Amandla ayimfihlo ebutho lokuzivikela lomzimba wethu: Konke mayelana namaseli e-Helper T

Wake wacabanga ukuthi kukhona impi enkulu eqhubekayo emizimbeni yethu? Yebo, empeleni kukhona impi enkulu eqhubekayo emizimbeni yethu njalo ngomzuzwana. Ibutho lethu lokuzivikela lihlala lilwa nezitha ezifana namagciwane, amabhaktheriya, namagciwane avela ngaphandle. Leli butho lokuzivikela silibiza ngokuthi i-Immune System . Ngakho-ke, kuneqembu elikhethekile kakhulu lezikhulu zezobunhloli kuleli butho. Yibo abaqala ngokubona isitha bese benikeza amanye amasosha imiyalelo yokuthi hlobo luni lokuhlasela okufanele balwenze. Labo zikhulu zezobunhloli yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi "amaseli e-Helper T." Namuhla sikhuluma ngala maqhawe amancane, kodwa abaluleke kakhulu.

Kalula nje, ayini la maseli e-T asizayo?

Amaseli e-T Helper ayilona uhlobo olubalulekile lweseli ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba. Uma sikhuluma iqiniso, ayihlobo lweseli elimhlophe legazi. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukuthola ukutheleleka emzimbeni bese kushukumisa amanye amaseli omzimba ukulwa nakho. Afana nabaphathi abaphethe wonke umsebenzi.

Lawa maseli e-T akhiqizwa futhi aqeqeshwe endlaleni encane engxenyeni engenhla yesifuba sethu, ngemuva kwethambo lesifuba. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-thymus . Le thymus ifana nesikole sokuqeqesha lapho amasosha eqeqeshwa khona. Lesi sikole sokuqeqesha sikhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana zamaseli e-T, ngalinye linamakhono alo akhethekile.

Ake sibone ukuthi lawo maqembu ayini:

Iyini indima yabo ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba?

Isimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela sinezingxenye ezimbili. Esinye isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esingokwemvelo, esizalwa naso. Esinye isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esiguquguqukayo, esisithuthukisa njengoba sigula futhi sigonywa. Lesi simiso somzimba sokuzivikela esiguquguqukayo sihlakaniphe kakhulu. Singakhumbula isitha esike safika ngaphambili futhi sisibhubhise ngokushesha uma leso sitha sibuya futhi.

Ngakho-ke, ubuchopho balesi simiso sokuzivikela esihlakaniphile esizivumelanisa nezimo buyizinto eziyinhloko zethu, amaseli e-T asizayo. Ngaphandle kwawo, lo msebenzi ubungeke ukwazike. Ngokuyinhloko asebenzisa ama-battalion amabili:

1. Amaseli e-B: Lawa amafektri ezikhali zomzimba wethu. Uma ethola imiyalo evela kumaseli e-T asizayo, amaseli e-B enza uhlobo olukhethekile lweprotheni. Lawa abizwa ngokuthi ama-antibodies . Lawa ma-antibodies afana nemicibisholo eya ngqo esivivinyweni. Akha i-antibody ekhethekile efanele wonke amagciwane. Lawo ma-antibodies ayahamba futhi anamathele kumagciwane, awavimbe.

2. Amaseli e-T ayingozi: Lawa angamandla akhethekile . Uma ethola imiyalo evela kumaseli e-T asizayo, aya ngqo enkundleni yempi. Ayahamba ayothola amaseli emizimbeni yethu atheleleke ngamagciwane afana namagciwane, bese ebhubhisa lawo maseli. Ngemuva kwalokho igciwane alisakwazi ukusabalala.

Ingabe kukhona izinhlobo ezincane zamaseli e-T awusizo?

Yebo, ikhona. Kuye ngohlobo lwesitha, la maseli e-T abasizi aqeqeshwa ngokukhethekile futhi ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amancane. Lawa yi-TH1 kanye ne-TH2.

• Amaseli asizayo e-TH1: Lawa maseli alwa ngqo nabahlaseli abanjengamabhaktheriya namagciwane acashe ngaphakathi kwamaseli ethu. Athumela umyalezo futhi asebenze olunye uhlobo lweseli olubizwa ngokuthi i-macrophage . Ama-Macrophage aqoqa udoti emzimbeni.Njengokuthi. Bayahamba bayogwinya amagciwane nezingcezu zamaseli afile, behlanza indawo yempi. Futhi bavuselela amaseli e-TH1, lawo mandla akhethekile esikhulume ngawo ngaphambilini, amaseli e-T anobuthi.

• Amaseli asizayo e-TH2: Lawa maseli agxila ezitheni ezinkulu njengezinambuzane ezingaphandle kwamaseli nezinto ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba. Yiwo avuselela amaseli e-B futhi enze ama-antibodies ahlobene nokungezwani komzimba. Uma uthola uthuli, uthimula, uma udla ukudla, uthola isifo sohudo, ukhwehlela... Lawa maseli e-TH2 angemuva kwezinto ezinjengalezi. Azama ukususa izinto eziyingozi ezingene emzimbeni ngokushesha okukhulu.

La maseli asebenza kanjani? Yeka indlela emangalisayo!

Lokhu kuzwakala njengendaba ethakazelisayo kakhulu. Iseli le-T elisizayo alisebenzi nje kuphela. Kufanele lithole isignali ekhethekile.

Cabanga nje ukuthi igciwane lingena emizimbeni yethu. Amasosha ethu omzimba anamaseli aqapha umzimba. Leli seli libamba igciwane bese libonisa ingxenye encane yalo ebusweni balo. Kufana namaphoyisa ebamba isela futhi ekhombisa isithombe salo. I-molecule ebonisa lokhu ibizwa ngokuthi i-MHC class II molecule .

Manje iseli lethu le-T elisizayo liyangena bese lihlola lokhu. Kukhona i-receptor ekhethekile ebusweni beseli le-T elisizayo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-CD4 receptor . Le receptor ye-CD4 ifana nesihluthulelo, kufanele ilingane kahle ne-lock ebizwa ngokuthi i-MHC class II molecule.

Lapho nje ukhiye ungena kukhiye, iseli le-T elisizayo "liyasebenza." Lokho kusho ukuthi liyaqonda ukuthi, "Kulungile, manje sekunesitha emzimbeni, ngidinga ukuqala ibhizinisi."

Bese kuthi, leli seli elisizayo elisebenzayo likhiphe izithunywa zamakhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-cytokine . Lawa ma-cytokine ahambe ayotshela amanye amangqamuzana omzimba (njengama-B cell, ama-cytotoxic T cell, ama-macrophage) ukuthi eze azolwa, "Woza ngokushesha, kukhona ukulwa lapha!" Lonke uhlelo lokuzivikela komzimba luhlanganiswa yile miyalezo yama-cytokine.

La maseli e-T awusizo atholakala kuphi emzimbeni wethu?

Amaseli e-T azalelwa emnkantsheni wamathambo ngaphakathi kwamathambo ethu. Kodwa lapho anjengezingane. Aqeqeshwa futhi enziwa amasosha amahle esikoleni sokuqeqesha esibizwa ngokuthi i- thymus gland esikhulume ngayo ngaphambili. Kukulesi sikole sokuqeqesha lapho afundiswa khona ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuthi "lesi yiseli lethu, lesi yisitha esivela ngaphandle." Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, angahlasela amangqamuzana ethu.

Uma eseqeqeshwe, la masosha anekhono athunyelwa kuwo wonke umzimba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho izitha zingangena khona kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izindawo ezivame kakhulu lapho kutholakala khona amaseli e-T asizayo yilezi:

• Ama-lymph node - njengezisekelo zempi.
• Ubende
• Amathonsili - Okokuqala ukubhekana namagciwane angena emphinjeni.
• Amaphaphu - kumagciwane angena ngokuphefumula.
• Amathumbu - kumagciwane angena ekudleni.
• Umkantsha

Yiziphi izifo ezithinta amaseli e-T awusizo?

Uma umsebenzi wamaseli e-T asizayo, enza umsebenzi obaluleke kangaka, uphazamiseka, wonke amasosha omzimba wethu angawa. Yilokhu okwenzeka kwezinye izifo.

• I-HIV (Igciwane Lokungakwazi Ukuzivikela Emzimbeni): Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa nge-HIV. Leli gciwane lihlasela ngqo amaseli ethu osizo lwe-T. Okusho ukuthi, libhubhisa abaholi bebutho lethu. Lapho abaholi bengasekho, akekho ozohola ibutho. Ngenxa yalokho, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela siba buthaka ngokuphelele, futhi ngisho namagciwane angavamile ukusilimaza kakhulu aqala ukubangela izifo ezinkulu. I-AIDS iyisigaba sokugcina.
• Izifo ezizenzakalelayo: Ngezinye izikhathi, amasosha omzimba wethu ayaphambuka bese eqala ukuhlasela amangqamuzana ethu aphilile, ecabanga ukuthi ayizitha. Ezifweni ezinjalo, kukhona nezinkinga ezithile ngokusebenza kwamaseli e-T.
• Umdlavuza: Ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, njenge- acute lymphocytic leukemia kanye ne-adult Hodgkin lymphoma, zithinta ngqo la maseli omzimba.
• Izifo ezingavamile zofuzo: Ukusebenza kwamaseli e-T nakho kuyaphazamiseka ezimweni ezifana ne -Job syndrome kanye ne-Thymic aplasia (ukwehluleka kokuzalwa kwe-thymus gland).

Uma unokungabaza nganoma yisiphi salezi zimo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona udokotela wakho ngokushesha ukuze uthole iseluleko.

Yini esingayenza ukuze sigcine amasosha omzimba ephilile?

Kungumthwalo wethu ukugcina amabutho ethu okuphepha eqinile. Akudingi izinguquko ezinkulu. Kudinga nje izinguquko ezilula zendlela yokuphila.

• Ukudla Okuhle: Sidinga ukunikeza amabutho ethu ukudla okunomsoco okudingekayo. Yidla ukudla okulinganiselayo okuhlanganisa izithelo ezintsha, imifino, imifino eluhlaza, amaprotheni angenamafutha amaningi (njengenhlanzi, amaqanda, nobhontshisi), kanye namafutha amahle . Nciphisa iziphuzo ezinoshukela, ukudla okwenziwe, kanye nokudla okunamafutha ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Lala ngokwanele: Ukulala isikhathi lapho imizimba yethu izilungisa khona kanye namaseli ethu omzimba evuselela amandla. Kubalulekile ukuthola okungenani amahora angu-7-8 okulala okuhle, okungaphazanyiswa ubusuku ngabunye .
• Ukuzivocavoca: Ukuzivocavoca nsuku zonke kuze kube sezingeni lokujuluka kusiza ekushukumiseni amangqamuzana omzimba kuwo wonke umzimba. Zama ukuhamba, ukugijima, noma ukugibela ibhayisikili okungenani imizuzu engama-30 ngosuku.
• Nciphisa ukucindezeleka: Ukucindezeleka ngokweqile kwenza amasosha omzimba ethu abe buthaka. Khulula ingqondo yakho ngokwenza izinto ezifana nokuzindla, i-yoga, ukulalela umculo, noma ukuzibandakanya nokuzijabulisa okuthandayo.
• Gwema ukubhema notshwala:Zombili lezi ziyizitha zesimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela. Uma ubhema, yeka. Nciphisa ukuphuza kwakho utshwala ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Ukuhlanzeka: Ukugeza izandla zakho njalo ngensipho kungasiza kakhulu ekuvimbeleni amagciwane ukuthi angangeni emzimbeni evela ngaphandle.