Aloha! Pehea ʻoe? I kēia lā, e kamaʻilio ana mākou e pili ana i kahi mea kupaianaha a koʻikoʻi hoʻi i loko o ko mākou kino, akā, ʻaʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo nui i ia mea. Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe no ke aha i like ai ke kala o kou mau maka me ko kou makuahine, a i ʻole ke kala o kou lauoho me ko kou makuakāne? Ua ʻōlelo paha kekahi ua like kou minoʻaka me ko kou makuahōnōwai wahine, ʻeā? ʻO nā chromosome kekahi mea e pili ana i kēia mau mea a pau, a loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ko mākou kino. ʻOiai paha he mea nui ka inoa, mai hopohopo, he mea kēia e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia. E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i kēia lā, e like me ke kamaʻilio ʻana me kahi hoaaloha.
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He aha maoli kēia mau pūnaewele? E hoʻomaka kākou ma laila!
E noʻonoʻo i kou kino holoʻokoʻa me he hale nui a nani lā. Hana ʻia kēia hale me nā piliona o nā piliki liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kekahi piliki hoʻokahi ma ona iho, akā i ka wā e hui pū ai mākou iā lākou, hiki iā mākou ke hana i hale nui. Ma ke ʻano like, hana ʻia ko mākou kino me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO kēia nā mea a mākou e kapa nei he mau cell . He liʻiliʻi loa kēia mau cell a pono mākou i kahi mea hana kūikawā, he microscope, e ʻike iā lākou.
Loaʻa kēia mau ʻāpana i loko o ko kākou ʻili, ka puʻuwai, ka lolo , nā maka, a ma nā wahi a pau o ko kākou kino. Me he mea lā ua hana ʻia kēlā me kēia lumi a me ka paia o ka hale i nā piliki. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kāna hana ponoʻī. Hui pū kekahi mau ʻāpana e hana i ka ʻili, a hui pū kekahi e hana i ka puʻuwai . ʻAʻole anei he mea kupaianaha?
No laila, ma hea kēia mau chromosomes? Pehea ko lākou ʻano?
ʻAe, i kēia manawa ua ʻike mākou e pili ana i nā cell. ʻO ia hoʻi nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e like me ka piliki o ko mākou kino. I loko o kēlā me kēia cell, aia kahi wahi koʻikoʻi loa, e like me kahi drawer liʻiliʻi a i ʻole kahi palekana i loko o kahi lumi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ia ka mea a mākou e kapa ʻia ai ʻo ka nucleus ma ke ʻano ʻepekema. I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ia ke kikowaena hoʻomalu o ke cell. I loko o kēlā nucleus, mālama ʻia kēia mau mea i kapa ʻia he chromosomes.
Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i ke ʻano o kēia mau mea? Ua like lākou me nā kaula loloa e like me ke kaula . E noʻonoʻo i ka nui o nā pōpō kaula maikaʻi loa, i hui pū ʻia, a hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia. Akā, ʻaʻole anei kēia he hui wale nō o nā kaula? Aia i loko o kēia mau mea kahi ʻano o ka ʻike a me nā kuhikuhi waiwai nui e pili ana i ko kākou ola holoʻokoʻa, i ko kākou ʻano.
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Check Availability →He aha nā genes i loko o nā chromosomes?
I kēia manawa, ua ʻike mākou he mau kaula nā chromosome i loko o nā cell. Inā ʻoe e nānā i hoʻokahi chromosome, aia he mau haneli, i kekahi manawa he mau tausani, o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi koʻikoʻi i loko. ʻO kēlā mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ka mea a mākou e kapa nei he mau genes .
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, inā he puke nui ka chromosome, ua like nā genes me nā mokuna, a i ʻole nā ʻōlelo, a i ʻole nā huaʻōlelo i loko o kēlā puke. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia gene kahi kuhikuhi kūikawā, a i ʻole leka, a i ʻole ʻike i kākau ʻia no ko mākou kino.
E noʻonoʻo i nā genes ma ke ʻano he mau ʻanuʻu i loko o kahi meaʻai no kahi pāʻina ʻono. Hōʻike kekahi gene iā ʻoe i ke kala o kou mau maka, hōʻike kekahi iā ʻoe inā pololei a ʻōwili paha kou lauoho, a hōʻike kekahi iā ʻoe i kou kiʻekiʻe. He mau tausani o nā kuhikuhi e like me kēia i loko o kēia mau genes.
No laila he aha ka mea e hana ʻia i kēia mau genes? No ke aha mākou e pono ai iā lākou?
ʻO kēia mau genes ka mea nui e hoʻolilo iā kākou i 'kākou'. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ko kākou mau ʻano kino e nā kuhikuhi a kākou e loaʻa ai mai kēia mau genes. E nānā i kēia mau laʻana:
- Ke kala o kou mau maka (polū, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, hina).
- Ke kala a me ke ʻano o kou lauoho (ʻeleʻele, brown, blonde; pololei, wavy, curly).
- Ke kala o kou ʻili .
- ʻO ka mea maʻamau, inā ʻoe he lōʻihi a pōkole paha, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoholo ai (ʻoiaʻiʻo, he kuleana ko nā mea e like me ka meaʻai, akā ʻo ka hoʻolālā kumu he genetics).
- ʻOiai nā mea liʻiliʻi e like me ke kau ʻia ʻana o kāu mau plug pepeiao a i ʻole .
- ʻO kou hiki ke loaʻa i kekahi mau maʻi , ʻo ia hoʻi, inā ʻoi aku a emi mai paha kou hiki ke loaʻa i kekahi mau maʻi.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā tausani o nā mea e like me kēia e nā kuhikuhi a mākou e loaʻa ai mai kā mākou mau genes. E like me nā polokalamu ma kahi kamepiula, haʻi kēia mau genes i ko mākou kino pehea e hana ai a pehea e hana ai i kēlā me kēia hana.
Eia kekahi laʻana, e noʻonoʻo he mau maka ʻeleʻele māmā ko kāu hoaaloha ʻo Kasun e like me kona makuahine. ʻO kēia no ka mea ua hoʻoilina ʻo Kasun i nā genes no nā maka ʻeleʻele māmā mai kona makuahine mai. Eia naʻe, he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a ʻōwili paha ka lauoho o Kasun e like me ko kona makuakāne. ʻO kēia no ka mea ua hoʻoilina ʻo ia i nā genes no ia mea mai kona makuakāne mai. Penei mākou a pau e hoʻoilina ai i nā ʻano mai ko mākou mau mākua mai.
Ehia mau chromosome i loaʻa iā kākou? No hea mai lākou?
He mea nui loa kēia. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo kēlā me kēia cell i loko o ke kanaka olakino (koe wale nō kekahi mau ʻano cell kūikawā, no ka laʻana, nā cell sex) he 23 mau pālua o kēia mau chromosomes. ʻO ka pālua ke ʻano he ʻelua o lākou. No laila, ke hoʻohui ʻoe iā lākou a pau, aia he 46 mau chromosomes.
E noʻonoʻo he 23 mau pālua kāmaʻa nani kāu. I kēlā me kēia pālua, hoʻokahi kāmaʻa mai kou makuahine mai a ʻo kekahi mai kou makuakāne mai. He mea maʻalahi loa ia, ʻeā?
ʻO ia hoʻi, o nā chromosomes 46 āu e loaʻa ai, ʻo ka hapalua pololei, ʻo ia hoʻi, 23, mai kou makuahine aloha mai . ʻO ka hapalua ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā chromosomes 23 ʻē aʻe, mai kou makuakāne aloha mai . Hana ʻia kēia i ka wā e hānau ʻia ai mākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, he hua manu mai ko mākou makuahine a he sperm cell mai ko mākou makuakāne (I ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā cell sperm .
He hoʻolālā kupaianaha kēia ma ke ʻano maoli. Ma kēia ʻano, loaʻa iā mākou nā chromosomes e loaʻa ana nā genes mai ko mākou makuahine a me ko mākou makuakāne, ʻo ia ke kumu e like ai mākou me ko mākou makuahine, i kekahi manawa e like me ko mākou makuakāne, a i kekahi manawa he hui nani o nā mea ʻelua. I kekahi manawa hiki iā mākou ke like me ko mākou mau kūpuna, no ka mea, ua hoʻoili ʻia kēlā mau genes mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna .
Aia kēia mau chromosome he 46 i loko o kou kino i kou wā hānau ʻia, a aia lākou me ʻoe i kou ola a pau, mai kou wā pēpē, a hiki i kou wā ʻōpiopio, a hiki i kou wā ʻelemakule. ʻO lākou nā mea e alakaʻi ai i ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o kou kino, e kōkua ana i nā mea āpau e holo pono.
ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā he kaikamahine a he keikikāne paha ke pēpē e pili pū ana i kēia mau chromosomes!
Ua ʻōlelo mākou he 23 mau pālua o nā chromosomes. No kēia mau mea, he 22 mau pālua like loa i nā kāne ʻelua. ʻO kēia nā mea e kāohi ana i nā ʻano kino ʻē aʻe (e like me ke kiʻekiʻe, ke kala o ka maka, a me ke kala o ka ʻili).
Akā, he mea kūikawā iki ka hui hope loa, a i ʻole ka 23, o nā chromosomes . Hoʻoholo kēia hui inā he kāne a he wahine paha ke kanaka. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapa ai nā kauka i kēia mau mea he mau chromosomes sex .
ʻElua ʻano o kēia mau chromosome moe. ʻO kekahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka chromosome 'X' , a ʻo kekahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka chromosome 'Y' .
- Inā he kaikamahine , loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau chromosome X. ʻO ia ka mea a mākou e kapa nei he XX . No kēia mau chromosome X ʻelua, hoʻokahi mai ka makuahine a ʻo kekahi mai ka makuakāne.
- Inā he keikikāne , hoʻokahi kāna chromosome X a me hoʻokahi chromosome Y. ʻO ia ka mea a mākou e kapa nei he XY . I kēia hihia, hele mai ka chromosome X mai ka makuahine a hele mai ka chromosome Y mai ka makuakāne.
Ua ʻike anei ʻoe? Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kāne o kahi pēpē e ka chromosome (X a i ʻole Y) i hoʻoilina ʻia e ka makuakāne. No ka mea, hiki i ka makuahine ke hāʻawi wale i kahi chromosome X i kāna keiki. Hiki i ka makuakāne ke hāʻawi i kahi X a i ʻole Y. No laila, inā hoʻoilina ka makuakāne i kahi Y, he keikikāne ia, a inā hoʻoilina ka makuakāne i kahi X, he kaikamahine ia. ʻAʻole anei he mea kupanaha loa kēia?
He mea nui anei kēia mau chromosomes iā kākou ma hope o ka hānau ʻana?
ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo nō! ʻOiai ma hope o kou hānau ʻia ʻana, ke hoʻomau nei kēia mau chromosome 46 i ka hana i loko o kou kino, ma aneane kēlā me kēia cell. Ulu iki ʻoe mai ka wā kamaliʻi, piʻi aʻe kou kiʻekiʻe, loli kou kino, ulu kou mau kui a me kou lauoho, a i ka wā e loaʻa ai iā ʻoe kahi ʻeha, hoʻōla ia. Alakaʻi ʻia kēia mau mea a pau e nā genes i loko o kēlā mau chromosome.
Ua like lākou me kahi palapala hoʻolālā i hoʻohana ʻia e kūkulu i hale . Ke hoʻomau nei ko mākou kino i ka ulu ʻana, hoʻoponopono ʻana, a mālama iā lākou iho i kēlā me kēia lā e like me kēlā palapala hoʻolālā. ʻO ka ʻike i loko o kēia mau chromosomes ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻāpana hou i loko o ko mākou kino.
I kekahi manawa, kākaʻikahi paha, hiki i kēia mau chromosomes ke loaʻa kekahi mau loli, hemahema, a i ʻole nā hoʻohui. ʻO kēia ka manawa e kū mai ai kekahi mau maʻi genetic , e like me Down Syndrome . No laila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau chromosomes i ka helu kūpono (ʻo ia hoʻi, 46) a ma ke kaʻina kūpono he mea nui loa ia no ko mākou olakino.
Akā, ʻaʻohe pono e makaʻu i ia mau mea i nā manawa a pau. No ka mea, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka manawa, hana pololei kēia kaʻina hana paʻakikī a ma ke ʻano kupaianaha. ʻAʻole hewa ke kapa ʻana i kēia he hana kupaianaha o ke kūlohelohe.
No laila, he aha ka ʻōlelo a kākou e hoʻomanaʻo ai mai kēia moʻolelo?
ʻAe, ua kamaʻilio nui kākou e pili ana i nā chromosomes i kēia lā, ʻeā? Manaʻo wau he manaʻo maikaʻi kou i kēia manawa. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, eia nā mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo ai:
- He mau hale liʻiliʻi nā chromosomes, e like me ke kaula, akā he mau hale ikaika loa i loaʻa i loko o kēlā me kēia cell o ko mākou kino.
- Aia i loko o kēia mau chromosomes nā tausani o nā genes. Hoʻoholo kēia mau genes i nā ʻano kino he nui, e like me ke kala o ko kākou mau maka, ke ʻano o ka lauoho, a me ke kiʻekiʻe.
- Loaʻa iā kākou a pau he 46 mau chromosome i loko o ko kākou mau cell, a i ʻole 23 mau pālua. Loaʻa iā kākou ka hapalua o kēia mau mea (23) mai ko kākou makuahine a me kekahi hapalua (23) mai ko kākou makuakāne.
- ʻO ka wahine (XX) a i ʻole ke kāne (XY) e hoʻoholo ʻia e kahi hui kūikawā o kēia mau chromosomes, ʻo ia hoʻi nā chromosomes sex.
- Ke hoʻomau nei kēia mau chromosomes i ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ko mākou kino, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, a me ke ola olakino ma hope o ko mākou hānau ʻana.
ʻO nā chromosomes nā mea liʻiliʻi kupaianaha e hoʻolilo iā kākou 'iā kākou', ke kiʻi kumu o ko kākou kino, a me ko kākou ʻano. ʻO ka ʻike e pili ana iā lākou, ʻaʻole ia e kōkua wale iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano paʻakikī a me ka hoʻolālā kupaianaha o ko kākou kino, akā e kōkua pū iā ʻoe e mālama i kou olakino!
No laila, i ka manawa aʻe e nānā ai ʻoe iā ʻoe iho i loko o ke aniani, e nānā i kou mau maka, kou lauoho, kou kala ʻili, e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kou minoʻaka, e hoʻomanaʻo ma hope o kēia mau mea a pau ʻo ia kēlā mau chromosomes liʻiliʻi āu i loaʻa ai mai kou makuahine a me kou makuakāne, i kākau ʻia me kou ʻano ponoʻī. ʻAʻole anei he mea kūikawā loa ia?
Nā Chromosome, Genes, Cells, Hoʻoilina, Nā ʻano kino, Genetics, Ola kino
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