Sonke sizwile umthelela omkhulu wobhubhane lwakamuva lwe-COVID-19 , akunjalo? Kodwa bewazi ukuthi eminyakeni engaba yikhulu edlule, ngo-1918, umhlaba wabhekana nenkinga efanayo yezempilo ebhubhisa umhlaba? Kwakuwubhubhane lwe-Influenza ( Flu ) olubhubhisayo, olwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi “i-Spanish Flu.” Leli gciwane lathelela cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu bomhlaba wonke futhi labulala izigidi zabantu. Namuhla, ake sihlole ukuthi yayiyini i-Spanish Flu, kungani yayibulala kangaka, kanye nezifundo ezibalulekile esinikeza zona namuhla.
Yayiyini ngempela i-Spanish Flu?
Kalula nje, i-Spanish Flu yango-1918 yayiyibhubhane yomhlaba wonke eyabangelwa uhlobo lwegciwane le-Influenza oluthelelanayo kakhulu. Yaqala ngo-1918 futhi yafika ngamagagasi amathathu amakhulu: entwasahlobo, ekwindla, nasebusika. Igagasi lesibili, elafinyelela esicongweni ekwindla, labonakala liyilona elibulalayo kakhulu . Abanye ochwepheshe baze basikisele ukuthi igagasi lesine kungenzeka ukuthi lenzeke ngo-1920.
Ngokumangazayo, esinye sezici ezibuhlungu kakhulu zalolu bhubhane ukuthi luthinte kakhulu intsha, abantu abadala abanempilo abaneminyaka engu-20 kuya kwengu-40 . Nakuba umkhuhlane ovamile wezinkathi uvame ukuba yingozi enkulu ezinganeni nakubantu asebekhulile, lolu hlobo oluthile lwalubulala ngokukhethekile labo abasebasha empilweni yabo. Ososayensi basafunda izizathu eziqondile zokuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeke.
Ubhubhane lwalunzima kangakanani?
Ukuze siqonde kahle, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi—cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-500 —batheleleka yileli gciwane.
Ngokuphathelene nokufa kwabantu, phakathi kuka-1918 no-1919, abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-50 emhlabeni wonke balahlekelwa yizimpilo zabo. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi inani langempela lingafinyelela ezigidini eziyi-100. E-United States kuphela, kwafa cishe abantu abangu-675,000. Lezi zibalo zibonisa ubukhulu kanye nokwesaba kwale nkinga.
Kungani iSpanish Flu yayibulala kangaka?
Kwakungekho imbangela eyodwa yezinga eliphezulu lokufa; kunalokho, kwakuyinhlanganisela yezici eziningana. Ake sibheke abanegalelo eliyinhloko.
| Isici | Incazelo Elula |
|---|---|
| Izimo Zesikhathi Sempi | IMpi Yezwe I yayiqhubeka. Amasosha ayegcwele emakamu, emikhunjini, nasemiseleni, okwenza igciwane landa ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni bavala ulwazi mayelana nokuqubuka kwalesi sifo ukuze bavikele isimilo sezempi. |
| Izinsizakusebenza Zezempilo Ezilinganiselwe | Odokotela nabahlengikazi abaningi bathunyelwa empini. Izikhungo zesimanje ezifana ne-ICU noma ama-ventilator zazingekho. Kwakungekho mithi yokulwa namagciwane ( imithi ) yokwelapha leli gciwane, njengoba isayensi yezokwelapha yayingakaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi libangelwa yigciwane. |
| Ukulimala Kwamaphaphu | Leli gciwane labangela umonakalo omkhulu oqondile emaphashini, okwenza abe sengozini enkulu yokutheleleka ngamagciwane esibili. Ngaphandle kwama-antibiotic okulwa nalokhu, iziguli eziningi zawela ezinkingeni ezifana ne-pneumonia. |
| Ukusabela Okubi Kwesimiso Sokuzivikela Emzimbeni | Kucatshangwa ukuthi inani eliphezulu lokufa phakathi kwentsha libangelwa yisiphepho se-cytokine . Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amasosha omzimba eba matasa kakhulu, futhi emzamweni wawo wokulwa naleli gciwane, ahlasela izicubu zomzimba zamaphaphu ezinempilo, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu wangaphakathi. |
Zaziyini izimpawu?
Izimpawu zegciwane lika-1918 zazifana neze-influenza yanamuhla, kodwa zazivame ukuba zimbi kakhulu.
- Kungazelelwe, ngezinye izikhathi umkhuhlane omkhulu kakhulu.
- Ukukhwehlela okomile .
- Ikhanda elibuhlungu kanye nobuhlungu bomzimba .
- Ukuphelelwa umoya.
- Umphimbo obuhlungu.
- Ukugodola nokuthuthumela .
- Impumulo egobhozayo.
- Ukulahlekelwa yisifiso sokudla .
- Ubuthakathaka obukhulu.
- Ukukhathala okukhulu.
- I-Cyanosis (umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esikhumbeni, ezindebeni, noma ezinzipho), okubonisa amazinga aphansi omoya-mpilo egazini.
- Ukuvuvukala kwamaphaphu (uketshezi emaphashini).
- Ukopha kwangaphakathi.
Kungani ibizwa ngokuthi 'iSpanish Flu'? Ingabe yaqala eSpain?
Lokhu kuyiphutha elivamile. Leli gciwane alizange liqale eSpain. Kukholakala kabanzi ukuthi lavela emakamu ezempi ngaphakathi e-United States.
Ngakho-ke, kungani igama libizwa kanjalo? Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I, amazwe amakhulu njenge-US, iBrithani, neFrance avimbe izindaba mayelana nobhubhane ukuze agcine isithunzi sawo sezempi siphezulu. Nokho, iSpain yayingathathi hlangothi futhi ayizange ivimbe abezindaba bayo. Ngenxa yalokho, abezindaba baseSpain babika ngokusobala ngokuqubuka kwaleli gciwane, okwaholela emhlabeni wonke ukuba ucabange ngamanga ukuthi igciwane livela lapho.
I-World Impilo Organization (WHO) okwamanje yeluleka ngokuthi izifo zingaqanjwa ngamagama amazwe noma izifunda, njengoba ukwenza kanjalo kungabeka abantu bendawo ibala ngokungafanele.
Iqhathaniswa kanjani ne-COVID-19?
Nakuba zombili lezi zifo eziwubhubhane zazibangelwa amagciwane ahlukene—isigameko sango-1918 sohlobo lomkhuhlane we-H1N1 kanye ne-COVID-19 sohlobo olusha lwe-coronavirus—zombili zazihilela amagciwane lapho abantu babengenawo amasosha omzimba awo ngaphambili. Kuzo zombili izimo, izimpendulo zezempilo zomphakathi zazifana kakhulu:
- Ukuvala izikole.
- Ukuvimbela imibuthano yomphakathi.
- Ukumboza ubuso okuphoqelekile.
- Ukuvalela abantu abanegciwane kanye nabantu abaxhumana nabo.
Lezi zinyathelo, esabhekana nazo ngesikhathi se-COVID-19, zaziyizindlela ezifanayo ezazisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ngo-1918.
Izifundo ezifundiwe
Ubhubhane lwango-1918 lusinikeze izifundo ezibalulekile ezasisiza salungiselela izinkinga zezempilo zanamuhla. Namuhla, sinamathuluzi ayengatholakali ngo-1918: imijovo yokuvimbela ukutheleleka, imithi yokulwa namagciwane yokwelapha, kanye ne-ICUukunakekela abagula kakhulu.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, ubhubhane lwango-1918 lusikhumbuza ukuthi noma ubani, kungakhathaliseki ubudala noma ukuqina komzimba, angaba sengozini ngesikhathi senkinga yezempilo. Ngokulandela iseluleko sochwepheshe bezempilo, asizivikeli thina kuphela, kodwa nemindeni yethu, omakhelwane bethu, kanye nomphakathi wonkana.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Umkhuhlane waseSpain ka-1918 wabangelwa yigciwane le-H1N1 futhi usalokhu ungomunye wemiqedazwe ebulalayo kakhulu emlandweni.
- Izimo zangesikhathi sempi, ukuntuleka kwezinsizakusebenza, kanye nohlobo lwegciwane ngokwalo kwaholela ekubalweni okuphezulu kwabantu ababulawa yileli gciwane.
- Igama elithi “Spanish Flu” liyigama elingafanele elibangelwa ukuvinjelwa kwabezindaba ngesikhathi sempi emazweni alwayo.
- Izifundo ezifundwe ngo-1918, njengokuqhelelana nabantu kanye nama-masks, zazibalulekile ekuphatheni impendulo ye-COVID-19.
- Nakuba sinemithi yesimanje, amagciwane ahlala eshintsha. Ukuhlala siqaphile futhi silandela isiqondiso sezokwelapha kuseyisivikelo sethu esingcono kakhulu ekuqubukeni kwezifo esikhathini esizayo.
Umkhuhlane waseSpain, ubhubhane lwango-1918, umkhuhlane, i-H1N1, ubhubhane
