Cishe uke wezwa ngezinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Isibonelo, amagama anjengokucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, kanye ne-OCD manje aseyingxenye evamile yezingxoxo zethu. Kodwa wake wazibuza ukuthi udokotela anganquma kanjani ukuthi umuntu unesifo esithile? Awukwazi ukuqagela nje, akunjalo? Yingakho kunencwadi ekhethekile esetshenziswa odokotela bezifo zengqondo kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo emhlabeni jikelele. Namuhla, sizokhuluma ngaleyo ncwadi, i-DSM-5.
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Kalula nje, iyini le DSM-5?
I-DSM imele i-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . NgesiSinhala, isho ukuthi 'i-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'. Lena yincwadi eyinhloko yokubhekisela empilweni yengqondo kanye nezimo ezihlobene nobuchopho eshicilelwe yi-American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Igama liphetha ngo-"5" ngoba lolu uhlelo lwesihlanu. I-DSM-5 yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-2013. Kwathi ngoMashi 2022, inhlangano yakhipha inguqulo ebuyekeziwe yale ncwadi, eyabuyekezwa kanye nezinye zezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-DSM-5-TR™. I-TR lapha imele 'Ukubuyekezwa Kombhalo' noma 'Ukubuyekezwa Kombhalo'.
Kodwa-ke, nansi into okufanele uyikhumbule: I-DSM-5 kanye ne-DSM-5-TR yizincwadi zezokwelapha ezenzelwe ochwepheshe nochwepheshe. Izinto ezikulezi zincwadi zinobuchwepheshe kakhulu. Akufanele ukuthi umuntu ojwayelekile afunde le ncwadi bese ecabanga ukuthi unesifo esithile noma enze ukuxilongwa komunye umuntu. Ukufunda le ncwadi akufanele kubhekwe njengento ethatha indawo yokubonisana nodokotela oqeqeshiwe noqeqeshiwe.
Iyini ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwe-DSM-5?
Ake sithi unomkhuhlane. Into yokuqala udokotela ayenzayo ukuthola ukuthi ngabe umkhuhlane we-dengue, umkhuhlane ovamile, noma olunye ukutheleleka. Uzokwenza ukuhlolwa kwegazi futhi alalele ngokucophelela izimpawu zakho. Ngokufanayo, uma kunenkinga yempilo yengqondo, isinyathelo sokuqala sokwelashwa ukwenza ukuxilongwa okunembile kokuthi hlobo luni lwesimo.
Incwadi ethi DSM-5 ihloselwe ukusiza ngalowo msebenzi.
- Inikeza izincazelo ezicacile nezinemininingwane zazo zonke izifo zengqondo.
- Izimpawu kanye nohlobo lwesifo ngasinye kuchazwa ngezibonelo.
- Futhi, le ncwadi ihlukanisa izimo zezokwelapha ngezigaba, okwenza kube lula ngodokotela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimo ezimbili ezinezimpawu ezifanayo.
Kalula nje, lokhu kufana nemephu yomgwaqo kadokotela. Kuyasiza ukuhambisana nemigomo ekule ncwadi nezimpawu ezichazwa yisiguli, futhi kufinyelelwe ekuxilongweni okunembile kakhulu.
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Lokhu akwenziwanga ngobusuku obubodwa. I-American Psychiatric Association (APA) yahlanganisa ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo abangaphezu kuka-160 abavela emhlabeni wonke ukuze bakhe i-DSM-5. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona odokotela bezifo zengqondo, izazi zengqondo, kanye nochwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhulu abanye ochwepheshe banikele njengabeluleki. Ulwazi olukule ncwadi aluzange luqoqwe nje kuphela; luqinisekiswe ngokuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kanye nocwaningo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi le ncwadi ithembekile kakhulu futhi isekelwe kwezesayensi.
Iquketheni i-DSM-5?
Nakuba i-DSM-5 igxile kakhulu ezimweni zempilo yengqondo, ikhuluma nangezinkinga ezihlobene nokusebenza kobuchopho, njengoba impilo yethu yengqondo kanye nokusebenza kobuchopho kungenakuhlukaniswa. Le ncwadi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu.
1. Ingxenye Yokuqala: Izisekelo ze-DSM-5: Lesi sigaba sinikeza isiqondiso sendlela ochwepheshe bezokwelapha okufanele bayisebenzise ngayo le ncwadi emsebenzini wabo. Siphinde sinikeze isiqondiso sendlela yokusebenzisa le ncwadi lapho ubhekene nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, njengezindaba zomthetho kanye namacala enkantolo.
2. Ingxenye Yesibili: Izindlela Zokuxilonga Namakhodi: Lena yingxenye enkulu nebaluleke kakhulu yencwadi. Isahluko ngasinye simayelana nesigaba esithile sesifo. Ngaphakathi kwalezo zahluko, izimo zesifo ezifanele zichazwe ngokucacile futhi kunikezwa izindlela ezidingekayo zokuzibona. Sizobheka lokhu ngokuningiliziwe kamuva.
3. Ingxenye Yesithathu: Izinyathelo Ezivelayo Namamodeli: Lesi sigaba sixoxa ngamathuluzi athile okuhlola asiza odokotela ukuxilonga izimo ezithile. Sixoxa nangokuthi umehluko wamasiko ungathinta kanjani ukuxilongwa, futhi sixoxa ngezimo ezingase zengezwe kule ncwadi esikhathini esizayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nocwaningo.
Ezinye zezigaba eziyinhloko zezinkinga okukhulunywe ngazo encwadini ye-DSM-5
Manje ake sibheke izigaba eziyinhloko zezinkinga kule ncwadi. Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa la magama ngaphambili. Luhlu olude, kodwa lukunikeza umbono wezinhlobo eziningi zezimo zempilo yengqondo ezikhulunywa ngazo kule ncwadi.
| Isigaba Sokuphazamiseka Kwengqondo | Izibonelo eziwela ngaphansi kwalokho |
|---|---|
| Izinkinga Zokuthuthukiswa Kwezinzwa | I-Autism Spectrum Disorder, I-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Izinkinga Zokufunda |
| I-Schizophrenia Spectrum kanye Nezinye Izinkinga Zengqondo | I-Schizophrenia, Isifo Sokukhohlwa |
| Izinkinga ze-Bipolar kanye Nezifo Ezihlobene Nazo | Izinkinga ze-Bipolar I kanye ne-II |
| Izinkinga Zokucindezeleka | Isifo Sokucindezeleka Okukhulu, Isifo Sokucindezeleka Esiqhubekayo |
| Izinkinga Zokukhathazeka | Isifo Sokukhathazeka Okujwayelekile, Isifo Sokukhathazeka Komphakathi, Ukwesaba Ukwesaba |
| Izinkinga Ezibangelwa Ukukhathazeka Okungapheli Nezihambisana Nazo | Isifo sokuzikhukhumeza ngokweqile (OCD), i-Hoarding Disorder |
| Izinkinga Ezihlobene Nokuhlukumezeka Nokucindezeleka | Isifo sokucindezeleka ngemva kokucindezeleka (PTSD), ukuphazamiseka kokulungisa |
| Ukondla kanye Nezinkinga Zokudla | I-Anorexia Nervosa, i-Bulimia Nervosa |
| Izinkinga Zokulala Nokuvuka | Isifo Sokungalali, I-Sleep Apnea, I-Restless Legs Syndrome |
| Izinkinga Ezihlobene Nezidakamizwa Neziluthayo | Inkinga Yokusebenzisa Utshwala, Izimpawu Ezihlobene Nokuyeka Utshwala |
| Izinkinga Zezinzwa | Ukusangana, Isifo sika-Alzheimer, Isifo sikaParkinson, Ukulimala Kobuchopho Obubuhlungu |
| Ukuphazamiseka Kobuntu | Isifo Sobuntu Esibangelwa Yimingcele (BPD), Isifo Sobuntu Esibangelwa Yimizwa Ejulile |
Singakwazi yini ukuthenga noma ukuyibona le ncwadi?
Yebo. I-DSM-5 iyatholakala ukuthi ithengwe ezitolo zezincwadi naku-inthanethi. Imitapo yolwazi eminingi yomphakathi nayo inayo (yize eminye ingase ingakuvumeli ukuthi uyikhiphe kulabhulali, kodwa uyibheke lapho).
Kodwa, ake nginikhumbuze futhi, nakuba le ncwadi itholakala emphakathini, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ihloselwe ochwepheshe bezokwelapha. Ngakho-ke, ulimi luwubuchwepheshe kakhulu. Kungaba nzima kakhulu ngomuntu ovamile ukuliqonda.
Cabanga ngencwadi emayelana nendlela yokundiza indiza. Ungayifunda, futhi ingase ibe mnandi. Kodwa ukufunda leyo ncwadi akukwenzi uqeqeshwe njengomshayeli wendiza, akunjalo? Futhi kunjalo nangale ncwadi ye-DSM-5. Kungaba yingozi ukuyifunda bese unquma ukuthi wena noma abanye banezifo zengqondo.
Uma unezinsolo ezincane kakhulu zokuthi wena noma umuntu omthandayo angase abe nesifo esichazwe kule ncwadi, into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ukubona udokotela ofanelekayo.Njengoba nje ubungafuna udokotela ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa, funa iseluleko kudokotela oqeqeshiwe oqeqeshwe ezindabeni zempilo yengqondo.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- I-DSM-5 iyincwadi eyinhloko, ejwayelekile esetshenziswa odokotela bezifo zengqondo kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo emhlabeni wonke ukuthola ngokunembile izifo zengqondo.
- Lokhu kudalwe ngokwesayensi ngeminikelo yamakhulu ochwepheshe abavela emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni jikelele.
- Le ncwadi inikeza izincazelo ezicacile kanye nezindlela zokuxilonga zesimo ngasinye, isiza kakhulu odokotela ukubaqondisa ekwelashweni okufanele.
- Okubaluleke kakhulu: I-DSM-5 iyithuluzi lobuchwepheshe lochwepheshe, hhayi umphakathi ojwayelekile ongalisebenzisa ukuzixilonga. Uma usola ukuthi wena noma othile oseduze nawe unenkinga yempilo yengqondo, hlala ucela iseluleko kudokotela .
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