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Koj tus menyuam puas ntxub nyeem phau ntawv? Cia peb tham txog Kev Nyeem Ntawv Tau Zoo!

Koj tus menyuam puas ntxub nyeem phau ntawv? Cia peb tham txog Kev Nyeem Ntawv Tau Zoo!

Thaum koj tus menyuam nyeem ib phau ntawv nrov nrov, nws puas nres ntawm txhua lo lus, hais lus tsis meej, lossis daig? Thaum koj nyeem tas, thaum koj nug tias, "Tub, muaj dab tsi nyob hauv zaj dab neeg no?", tus menyuam puas tsis nco qab? Los yog thaum koj cia nws nyeem, nws puas muab phau ntawv tso rau ib sab thiab hais tias, "Kuv nyeem tsis tau... Kuv tub nkeeg dhau lawm"? Tej zaum koj kuj paub txog cov no thiab. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau qhov no tej zaum yog vim tus menyuam tsis 'nyeem tau zoo'. Yog li cia peb tham txog qhov no kom tob dua hnub no.

Vim li cas kev nyeem ntawv kom txawj thiaj li tseem ceeb?

Hais yooj yim xwb, kev nyeem tau yooj yim yog lub peev xwm nyeem tau raws li qhov tseeb, nrawm thiab muaj kev xav . Qhov no siv tau rau kev nyeem nrov nrov thiab kev nyeem ntsiag to.

Xav txog kev nyeem ntawv zoo li ib lub choj. Ib sab ntawm lub choj yog kev paub txog cov ntawv thiab cov lus. Sab tod yog kev nkag siab txog yam koj nyeem thiab txaus siab rau nws. Lub choj uas txuas ob sab no yog kev nyeem ntawv tau zoo.

Thaum ib tug me nyuam pib nyeem ntawv, kev xyaum ua kom yooj yim no yuav pab txhim kho lawv cov kev txawj hais lus thiab kev paub txog lub suab. Lawv kawm paub sai sai txog cov lus uas muaj ntau zaus.

Tiam sis, yog tias tus choj no tsis tau tsim kom zoo, yuav ua li cas? Tus me nyuam yuav daig hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus choj. Tej zaum nws yuav nyeem tau cov lus ib lo lus zuj zus nrog kev nyuaj siab. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nyeem li ntawd, nws lub zog tag nrho yog tsom mus rau kev paub cov lus, tsis yog kev nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus, zaj dab neeg. Tom qab ntawd, kev nyeem ntawv dhau los ua ib txoj haujlwm nkees thiab dhuav heev rau nws. Tom qab ib ntus, tus me nyuam dhau los ua ib tus neeg uas tsis nyiam nyeem ntawv thiab khiav ntawm cov phau ntawv. Qhov no tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev tsis yog rau nws txoj kev kawm xwb, tab sis kuj rau nws lub neej yav tom ntej.

Yuav piav qhia txog qhov xwm txheej no, muaj ib yam dab tsi hu ua "Matthew effect." Nws hais tias "cov neeg uas muaj ntau dua tau ntau dua, thiab cov neeg uas tsis muaj ntau dua yuav pluag dua." Qhov no kuj siv rau kev nyeem ntawv. Ib tug menyuam uas nyeem tau zoo thiab hais tau zoo "nplua nuj" nws cov kev paub thiab cov lus los ntawm kev nyeem ntau phau ntawv. Tab sis ib tug menyuam uas nyeem ntawv nyuaj, nws tus kheej nyob deb ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab poob qis dua nws cov phooj ywg.

Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho tus menyuam txoj kev nyeem ntawv yog ib qho kev nqis peev zoo rau lawv lub neej yav tom ntej.

3 yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyeem ntawv kom yooj yim

Muaj peb yam tseem ceeb uas ua rau kev nyeem tau yooj yim. Cia peb saib cov no ua ib daim ntawv teev.

Khoom Hais yooj yim xwb...
1. Kev Tseeb Qhov no yog lub hauv paus. Tus me nyuam yuav tsum nyeem cov lus hauv phau ntawv kom raug, tsis txhob ua yuam kev. Yog tias nyeem cov lus tsis raug, lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj dab neeg yuav hloov pauv tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog yam koj nyeem, koj yuav tsum nyeem kom raug ua ntej.
2. Ceev (Tus nqi) Nov yog qhov ceev uas ib tug me nyuam nyeem ntawv. Tiam sis muaj ib qho kev nkag siab yuam kev loj heev ntawm no. Qhov ntawd yog, "qhov ceev dua qhov zoo dua." Qhov ntawd yog qhov tsis yog. Ib tug me nyuam uas nyeem ntawv sai dhau yuav tsis nkag siab txog yam uas nyeem. Nws yuav hla dhau cov lus. Kev nyeem tau zoo yog kev nyeem ntawv raws li qhov ceev thiab zoo, tsis yog nyeem ntawv zoo li kev sib tw.
3. Kev hais tawm Qhov no tseem ceeb heev thaum nyeem nrov nrov. Qhov no yog hais txog kev hloov koj lub suab kom phim lub siab ntawm zaj dab neeg. Thaum ib nqe lus tu siab, hais nws zoo li nws tu siab, thaum ib nqe lus zoo siab, hais nws zoo siab, thaum ib nqe lus nug ib lo lus nug, hais nws zoo li nws nug ib lo lus nug. Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev txiav txim siab qhov twg yuav nres thiab qhov twg yuav nyeem tas mus li. Kev qhia tawm zoo ntawm kev xav yog ib qho cim zoo uas tus menyuam nkag siab txog yam uas nyeem.

Cov dej num uas tuaj yeem txhim kho koj tus menyuam txoj kev nyeem ntawv hauv tsev

Ib yam li cov xib fwb pab tau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov niam txiv tuaj yeem ua ntau yam hauv tsev los pab lawv tus menyuam txhim kho lub peev xwm no. Saib cov no:

  • Nyeem cov phau ntawv yooj yim dua: Cia tus me nyuam xaiv ib phau ntawv uas nws nyiam thiab nyeem tau yooj yim. Cia tus me nyuam nyeem phau ntawv nrov nrov tsawg kawg peb zaug. Los ntawm kev nyeem tib yam dua thiab dua, tus me nyuam yuav ceev, raug, thiab ntseeg siab ntxiv.
  • Nyeem ntawv rau koj tus menyuam: Nyeem ntawv rau koj tus menyuam txhua hnub, kom meej thiab qhia tau zoo. Thaum piav ib zaj dab neeg lom zem, siv lub suab lom zem. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv zoo rau koj tus menyuam.
  • Nyeem ib kab lus dhau ib kab lus: Koj nyeem ib kab lus lossis ib nqe lus luv luv. Tom qab ntawd cia koj tus menyuam nyeem tib yam. Nws yuav xyaum koj cov lus thiab nres.
  • Cov kwv tij thiab cov muam, nyeem rau nej cov kwv tij yau dua:Yog koj tus menyuam yog tus hlob tshaj plaws hauv tsev neeg, hais kom ib tug kwv tij yau nyeem ib phau ntawv dab neeg yooj yim rau lawv. Qhov no yuav pab txhim kho lawv lub luag haujlwm thiab lawv cov txuj ci nyeem ntawv.
  • Nyeem cov paj huam, cov nkauj menyuam yaus: Muab ib zaj paj huam luv luv lossis cov nkauj menyuam yaus nyeem rau koj tus menyuam ua ntej. Tom qab ntawd cia nws nyeem. Nyeem nws dua thiab dua kom txog thaum nws nyeem tau zoo.
  • Paub koj tus kheej nrog cov lus siv ntau zaus: Xyaum nyeem cov lus yooj yim siv ntau zaus hauv Sinhala (piv txwv li, niam, txiv , tsev, noj mov, mus) sai li sai tau thaum koj pom lawv. Thaum koj paub cov lus no 'hauv siab', koj qhov kev nyeem ntawv yuav nrawm dua.
  • Cia peb nyeem cov ntawv comic: Muab ib daim ntawv comic los yog ib daim ntawv comic los ntawm ntawv xov xwm thiab nyeem ua ntej, hloov koj lub suab kom phim cov cim. Tom qab ntawd hais kom koj tus menyuam nyeem nws tib yam li ntawd.

Tau txais cov kev pab cuam tshwj xeeb thiab kev pab

Tej zaum yuav muaj ib txhia menyuam yaus xav tau kev pab ntxiv me ntsis los txhim kho qhov kev txawj no. Muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb thiab cov kev pab cuam uas siv tau rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov kev pab cuam "Nyeem Ntawv Ntuj Tsim Nyog" ("Read Naturally program").

Hauv cov kev kawm zoo li no, tus menyuam yuav raug sim ua ntej thiab teem lub hom phiaj rau nws. Tom qab ntawd, tus menyuam yuav nyeem ib nqe lus uas tau xaiv yam tsis tau xyaum. Tom qab ntawd, yuav xyaum nqe lus qub ntau zaus. Muaj ib tug neeg los qhia tus menyuam kom hais cov lus tsis raug kom raug. Thaum kawg, thaum tus menyuam nyeem nqe lus dua, yuav ntsuas tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus raug hauv ib feeb (WCPM - Cov Lus Tseeb Hauv Ib Feeb) thiab yuav saib xyuas kev nce qib .

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias yog koj muaj kev tsis ntseeg lossis kev txhawj xeeb txog koj tus menyuam qhov teeb meem nyeem ntawv, tsis txhob txaj muag lossis ntshai tham nrog koj tus menyuam tus xib fwb hauv chav kawm . Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias tsim nyog, koj tuaj yeem ntsib nrog ib tus neeg uas muaj kev txawj ntse hauv qhov no. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav kev qhia los ntawm koj tus kws kho mob txog qhov no.

Nco ntsoov tias, tsis yog txhua tus menyuam kawm tau tib lub sijhawm. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhia koj tus menyuam tias kev nyeem ntawv tsis yog kev rau txim, tab sis yog ib yam dab tsi uas lawv nyiam.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Kev nyeem ntawv tau zoo tsis yog tsuas yog nyeem sai xwb. Nws yog hais txog kev nyeem kom raug, raws sijhawm, thiab nrog kev xav .
  • Kev hais tau yooj yim yog tus choj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub cov ntawv thiab kev nkag siab nyeem ntawv.
  • Yog tias kev nyeem ntawv ua rau koj tus menyuam nkees thiab tsis lom zem, qhov laj thawj yuav yog vim tsis txawj nyeem ntawv.
  • Tej yam yooj yim, lom zem ua hauv tsev ua niam txivNws tuaj yeem txhim kho tus menyuam txoj kev nyeem ntawv tau zoo heev.
  • Tsis txhob ua rau kev nyeem ntawv ua ib qho kev rau txim lossis kev yuam. Ua kom nws yog ib yam dab tsi uas koj nyiam .
  • Yog koj xav tias koj tus menyuam muaj teeb meem nyeem ntawv, nrog tus xib fwb tham thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham.

Kev Nyeem Ntawv Tau Zoo, Yuav Qhia Ib Tug Me Nyuam Li Cas, Kev Nkag Siab Txog Kev Nyeem Ntawv, Kev Loj Hlob ntawm Me Nyuam, Kev Kawm Ntawv
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 6 + 7 =
Koj tus menyuam puas ntxub nyeem phau ntawv? Cia peb tham txog Kev Nyeem Ntawv Tau Zoo!
Rau Cov Niam TxivJuly 6, 2026

Koj tus menyuam puas ntxub nyeem phau ntawv? Cia peb tham txog Kev Nyeem Ntawv Tau Zoo!

Thaum koj tus menyuam nyeem ib phau ntawv nrov nrov, nws puas nres ntawm txhua lo lus, hais lus tsis meej, lossis daig? Thaum koj nyeem tas, thaum koj nug tias, "Tub, muaj dab tsi nyob hauv zaj dab neeg no?", tus menyuam puas tsis nco qab? Los yog thaum koj cia nws nyeem, nws puas muab phau ntawv tso rau ib sab thiab hais tias, "Kuv nyeem tsis tau... Kuv tub nkeeg dhau lawm"? Tej zaum koj kuj paub txog cov no thiab. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau qhov no tej zaum yog vim tus menyuam tsis 'nyeem tau zoo'. Yog li cia peb tham txog qhov no kom tob dua hnub no.

Vim li cas kev nyeem ntawv kom txawj thiaj li tseem ceeb?

Hais yooj yim xwb, kev nyeem tau yooj yim yog lub peev xwm nyeem tau raws li qhov tseeb, nrawm thiab muaj kev xav . Qhov no siv tau rau kev nyeem nrov nrov thiab kev nyeem ntsiag to.

Xav txog kev nyeem ntawv zoo li ib lub choj. Ib sab ntawm lub choj yog kev paub txog cov ntawv thiab cov lus. Sab tod yog kev nkag siab txog yam koj nyeem thiab txaus siab rau nws. Lub choj uas txuas ob sab no yog kev nyeem ntawv tau zoo.

Thaum ib tug me nyuam pib nyeem ntawv, kev xyaum ua kom yooj yim no yuav pab txhim kho lawv cov kev txawj hais lus thiab kev paub txog lub suab. Lawv kawm paub sai sai txog cov lus uas muaj ntau zaus.

Tiam sis, yog tias tus choj no tsis tau tsim kom zoo, yuav ua li cas? Tus me nyuam yuav daig hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus choj. Tej zaum nws yuav nyeem tau cov lus ib lo lus zuj zus nrog kev nyuaj siab. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nyeem li ntawd, nws lub zog tag nrho yog tsom mus rau kev paub cov lus, tsis yog kev nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus, zaj dab neeg. Tom qab ntawd, kev nyeem ntawv dhau los ua ib txoj haujlwm nkees thiab dhuav heev rau nws. Tom qab ib ntus, tus me nyuam dhau los ua ib tus neeg uas tsis nyiam nyeem ntawv thiab khiav ntawm cov phau ntawv. Qhov no tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev tsis yog rau nws txoj kev kawm xwb, tab sis kuj rau nws lub neej yav tom ntej.

Yuav piav qhia txog qhov xwm txheej no, muaj ib yam dab tsi hu ua "Matthew effect." Nws hais tias "cov neeg uas muaj ntau dua tau ntau dua, thiab cov neeg uas tsis muaj ntau dua yuav pluag dua." Qhov no kuj siv rau kev nyeem ntawv. Ib tug menyuam uas nyeem tau zoo thiab hais tau zoo "nplua nuj" nws cov kev paub thiab cov lus los ntawm kev nyeem ntau phau ntawv. Tab sis ib tug menyuam uas nyeem ntawv nyuaj, nws tus kheej nyob deb ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab poob qis dua nws cov phooj ywg.

Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho tus menyuam txoj kev nyeem ntawv yog ib qho kev nqis peev zoo rau lawv lub neej yav tom ntej.

3 yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyeem ntawv kom yooj yim

Muaj peb yam tseem ceeb uas ua rau kev nyeem tau yooj yim. Cia peb saib cov no ua ib daim ntawv teev.

Khoom Hais yooj yim xwb...
1. Kev Tseeb Qhov no yog lub hauv paus. Tus me nyuam yuav tsum nyeem cov lus hauv phau ntawv kom raug, tsis txhob ua yuam kev. Yog tias nyeem cov lus tsis raug, lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj dab neeg yuav hloov pauv tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog yam koj nyeem, koj yuav tsum nyeem kom raug ua ntej.
2. Ceev (Tus nqi) Nov yog qhov ceev uas ib tug me nyuam nyeem ntawv. Tiam sis muaj ib qho kev nkag siab yuam kev loj heev ntawm no. Qhov ntawd yog, "qhov ceev dua qhov zoo dua." Qhov ntawd yog qhov tsis yog. Ib tug me nyuam uas nyeem ntawv sai dhau yuav tsis nkag siab txog yam uas nyeem. Nws yuav hla dhau cov lus. Kev nyeem tau zoo yog kev nyeem ntawv raws li qhov ceev thiab zoo, tsis yog nyeem ntawv zoo li kev sib tw.
3. Kev hais tawm Qhov no tseem ceeb heev thaum nyeem nrov nrov. Qhov no yog hais txog kev hloov koj lub suab kom phim lub siab ntawm zaj dab neeg. Thaum ib nqe lus tu siab, hais nws zoo li nws tu siab, thaum ib nqe lus zoo siab, hais nws zoo siab, thaum ib nqe lus nug ib lo lus nug, hais nws zoo li nws nug ib lo lus nug. Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev txiav txim siab qhov twg yuav nres thiab qhov twg yuav nyeem tas mus li. Kev qhia tawm zoo ntawm kev xav yog ib qho cim zoo uas tus menyuam nkag siab txog yam uas nyeem.

Cov dej num uas tuaj yeem txhim kho koj tus menyuam txoj kev nyeem ntawv hauv tsev

Ib yam li cov xib fwb pab tau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov niam txiv tuaj yeem ua ntau yam hauv tsev los pab lawv tus menyuam txhim kho lub peev xwm no. Saib cov no:

  • Nyeem cov phau ntawv yooj yim dua: Cia tus me nyuam xaiv ib phau ntawv uas nws nyiam thiab nyeem tau yooj yim. Cia tus me nyuam nyeem phau ntawv nrov nrov tsawg kawg peb zaug. Los ntawm kev nyeem tib yam dua thiab dua, tus me nyuam yuav ceev, raug, thiab ntseeg siab ntxiv.
  • Nyeem ntawv rau koj tus menyuam: Nyeem ntawv rau koj tus menyuam txhua hnub, kom meej thiab qhia tau zoo. Thaum piav ib zaj dab neeg lom zem, siv lub suab lom zem. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv zoo rau koj tus menyuam.
  • Nyeem ib kab lus dhau ib kab lus: Koj nyeem ib kab lus lossis ib nqe lus luv luv. Tom qab ntawd cia koj tus menyuam nyeem tib yam. Nws yuav xyaum koj cov lus thiab nres.
  • Cov kwv tij thiab cov muam, nyeem rau nej cov kwv tij yau dua:Yog koj tus menyuam yog tus hlob tshaj plaws hauv tsev neeg, hais kom ib tug kwv tij yau nyeem ib phau ntawv dab neeg yooj yim rau lawv. Qhov no yuav pab txhim kho lawv lub luag haujlwm thiab lawv cov txuj ci nyeem ntawv.
  • Nyeem cov paj huam, cov nkauj menyuam yaus: Muab ib zaj paj huam luv luv lossis cov nkauj menyuam yaus nyeem rau koj tus menyuam ua ntej. Tom qab ntawd cia nws nyeem. Nyeem nws dua thiab dua kom txog thaum nws nyeem tau zoo.
  • Paub koj tus kheej nrog cov lus siv ntau zaus: Xyaum nyeem cov lus yooj yim siv ntau zaus hauv Sinhala (piv txwv li, niam, txiv , tsev, noj mov, mus) sai li sai tau thaum koj pom lawv. Thaum koj paub cov lus no 'hauv siab', koj qhov kev nyeem ntawv yuav nrawm dua.
  • Cia peb nyeem cov ntawv comic: Muab ib daim ntawv comic los yog ib daim ntawv comic los ntawm ntawv xov xwm thiab nyeem ua ntej, hloov koj lub suab kom phim cov cim. Tom qab ntawd hais kom koj tus menyuam nyeem nws tib yam li ntawd.

Tau txais cov kev pab cuam tshwj xeeb thiab kev pab

Tej zaum yuav muaj ib txhia menyuam yaus xav tau kev pab ntxiv me ntsis los txhim kho qhov kev txawj no. Muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb thiab cov kev pab cuam uas siv tau rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov kev pab cuam "Nyeem Ntawv Ntuj Tsim Nyog" ("Read Naturally program").

Hauv cov kev kawm zoo li no, tus menyuam yuav raug sim ua ntej thiab teem lub hom phiaj rau nws. Tom qab ntawd, tus menyuam yuav nyeem ib nqe lus uas tau xaiv yam tsis tau xyaum. Tom qab ntawd, yuav xyaum nqe lus qub ntau zaus. Muaj ib tug neeg los qhia tus menyuam kom hais cov lus tsis raug kom raug. Thaum kawg, thaum tus menyuam nyeem nqe lus dua, yuav ntsuas tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus raug hauv ib feeb (WCPM - Cov Lus Tseeb Hauv Ib Feeb) thiab yuav saib xyuas kev nce qib .

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias yog koj muaj kev tsis ntseeg lossis kev txhawj xeeb txog koj tus menyuam qhov teeb meem nyeem ntawv, tsis txhob txaj muag lossis ntshai tham nrog koj tus menyuam tus xib fwb hauv chav kawm . Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias tsim nyog, koj tuaj yeem ntsib nrog ib tus neeg uas muaj kev txawj ntse hauv qhov no. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav kev qhia los ntawm koj tus kws kho mob txog qhov no.

Nco ntsoov tias, tsis yog txhua tus menyuam kawm tau tib lub sijhawm. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhia koj tus menyuam tias kev nyeem ntawv tsis yog kev rau txim, tab sis yog ib yam dab tsi uas lawv nyiam.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Kev nyeem ntawv tau zoo tsis yog tsuas yog nyeem sai xwb. Nws yog hais txog kev nyeem kom raug, raws sijhawm, thiab nrog kev xav .
  • Kev hais tau yooj yim yog tus choj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub cov ntawv thiab kev nkag siab nyeem ntawv.
  • Yog tias kev nyeem ntawv ua rau koj tus menyuam nkees thiab tsis lom zem, qhov laj thawj yuav yog vim tsis txawj nyeem ntawv.
  • Tej yam yooj yim, lom zem ua hauv tsev ua niam txivNws tuaj yeem txhim kho tus menyuam txoj kev nyeem ntawv tau zoo heev.
  • Tsis txhob ua rau kev nyeem ntawv ua ib qho kev rau txim lossis kev yuam. Ua kom nws yog ib yam dab tsi uas koj nyiam .
  • Yog koj xav tias koj tus menyuam muaj teeb meem nyeem ntawv, nrog tus xib fwb tham thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham.

Kev Nyeem Ntawv Tau Zoo, Yuav Qhia Ib Tug Me Nyuam Li Cas, Kev Nkag Siab Txog Kev Nyeem Ntawv, Kev Loj Hlob ntawm Me Nyuam, Kev Kawm Ntawv
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 6 + 7 =