Ungave wakambonzwa izwi rekuti lobotomy mufirimu kana mubhuku. Paunorinzwa, rinoramba richiuya mupfungwa sechinhu chinotyisa uye chinoshamisa, handiti? Chii chaizvo? Sei izvi zvakaitwa kare? Zvichiri kuitwa nanhasi? Nhasi, tichataura nezvemhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi yese mupfungwa dzako nenzira iri nyore uye ine hushamwari.
Chii chinonzi lobotomy?
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, lobotomy kuvhiyiwa kweuropi. Asi hakusi kuvhiyiwa kweuropi kwemhando yepamusoro kwatinoita nhasi. Yaive nzira yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muma1940 nema1950, kureva makore 70-80 apfuura.
Uropi hwedu hwakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kana kuti 'lobes'. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoita basa rakasiyana. Kuvhiyiwa uku kwakanangana nechikamu chepamberi cheuropi. Kuvhiyiwa kwacho kwaisanganisira kucheka buri mudehenya uye kupatsanura tsinga dziri pakati pechikamu chepamberi nechikamu cheuropi chinonzi thalamus.
Zvino ungave uchifunga kuti, "Mwari wangu, sei vaiita izvozvo?" Kuti tinzwisise chikonzero, tinofanira kudzokera shure munguva. Panguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina mishonga inoshanda yezvirwere zvepfungwa zvakakomba sezvatinoita nhasi. Zvipatara zvepfungwa, kana sezvazvaidaidzwa panguva iyoyo, zvakanga zvakazara nevarwere vaitambura nezvirwere zvepfungwa zvakakomba. Vaingopiwa nzira shoma dzekurapa, dzakadai se electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Saka, kuvhiyiwa kwe lobotomy kwakauya panzvimbo iyi se 'nzira yekupedzisira' yekupa zororo kuvarwere vakadaro vasina simba.
Kuvhiyiwa uku kwaiitirwa zvirwere zverudzii kare?
Panguva iyoyo, vanachiremba vakashandisa kuvhiyiwa uku pavarwere vakanga varwara nezvirwere zvepfungwa kwenguva refu uye vakanga vasina kupindura kune dzimwe nzira dzekurapa. Zvimwe zvezvirwere zvikuru zvinosanganisira:
- Pfungwa nezviito zvisingadiwi zvinodzokororwa ( Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - OCD )
- Kuora mwoyo kwakanyanya Schizophrenia
- Kufunga kwepfungwa
- Chronic Neurosis
- Hunhu Hwakashata (Hunhu Hwepfungwa)
Panguva iyoyo, vanachiremba vaitenda kuti hunhu hwechisimba uye husina kujairika hwemurwere hwaikonzerwa nepfungwa dzisina kujairika, dzisingadzoreki dziri muchikamu cheuropi. Saka, vaitenda kuti nekucheka kubatana ikoko, murwere aizonzwa akadzikama uye akadzikama , achikwanisa kudzokera kumba kunogara nemhuri yake.
Kutaura zvazviri, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti varwere vanopfuura 40% vakaburitswa kumba mushure mekuvhiyiwa. Kunyangwe uku kwaive kuvhiyiwa kwechinyakare uye kune njodzi nhasi, kwaiita sekunge tariro itsva kuvanhu panguva iyoyo.
Nhoroondo yerima ye lobotomy
Kuvhiyiwa uku kwakatanga kuunzwa nemusayendisiti wekuPortugal Egas Moniz. Akatopihwa Mubairo weNobel muMedicine muna 1949 nekuda kwekuwana uku. Chiremba wekuAmerica anonzi Walter Freeman akaenderera mberi nenzira iyi. Akaunza nzira inonzi 'transorbital'. Mariri, mudziyo wakapinza waakaita (wakafanana nechando) wakapinzwa nepaburi reziso, pamusoro peziso, muuropi ndokucheka tsinga. Akaona iyi senzira inokurumidza uye iri nyore, uye akaita zviuru zvekuvhiya, kusanganisira pavana.
Asi hazvisi zvese zvakafamba zvakanaka. Kuvhiyiwa uku kwakava nemigumisiro yakaipa. Hunhu hwevamwe varwere hwakachinja zvachose. Vakava vasina hanya, vasina hanya nechero chinhu. Vamwe vakakanganwa maitiro ekuzvibata munharaunda ndokutanga kuzvibata zvisina kunaka. Nekuda kweizvi, vanachiremba vazhinji vaipikisa, nekuti vaidavira zvakasimba kuti kuchinja hunhu hwemunhu kuburikidza nekuvhiyiwa kwaisava tsika.
Nekuwanikwa kwemishonga inoshanda zvikuru yekurapa zvirwere zvepfungwa, senge chlorpromazine, muma1950, kudiwa kwe lobotomy kwakatanga kunyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakazosvika ma1960, nzira yekare ye lobotomy yakanga yava kuda kuregedzwa zvachose.
Ndezvipi migumisiro yakakomba yekuvhiyiwa uku?
Kuvhiyiwa kwehuropi kune njodzi nguva dzose. Nekuti uropi inhengo inobatwa zvakanyanya, kukuvara kwahwo hakugone kudzoreka. Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza mimwe yemigumisiro mikuru inogona kuitika mushure mekuvhiyiwa kwekare kwelobotomy.
| Mhedzisiro Yepadivi | Tsananguro iri nyore |
|---|---|
| Kubuda ropa muuropi | Kubuda ropa muuropi mushure mekuvhiyiwa. |
| Utachiona hwehuropi nemapundu | Utachiona hunopinda muuropi kuburikidza nekuvhiyiwa uye hunokonzera maronda. |
| Pfari | Kubatwa nepfari kunokonzerwa nekukuvara kweuropi nekuda kwekuvhiyiwa. |
| Kusava nehanya | Kunzwa kushaya hanya, mufaro, kana kusuruvara mune chero chinhu. |
| Kuora kwehungwaru | Kudzikira kwekufunga, kuita zvisarudzo, uye kurangarira. |
| Maitiro asina kukodzera evanhu | Kusakwanisa kudzora mafungiro emunhu uye maitiro asina kunaka. |
| Rufu | Varwere vanosvika 2% vakafa nekuda kwematambudziko akakonzerwa nekuvhiyiwa. |
Saka, ma lobotomies achiri kuitwa here nanhasi?
Mhinduro pfupi uye yakajeka kumubvunzo uyu ndeyekuti, "Kwete." Kureva kuti, kuvhiyiwa kwemasero eropa kwekare, kwechinyakare, uye kusina kurongeka hakuitwe chero kupi zvako pasi rose nhasi.
Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti kuvhiyiwa kweuropi kwezvirwere zvepfungwa kwamira zvachose. Kuvhiyiwa uku kunonzi ' psychosurgery ' kana kuti, chaizvoizvo, stereotactic neurosurgery . Idzi nzira dzakasiyana zvachose uye dzakanyanya kufambira mberi kupfuura nzira dzekare dze lobotomy.
Kuvhiyiwa kunoitwa sei nhasi
Mazuva ano, vanachiremba vanogona kuita (CT) scans, (MRI) scans, (EEG)Kushandisa nzira dzepamusoro-soro dzakadai se , kuti tinyatsoona nzvimbo chaiyo yedambudziko muuropi kusvika pa milimita. Zvadaro, kuburikidza nekucheka kudiki, uchishandisa zvishandiso zvakaita semaikorosikopu nebanga re gamma, nzvimbo diki ine dambudziko ndiyo inorapwa pasina kukonzera kukuvara kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeuropi.
Kuvhiyiwa kwerudzi urwu kunoitwa chete paboka diki revarwere vasina kupora kubva kune dzimwe nzira dzese dzekurapa, kusanganisira mishonga nekurapa kwepfungwa, kwenguva yakareba. Kunoitwa nemachiremba etsinga ane hunyanzvi hwepamusoro. Mhedzisiro inowanikwa pano inobudirira zvikuru, uye kukuvara kweuropi kushoma.
Nhasi uno, nzira idzi dzepamusoro dzekuvhiya dzinoshandiswawo kurapa marwadzo akanyanya, pfari, matambudziko ekufamba-famba akadai sechirwere cheParkinson, uye zvimwe zvirwere zvepfungwa zvakakomba zvakaita seOCD uye kuora mwoyo. Imwe nzira yemazuva ano inonzi Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) iri kushandiswa zvinobudirira pazvirwere izvi.
Mharidzo Yekuenda Nayo Kumba
- 'Lobotomy' yekare yaive kuvhiyiwa kweuropi kwekare kwaiitwa kare, apo pakanga pasina mimwe mishonga yekurapa chirwere chepfungwa chakakomba.
- Zvaiva nemigumisiro yakaipa kwazvo, uye nhasi uno kuvhiyiwa uku hakuitwe chero kupi zvako pasi rose.
- Nhasi uno, kuvhiyiwa kwepfungwa kwezvirwere zvepfungwa kwafambira mberi zvikuru. Kunoitwa pasina kukuvara kwakanyanya kuuropi, uchishandisa tekinoroji yakaita seMRI scans, uye kunoitwa nemazvo, uye kunoshandiswa chete kune varwere vakakundikana kurapwa kwese.
- Kana iwe kana mumwe munhu waunoziva ari kurwara nepfungwa kana chirwere, chinhu chekutanga chaunofanira kuita ndechekuona chiremba wako wotaura nezvazvo. Nhasi, kune nzira dzakawanda dzakachengeteka uye dzinoshanda dziripo.
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