baqoqa lolu lwazi ngokubheka amasampula ezicubu, amaseli, kanye noketshezi lomzimba ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Bahlola futhi la masampula besebenzisa imishini, njengezihlaziyi zegazi.

Ngakho-ke iyini i-pathology?

I-Pathology iwucwaningo lwezimbangela zesifo kanye nemiphumela yalezo zifo ezicutshini zomzimba wakho ezingeni lamaseli . Okusho ukuthi, ibheka ukuthi isifo sisebenza kanjani emzimbeni nokuthi kwenzekani emaseli.

Ingabe kukhona amakhono ahlukene phakathi kososayensi bezifo?

Yebo, impela! Odokotela bezifo bangaba ngochwepheshe ezindaweni ezahlukene. Cabanga ngakho njengokuthola odokotela abahlukene bezinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo. Nazi ezinye izibonelo:

Isazi sezifo zebhanga/zokwelashwa ngegazi

Lochwepheshe uphethe ukugcina igazi linikezwa esibhedlela. Baqinisekisa ukuthi ukunikela ngegazi kuphephile nokuthi ukumpontshelwa igazi (ukumpontshelwa igazi ezithweni zomzimba) kwenziwa kahle. Baphinde balungiselele izingxenye ezahlukene zegazi, njenge-"plasma" noma "amangqamuzana egazi abomvu", futhi banikeze iziguli njengoba kudingeka.

Isazi sezifo zamakhemikhali

Lochwepheshe ufunda i-biochemistry yomzimba womuntu . Okusho ukuthi, babheka ukuthi izinqubo zamakhemikhali zomzimba zithinta kanjani izimbangela kanye nokuqhubeka kwezifo .

Udokotela wezifo zamathambo

Yilezi.Ochwepheshe abafunda amangqamuzana ukuze baxilonge izifo. Isibonelo esaziwayo ukuhlolwa kwamangqamuzana ku-Pap smear yomdlavuza wesibeletho. Insimu ye-cytopathology ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuxilongwa komdlavuza.

Udokotela Wesikhumba

Njengoba igama lisho, lochwepheshe uqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ukuxilonga nokuqapha izifo zesikhumba . Uma kukhona okungajwayelekile esikhumbeni sakho, lolu hlobo lodokotela lungaba yilo oluthatha isampula encane yalo bese luyihlola.

Isazi sezifo ze-forensic

Cishe uke wababona laba bantu kumamuvi. Laba ngochwepheshe abaphenya futhi bahlole ukufa okuzumayo, okusolisayo, nobudlova, kanye nezinye izimo zokufa ezithile njengoba kuchazwe ngumthetho.

Isazi segazi

Lo chwepheshe ugxile ezifweni ezithinta amangqamuzana egazi, ukujiya kwegazi, umongo wamathambo, kanye nama-lymph node . Babheka izinkinga egazini, njenge-leukemia.

Isazi sezinto ezincane zezokwelapha

Laba ngabantu abahlonza amagciwane (amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, njll.) abangela izifo ezithelelanayo. Uma unomkhuhlane, lolu hlobo lochwepheshe lukusiza ukuthi uthole ukuthi ubangelwa amagciwane noma igciwane.

Isazi sezifo zezakhi zofuzo zama-molecule

Lochwepheshe unikeza ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo, umsebenzi, kanye nezinguquko (ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo) . Basebenzisa amasu elebhu ukusiza ekuxilongeni , ekwelapheni, nasekubikezeleni inkambo yesikhathi esizayo yezifo ezithile zofuzo.

Udokotela wezinzwa

Lochwepheshe uqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ukuxilonga izifo ezithinta uhlelo lwakho lwezinzwa kanye nemisipha yamathambo . Babheka izifo zobuchopho, umgogodla kanye nemisipha.

Udokotela wezifo zezingane

Laba bantu bangochwepheshe ekuxilongeni izifo ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula kombungu, ubuntwana, kanye nobuntwana ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo zelebhu. Bafunda ngokujulile izifo eziqondene nezingane ezincane.

Udokotela wezifo ohlinzayo

Lochwepheshe uhlola izicubu ezisuswa odokotela abahlinzayo ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, esiza ekuxilongeni lesi sifo futhi athuthukise uhlelo lokwelapha. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa ukuze kususwe isimila somdlavuza, udokotela wezifo ohlinzayo angabheka ngokushesha izicubu ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu bese etshela udokotela ohlinzayo ukuthi izicubu ezengeziwe (isibonelo, ama-lymph node) zidinga ukususwa. Lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu esigulini.

Yini ngempela eyenziwa yisazi sezifo?

Indima eyinhloko yodokotela wezifo ukusebenzisa izivivinyo namasu elabhorethri ukuthola ukuthi kukhona yini isifo esitholakala kumasampula ezicubu kanye noketshezi oluthathwe emzimbeni wakho. Bangakwenza lokhu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Izinsizakalo zabo zibalulekile kuzo zonke izindawo zezokwelapha, njengokutadisha umdlavuza (i-oncology), ukutadisha isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela (i-immunology), kanye nofuzo.

Odokotela bezifo bangamalungu abalulekile eqembu lezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Basebenzisana eduze nabanye abahlinzeki bezempilo, njengodokotela be-radiology, odokotela be-oncologist, odokotela be-hematologist, kanye nodokotela abahlinzayo. Bayasiza:

• Ukuxilonga: Odokotela bezifo bavame ukubandakanyeka ekuxilongeni isifo. Isibonelo, udokotela wezifo angase ahlole isampula yezicubu zomzimba noma uketshezi ukuze abone ukuthi luqukethe igciwane noma amagciwane. Bahilelekile eningini elikhulu lokuxilongwa komdlavuza.
• Ncoma izinketho zokwelapha: Udokotela wezifo angancoma i-antibiotic ethile yokwelapha ukutheleleka ngamagciwane, noma anqume ukuthi athole ukwelashwa ngemisebe, ngamakhemikhali, noma ngokuhlinzwa kwesimila somdlavuza.
• Gada izifo eziqhubekayo: Isibonelo, isazi sezifo singase sihlaziye amasampula egazi ukuze siqaphe ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezithwala igazi ezifana ne-hepatitis B.
• Khuluma ngenkambo yesikhathi esizayo yesifo: Kwezinye izifo, njenge-leukemia, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile kungashintsha kakhulu inkambo yesikhathi esizayo yesifo. Odokotela bezifo bangathola lezi zinguquko zezakhi zofuzo ngokwenza izivivinyo zezakhi zofuzo kumasampula ezicubu.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye odokotela, odokotela bezifo bavame ukuxhumana kancane neziguli. Nakuba bedlala indima enkulu ekuxilongeni izifo, akubona abakutshela ukuthi uxilongiwe. Uchwepheshe owayala ukuhlolwa, isibonelo udokotela wakho wezifo zamathumbu noma udokotela wezifo zabesifazane, uzokutshela ukuthi uxilongiwe ngokusekelwe kolwazi olusembikweni wesazi sezifo.

Kodwa-ke, abanye ochwepheshe abangaphansi, njengodokotela bezifo abasebenza ezindaweni zokugcina igazi kanye nezinsizakalo zokumpompela igazi, bahlangana neziguli nsuku zonke.

Odokotela bezifo badlala indima ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Basebenza ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha zokulwa noma ukuvimbela amagciwane, izifo, kanye nezifo. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi intuthuko yezokwelapha njengemithi yokugoma emisha kanye nezindlela zokwelapha eziqondiwe.

Ingabe udokotela wezifo ungudokotela?

Yebo, isazi sezifo ngudokotela impela. Baya esikoleni sezokwelapha futhi bathole iziqu zobudokotela (`Doctor of Medicine (MD)` noma `Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)`).

Basebenza kuphi odokotela bezifo?

Odokotela bezifo bangasebenza ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo:

• Ezibhedlela nasemitholampilo yomphakathi
• Ezibhedlela nasemakliniki aseyunivesithi
• Ezibhedlela nasezikhungweni zikahulumeni
• Emalabhorethri azimele
• Emahhovisi azimele

Uba kanjani isazi sezifo? Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani?

Ukuze ube yi-pathologist eqinisekisiwe, kufanele ugcwalise okulandelayo:

• Kumelwe uqedele imfundo yangaphambi kokwelashwa ekolishi noma eyunivesithi bese uthola iziqu.
• Kumelwe uqedele imfundo yakho yesikole sezokwelapha bese uthola iziqu zobudokotela (`MD` noma `DO`).
• Kumelwe uqede okungenani iminyaka emithathu yemfundo yezokwelapha ethuthukisiwe ohlelweni lokuqeqeshwa kokuhlala.
• Kumelwe uphumelele izivivinyo zesitifiketi ezenziwa yinhlangano eyaziwayo njenge-American Board of Pathology. (ESri Lanka, ukubhaliswa ebhodini lezokwelapha elifanele kanye nokuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe kuyadingeka.)

Iningi lodokotela bezifo liqeqeshwe kokubili kwizifo zemitholampilo kanye nezifo zomzimba. Abaningi baphinde bagxile endaweni ethile yezifo, njenge-hematopathology noma i-chemical pathology.

Ngokuvamile kuthatha okungenani iminyaka eyi-11 ukuba ngudokotela wezifo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imfundo yangaphambi kwezokwelapha, imfundo yesikole sezokwelapha, kanye nokuqeqeshwa okungenani kweminyaka emithathu yokuhlala.

Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya

Ngakho-ke manje usungabona ukuthi ingxenye ebalulekile nebaluleke kangakanani yodokotela bezifo zesistimu yethu yokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ungase ungahlangani nabo ngqo, ikakhulukazi basebenza ngemuva kwezigcawu. Kodwa benza inkonzo enhle buthule enhlalakahleni yakho ngokuxilonga ngokunembile ukugula kwakho nokukhetha ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu.

Uma kwenzeka uthola umbiko we-pathology, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngalokho okushoyo. Lowo mbiko uqukethe ulwazi oluningi olubalulekile mayelana nempilo yakho. Udokotela we-pathology nabanye odokotela bakho basebenzisana ukukunikeza ukunakekelwa okungcono kakhulu.

Udokotela Wezifo, I-Pathology, Ukuxilongwa, Ukuhlolwa Kwezicubu, Ukuhlolwa Kwegazi, Uchwepheshe Wezokwelapha, I-Cytology