Kumva ijambo "pneumonia" (uburwayi bw'ibihaha) bishobora gutera ubwoba. Icyakora, iyo umaze gusobanukirwa neza icyo ari cyo, impamvu kiza, n'uburyo wakwirinda, uwo bwoba akenshi burashira. Bityo rero, uyu munsi reka tuvuge kuri Pneumonia mu buryo bworoshye kandi bwumvikana—nk'ikiganiro hagati y'inshuti, kikagezwaho na Nirogi Lanka.
Pneumonia ni iki? Reka tuyisobanure mu buryo bworoshye…
Tekereza ibihaha byawe nk'ibintu bibiri bimeze nk'isiponji byuzura umwuka buri gihe iyo uhumetse. Pneumonia ni indwara ifata kimwe cyangwa byombi muri ibyo bihaha. Iyi ndwara ituma inyama z'ibihaha zibyimba, ibyo twita kugira ubwandu (inflammation). Rimwe na rimwe, ibi bishobora gutuma ibihaha byawe byuzura amazi cyangwa ibintu bimeze nk'ububyimba.
Ibi ahanini biterwa n'utunyabuzima duto nka bagiteri, virusi, cyangwa imiyege. Akenshi, pneumonia iterwa na bagiteri ishobora kuba ikomeye kurusha iyiterwa na virusi, mu gihe pneumonia iterwa na virusi akenshi ikira ku gwayo uko igihe gihita.
Niba ubwandu bufata ibihaha byombi, mu buvuzi bita bilateral pneumonia, cyangwa mu buryo busanzwe, pneumonia y'ibihaha byombi.
Ni iki gitandukanya pneumonia iterwa na bagiteri n'iyiterwa na virusi?
Ushobora kwibaza icyo bitandukaniyeho. Nubwo buri bwoko bwa pneumonia butera kugira ubwandu mu bihaha, ibimenyetso byawe bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'ubwoko bw'utunyabuzima (bagiteri, virusi, cyangwa imiyege) bwabiteye.
Pneumonia iterwa na bagiteri niyo ikunze kugaragara cyane kandi ikaba ikomeye. Ushobora gukenera kwitabwaho mu bitaro, kandi abaganga bayivura bakoresheje antibiyotike.
Pneumonia iterwa na virusi, ku rundi ruhande, akenshi imera nk'ibicurane bisanzwe cyangwa grippe. Kubera ko iyi akenshi ikira ku gwayo, ubuvuzi bwihariye ntibukunze gukenerwa ku barwayi bafite virusi.
Ni ayahe moko y'ingenzi ya pneumonia?
Tugabanya pneumonia bitewe n'icyayiteye (virusi, bagiteri, imiyege) n'aho wanduriye indwara—niba ari mu muryango, mu bitaro, cyangwa igihe uri ku mashini y'ubuhumekero.
1. Pneumonia yo mu Muryango (CAP)
Niba urwaye pneumonia hanze y'ahantu h'ubuvuzi nko mu bitaro cyangwa ivuriro, ibyo byitwa Pneumonia yo mu muryango (CAP). Impamvu zikunze kugaragara zirimo:
- Bagiteri: Streptococcus pneumoniae (izwi kandi nka indwara ya pneumococcal) niyo ntandaro y'ingenzi ya CAP. Iyi bagiteri ishobora no gutera indwara z'amatwi, ibyaha, ndetse na meningite. Mycoplasma pneumoniae itera ubwoko bworoshye bwa pneumonia buzwi nka pneumonia idasanzwe. Ibindi biterwa n'indwara birimo Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, na Legionella (itera indwara ya Legionnaires).
- Virusi: Virusi zisanzwe nk'izitera grippe, COVID-19, na Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) rimwe na rimwe zishobora kuvamo pneumonia.
- Imiyege: Pneumonia iterwa n'imiyege (urugero: Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Coccidioides) ni gake ibaho kandi akenshi ifata abafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwacitse intege.
- Protozoa: Mu bihe bidasanzwe, utunyabuzima nka Toxoplasma dushobora gutera pneumonia.
2. Pneumonia yo mu Bitaro (HAP)
Niba urwaye pneumonia igihe uri mu bitaro kubera indi ndwara cyangwa kubagwa, iyi ni Pneumonia yo mu bitaro (HAP). HAP akenshi iba ikomeye kurusha CAP, kuko akenshi iterwa na bagiteri zikomeye zidakira imiti ya antibiyotike nka methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ibyo bigatuma kuyivura bigorana.
3. Pneumonia ifitanye isano n'Ubuvuzi (HCAP)
Ushobora kurwara Pneumonia ifitanye isano n'ubuvuzi (HCAP) niba uri mu bigo byita ku barwayi igihe kirekire, nko mu bigo by'abashaje, cyangwa igihe uri guhabwa ubuvuzi busanzwe hanze y'ibitaro. Kimwe na HAP, izi akenshi ziba zidakira imiti ya antibiyotike isanzwe.
4. Pneumonia ifitanye isano n'Imashini y'Ubuhumekero (VAP)
Niba uri mu cyumba cy'indembe (ICU) kandi ufunzwe ku mashini y'ubuhumekero, ufite ibyago byo kurwara Pneumonia ifitanye isano n'imashini y'ubuhumekero (VAP). Iyi ishobora guterwa na bagiteri zisanzwe za CAP ndetse na bagiteri zikomeye zo mu bitaro. Niba ufite ikibazo cyo guhumeka, nyamuneka hamagara serivisi z'ubutabazi bwihuse ako kanya.
5. Pneumonia iterwa n'Ibiryo cyangwa Amazi yinjira mu bihaha (Aspiration Pneumonia)
Aspiration ibaho iyo ibiryo, ibinyobwa, amacandwe, cyangwa iseruka byinjiriye mu muyoboro w'ubuhumekero (trachea) bikajya mu bihaha. Niba udashobora gusohora ibyo bintu, bishobora gutera ubwandu buzwi nka Aspiration pneumonia.
Wamenya ute niba urwaye pneumonia, ibicurane bisanzwe, cyangwa grippe?
Birashobora kugora gutandukanya ibicurane, grippe, na pneumonia kuko ibimenyetso byabyo akenshi birasa. Muganga wemewe gusa ni we ushobora gutanga indwara nyayo. Kubera ko pneumonia rimwe na rimwe ishobora gushyira ubuzima mu kaga, ni ngombwa ko ushaka ubuvuzi bwihuse cyangwa ukajya mu bitaro by'indembe bya hafi niba ugaragaje kimwe muri ibi bimenyetso bikomeye:
- Gukomeza kumva igituza gifashwe cyangwa ububabare bukabije.
- Kugorwa no guhumeka.
- Umuriro mwinshi (102°F / 38.88°C cyangwa hejuru yaho).
- Gukorora amashyira y'umuhondo, icyatsi, cyangwa arimo amaraso.
Ni bande bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara pneumonia?
Abantu bamwe bafite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara pneumonia, barimo:
- Abantu bafite imyaka 65 n'abarengejeho n'abana bari munsi y'imyaka 2.
- Abantu bafite indwara z'ibihaha cyangwa z'umutima zidakira, nka cystic fibrosis, asima, indwara z'ibihaha zidakira (COPD), emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, cyangwa sarcoidosis.
- Abafite indwara z'imyakura zigira ingaruka ku kumerera, nka dementia, indwara ya Parkinson, cyangwa abigeze kugira ikibazo cy'imitsi yo mu bwonko (stroke); izi ndwara zongera ibyago byo kurwara aspiration pneumonia.
- Abantu bari mu bitaro ubu cyangwa batuye mu bigo byita ku barwayi igihe kirekire.
- Abanywi b'itabi.
- Abagore batwite.
- Abafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwacitse intege. Ibi birimo abarwayi bari guhabwa kemoterapi, abahawe ingingo z'umubiri, abantu babana na HIV/AIDS, cyangwa abafata imiti igabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.
Pneumonia ikunze kugaragara gute?
Nirogi Lanka irashaka ko umenya ko pneumonia ishobora gufata uwo ari we wese. Ni indwara isanzwe cyane; abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bayisangwamo buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gusa, kandi ikomeje kuba imwe mu ndwara z'ingenzi zitera uburwayi n'urupfu ku isi hose.
Ibimenyetso bya pneumonia ni ibihe?
Ibimenyetso bya pneumonia bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'impamvu yabiteye kandi bishobora kuva ku bworoshye kugeza ku bukomeye. Abana bato, n'abantu bakuze bashobora kugaragaza ibimenyetso mu buryo butandukanye.
Ibimenyetso bya Pneumonia iterwa na Bagiteri
Ibi bimenyetso bishobora k Umusonga uterwa na virusi akenshi wivura ubwawo, ariko muganga wawe ashobora kugwandikira oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), zanamivir (Relenza®), cyangwa peramivir (Rapivab®) kugira ngo agabanye igihe indwara imara n’uburemere bwayo.
Ese umusonga wivura ubwawo?
Umusonga uterwa na virusi akenshi ukira iyo uruhutse. Icyakora, ugomba buri gihe gukurikiza inama za muganga kugira ngo ugenzure ibimenyetso kandi ugabanye ibyago byo kugira ingaruka zikomeye.
Ni gute ushobora kwita ku bimenyetso by’umusonga?
Imiti igurishwa nta rwandiko rwa muganga (OTC) n’ubwitonzi bwo mu rugo bishobora kugufasha kwita ku bimenyetso no kuguhumuriza mu gihe cyo gukira:
- Imiti igabanya ububabare n’umuriro: Imiti nka ibuprofen (Advil®) na acetaminophen (Tylenol®) ishobora kugirwa inama na muganga kugira ngo igufashe kugabanya ububabare bw’umubiri n’umuriro.
- Imiti y’inkorora: Banza ugishe inama muganga mbere yo gukoresha imiti ihagarika inkorora, kuko gukorora ari ngombwa kugira ngo ibihaha byawe byisukure mu bitera inkorora.
- Ubuvuzi bwo guhumeka: Muganga ashobora kugwandikira imyitozo cyangwa ubuvuzi bwihariye kugira ngo bufashe gusukura ibihaha no kunoza imyuka.
- Koresha imashini itanga ubushuhe (humidifier): Gukoresha imashini itanga ubushuhe mu cyumba cyawe cyangwa kwiyuhagira amazi ashyushye bishobora koroshya guhumeka.
- Komeza kugira amazi ahagije mu mubiri unywa amazi menshi.
Ni ryari uzumva umeze neza nyuma yo gutangira kuvura umusonga?
Uko ukira vuba biterwa n’ibintu byinshi:
- Imyaka yawe.
- Icyateye umusonga wawe.
- Uburemere bw’indwara yawe.
- Niba ufite izindi ndwara cyangwa ibibazo by’ubuzima.
Niba ufite ubuzima bwiza muri rusange, ibimenyetso byinshi by’umusonga uterwa na bagiteri bitangira kugabanuka mu masaha 24 kugeza 48 nyuma yo gutangira kuvurwa. Ku musonga uterwa na virusi, ushobora gutangira kumva umeze neza nyuma y’iminsi mike y’ubuvuzi. Icyakora, menya ko ibimenyetso nk’inkorora cyangwa kunanirwa bishobora kumara ibyumweru byinshi.
Ese umusonga wandura igihe kingana iki?
Niba ufite umusonga uterwa na bagiteri, muri rusange uba utagikwirakwiza indwara nyuma y’uko umuriro ugabanutse kandi ukaba umaze iminsi ibiri ufata imiti yica bagiteri (antibiotics). Niba ufite umusonga uterwa na virusi, ushobora gukomeza kwanduza kugeza igihe wumviye umeze neza kandi ukaba umaze iminsi mike utagira umuriro.
Ni gute ushobora kwirinda umusonga?
Uburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda umusonga ni urukingo rw’indwara ziterwa na bagiteri na virusi ziwutera kenshi. Byongeye kandi, hari ingamba zoroshye ushobora gufata buri munsi kugira ngo ugabanye ibyago byo kuwufata.
Inkingo z’umusonga
Nubwo hari inkingo zo kwirinda umusonga uterwa na pneumococcal, nk’urukingo rw’ibicurane, ntizirinda amoko yose ashoboka. Icyakora, niba ufashwe n’iyo ndwara, izo nkingo zigabanya cyane ibyago by’uko indwara yaba ikomeye.
- Inkingo za Pneumococcal: Pneumovax23® na Prevnar13® zirinda bagiteri zihariye. Izi nkingo zigirwa inama bitewe n’imyaka yawe cyangwa niba ufite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura. Nyamuneka gisha inama muganga wawe muri Nirogi Lanka kugira ngo umenye amahitamo akubereye cyangwa akabereye abakundwa bawe.
- Inkingo za virusi: Kubera ko virusi zimwe na zimwe zishobora gutera umusonga, gukomeza gufata inkingo za COVID-19 n’iz’ibicurane ni intambwe y’ingenzi mu kugabanya ibyago byawe.
- Inkingo z’abana: Niba ufite abana, nyamuneka gisha inama umuganga w’abana ku bijyanye n’igihe cyo kubakingira. Inkingo nyinshi z’abana zifasha kurinda bagiteri na virusi zikunze gutera umusonga.
Izindi nzira zo kugabanya ibyago byawe
Usibye gukingirwa, iyi mico myiza ishobora kugufasha kwirinda no kurinda abandi:
- Reka kunywa itabi kandi wirinde umwotsi w’itabi ry’abandi. Itabi ryangiza ibihaha byawe kandi bigatuma uba mu byago byinshi byo kwandura indwara.
- Oza intoki zawe kenshi ukoresheje isabune n’amazi, cyane cyane mbere yo kurya, gukora ku biryo, cyangwa nyuma yo gukoresha ubwiherero. Niba isabune idahari, koresha umuti wica udukoko (hand sanitizer) ufite alukolo.
- Irinde kwegera cyane umuntu wese ufite indwara yandura nk’ibicurane, inkorora, cyangwa COVID-19, kandi wirinde gusangira ibikoresho byawe bwite.
- Niba uri mu bitaro, ntuzuyaze kubaza abaganga bawe ibyerekeye ingamba bafata kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago byo kwandurira indwara mu bitaro.
- Kurya indyo yuzuye, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri ihoraho, no kwemeza ko uruhuka bihagije.
- Kwitaho neza izindi ndwara ufite, kuko zishobora gucogoza ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri wawe kandi zikongera ibyago byo gufatwa n’umusonga.
- Irinde kunywa inzoga nyinshi.
Ni iki wakwitega niba ufashwe n’umusonga?
Niba ufite ubuzima bwiza, kuvurwa vuba akenshi bituma ukira neza. Icyakora, iyo utavuwe, umusonga ushobora gushyira ubuzima mu kaga, cyane cyane niba ufite izindi ndwara z’ibanze.
N’abakize neza bashobora rimwe na rimwe guhura n’ibibazo by’ubuzima by’igihe kirekire.
Nyuma yo gukira umusonga, ushobora kugira:
- Kunanirwa vuba cyangwa kugabanuka kw’imbaraga.
- Kuzahara kw’indwara z’umutima n’imitsi wari usanzwe ufite.
- Kugabanuka kw’imibereho myiza muri rusange.
Abana bakize umusonga bashobora kugira ibyago byinshi byo kurwara indwara z’ibihaha z’igihe kirekire mu gihe kizaza. Niba ukomeje kugira impungenge z’ubuzima nyuma yo gukira, nyamuneka hamagara muganga wawe muri Nirogi Lanka.
Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora guterwa n’umusonga?
Umusonga ushobora gutera ingaruka zikomeye zishobora gusaba kujya mu bitaro. Izo ngaruka zirimo:
- Ibibazo byo guhumeka: Umusonga ushobora gutera kunanirwa guhumeka cyangwa indwara ikomeye y’ibihaha (ARDS).
- Pleural effusion: Kwirundanya kw’amazi hafi y’ibihaha.
- Bacteremia cyangwa Sepsis: Niba bagiteri zinjiriye mu maraso yawe, indwara ishobora gukwirakwira mu bindi bice by’umubiri, bishobora gutera sepsis cyangwa kunanirwa kw’imyanya y’umubiri. Niba ubonye ibimenyetso byo kunanirwa cyane, kwijijisha, cyangwa kurwara bikomeye, shakisha ubufasha bw’ibanze (911) ako kanya.
- Lung abscess: Kwirundanya kw’amashyira mu bihaha byawe.
Ni ryari ukeneye kujya mu bitaro kubera umusonga? (Nirogi Lanka)
Niba ufite umusonga ukomeye cyangwa ingaruka zayo, ushobora gukenera ubuvuzi bwo mu bitaro. Ushobora kujyanwa mu bitaro cyane niba uri muri ibi byiciro:
- Ufite munsi y’imyaka 2 cyangwa hejuru y’imyaka 65.
- Ufite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri bucogoje.
- Ufite indwara z’umutima cyangwa ibihaha.
Niba wajyanwe mu bitaro kubera umusonga, bishobora gufata ibyumweru bitandatu kugeza ku munani kugira ngo ugarure imbaraga zawe n’imikorere isanzwe.
Ni gute ushobora kwita ku bimenyetso mu rugo?
Kugira ngo ufashwe gukira neza mu gihe urwaye umusonga, kora ibi bikurikira:
- Kwitaho ibimenyetso nk’uko muganga wawe yabigutegetse.
- Soza imiti yose wandikiwe. Ntukareke gufata imiti yica bagiteri (antibiotics) kuko wumva umeze neza gato; soza imiti yose. Guhagarika imiti kare bishobora gutuma indwara igaruka.
- Koresha imiti igabanya umuriro yemewe na muganga (nka acetaminophen cyangwa ibuprofen) ukurikije amabwiriza y’urupapuro rw’imiti. Ntuzigere uha abana aspirin.
- Iruka kugira ngo uhe umubiri wawe igihe cyo gukira.
Niba wumva indwara yawe irushaho gukomera, nyamuneka hamagara muganga wawe ako kanya.
Ni ibihe bimenyetso byo gukira?
Uko utangira gukira, umuriro akenshi ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere kigabanuka. Ushobora noneho kubona kugabanuka kw’ibitera inkorora. Kumva ufite imbaraga zo gusubira mu mirimo ya buri munsi ni ikimenyetso cyiza cy’uko uri gukira.
Ni ryari nshobora gusubira mu mirimo yanjye ya buri munsi?
Muri rusange ushobora gusubira mu buzima bwawe busanzwe iyo ibimenyetso byashize, niba udakomeje kugira ibi bikurikira:
- Kunanirwa guhumeka cyangwa kunanirwa cyane.
- Ububabare mu gatuza.
- Inkorora ihoraho, umuriro, cyangwa ibitera inkorora byinshi.
Ku bantu benshi bafite ubuzima bwiza, ibimenyetso bigabanuka bihagije kugira ngo basubire mu mirimo isanzwe mu cyumweru kimwe, nubwo kugarura imbaraga zose bishobora gufata ukwezi.
