Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba umzimba wakho wenziwa njani, okanye ukuba iiseli zakho ziphinda zikhule njani njengoko ukhula ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukuya ekubeni ngumntu omdala? Inene, umzimba wethu ngumsebenzi omangalisayo. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yolu yilo—osenokuba ukhe weva ngalo—yinto esiyibiza ngokuba ziiStem Cells .
Zithini kanye kanye iiStem Cells?
Ngamafutshane, ukuba umzimba wakho sisakhiwo esikhulu, ii-stem cells zisisiseko. Zii-cells "zezinto eziluhlaza" zomzimba ezikhethekileyo, ezikwaziyo ukuvelisa ezinye ii-cells ezinemisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Cinga ngale ndlela: umzimba wakho unee-trillions zee-cells, kwaye phakathi kwazo, ii-stem cells zinamandla angaqhelekanga okudala iintlobo zee-cells ezikhethekileyo ezingaphezu kwama-200, njengee-blood cells okanye ii-bone cells. Olunye uhlobo lwee-stem cell lwakha umzimba wakho wonke kwasekuqaleni, ngelixa ezinye iintlobo zisebenza njengeqela lokulungisa, lenza ukulungiswa naphi na apho umzimba wakho uzifuna khona.
Zisebenza Njani IiStem Cells?
Iiseli ze-stem zinezakhono ezimbini ezikhethekileyo ezingenazo ezinye iiseli:
- Okokuqala, zinokwahlukanisa kwaye zenze iikopi ezifanayo zazo. Nangona iiseli eziqhelekileyo zahlukana, zinobomi obulinganiselweyo. Nangona kunjalo, iiseli ze-stem zinokuzihlaziya ngonaphakade.
- Okwesibini, zezona zisele kuphela ezikwaziyo "ukwahluka" (ezikhethekileyo). Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba isicwili sonakele, sinokudala iiseli ezintsha ezithile ezifunekayo ukuze zithathe indawo yaso. Nazi ezinye zemizekelo ephambili:
- Iiseli ze-Hematopoietic stem (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"hee-muh-tuh-poy-tik") zinoxanduva lokudala iiseli zakho zegazi (ezibomvu nezimhlophe) kunye nokuxhasa inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela.
- Iiseli zesiseko zesikhumba zixhasa iiseli zakho zesikhumba , ezibalulekileyo ekuvuseleleni ulusu nasekuphilisweni kwamanxeba .
- Iiseli ze-Mesenchymal stem (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"meh-zen-kai-mul") zinceda ekwakheni amathambo, i-cartilage , izihlunu kunye neeseli zamafutha.
Kutheni iiStem Cells zibaluleke kangaka?
Iiseli ze-stem azibalulekanga nje kuphela ekwakheni nasekulondolozeni imizimba yethu, kodwa zibalulekile kuphando lwezonyango. Abaphandi bazifunda ngezizathu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:
- Ukuqonda indlela izifo ezenzeka ngayo: Ngokukhulisa ii-stem cells kwiilabhoratri nokujonga indlela ezitshintsha ngayo zibe zizicubu okanye amalungu athile omzimba, abaphandi banokuqonda ngcono indlela iimeko ezifana nesifo seswekile , isifo sentliziyo , okanye iingxaki zemithambo-luvo eziqala ngayo kwaye ziqhubekela phambili ngayo kwinqanaba leeseli.
- Ukutshintsha iiseli ezonakeleyo okanye ezinesifo: Le yindawo enkulu ethembisayo. Abaphandi baphanda indlela yokuguqula iiseli ze-stem zibe ziintlobo ezithile zeeseli ukunyanga ukwenzakala okanye iimeko ezingapheliyo. Khawuthelekelele ikamva apho, umzekelo, ulusu olutsha lukhuliswa ukunyanga ukutsha okukhulu, ukwenzakala komqolo kulungiswa kancinci, okanye iimeko ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson zilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kusetyenziswa unyango lweeseli ze-stem.
- Ukuvavanya amayeza amatsha kunye nonyango: Abaphandi basebenzisa ii-stem cells ukuvavanya amayeza amatsha ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ngokusebenzisa ii-stem cells ezikhethekileyo—umzekelo, ii-cells eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ukuze zifane nesifo esithile—izazinzulu zinokuvavanya indlela unyango olusebenza ngayo kwaye zichonge iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ngaphambi kovavanyo lweklinikhi, nto leyo enokonga ixesha kunye neendleko ekuphuhlisweni kwamayeza.
Ziziphi Iintlobo Eziphambili ZeeStem Cells?
Oogqirha bahlulahlula ii-stem cells ngokusekwe kumthombo wazo okanye amandla azo okusebenza. Nazi iintlobo eziphambili ekufuneka uzazi ngazo:
- Iiseli ze-stem ze-Embryonic (pluripotent):Ezi seli zinamandla amangalisayo okuba phantse naluphi na uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni, njengeeseli zesikhumba, zentliziyo, okanye zobuchopho. Igama elithi "Pluri" lithetha "ezininzi," kwaye "ezinamandla" libhekisa "kumandla." Abaphandi badla ngokuzifumana ezi zinto kwigazi leentambo ezinikelweyo okanye kwiimbumba ezenziwe nge- In Vitro Fertilization ezinikelwe kuphando.
Qaphela: Ukusetyenziswa kwee-embryonic stem cells yinto eqhubekayo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yokuziphatha neyenzululwazi kwihlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kulawulwa ngokungqongqo kwaye kwenziwa phantsi kwezikhokelo zokuziphatha ezingqongqo.
- Iiseli ze-stem ezilungiselelwe izicubu ezithile (ezinamandla amaninzi okanye ezingasebenziyo): Ezi seli zinokudala iiseli ze-stem ezintsha, kodwa zilinganiselwe kuhlobo lwezicubu ezihlala kuzo. Umzekelo, iiseli ze-stem ezenza igazi kwi-bone mongo wakho zinokwenza iiseli zegazi ezintsha kunye neeplatelets, kodwa azinakwenza iiseli zemiphunga okanye zesibindi. Abaphandi bazifumana ezi zinto kubantu abadala abanikela ngegazi.
- Iiseli ze-stem ezibangela i-pluripotent (iiseli ze-iPS okanye ii-iPSC): Ezi zizinto eziphuhlisayo kwisayensi yanamhlanje. Ezi ziiseli ze-stem ezenziwe elebhu. Ngokuthatha iiseli eziqhelekileyo zabantu abadala (ezifana neeseli zesikhumba) nokuzihlela ngokutsha ngokwemfuza, izazinzulu zingazenza ziziphathe kakuhle njengeeseli ze-stem ze-embryonic, ezinokukwazi ukuba naluphi na uhlobo lweseli. Ngenxa yokuba aziveli kwi-embryo, ii-iPSC zinceda ekujongeni uninzi lweenkxalabo zokuziphatha ezinxulumene nophando lweeseli ze-stem.
Abaphandi Basebenza Njani NgeeStem Cells?
Le nkqubo idla ngokuqala ngeeseli ze-stem zabantu abadala ezinikelweyo okanye ukwenziwa kweeseli ze-iPS. Abaphandi emva koko bakhulisa izigidi zezi seli kwilebhu besebenzisa imidiya ekhethekileyo yezakhamzimba. Injongo yabo kukuqondisa ezi seli ze-stem ukuba ziguquke zibe ziiseli ezithile ezifunekayo—njengemisipha yentliziyo okanye ii-neurons—besebenzisa imiqondiso echanekileyo yeekhemikhali kunye nezinto zokukhula.
Oogqirha Bazisebenzisa Njani IiStem Cells Okwangoku?
Oogqirha sele besebenzisa ngempumelelo unyango lwe-stem cell kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zonyango namhlanje. Ukuba unemeko engxamisekileyo, nceda uqhagamshelane ne-911 okanye iinkonzo zongxamiseko zasekuhlaleni ngoko nangoko.
- Ukufakelwa kweBone Marrow : Olu lolona hlobo ludumileyo noluphumeleleyo lonyango lwee-stem cell. Oogqirha banokusebenzisa ii-stem cell zabantu abadala ukutshintsha iiseli ezonakeleyo okanye ezingaqhelekanga kumongo wakho ngezo ziphilileyo. Le ndlela isetyenziselwa iimeko ezifana nezi:
- Umhlaza Wegazi : Kubandakanya i-leukemia, i-multiple myeloma, kunye ne-non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Izigulana zihlala zifuna ukufakelwa iiseli ze-stem emva kokufumana i-chemotherapy ephezulu okanye unyango lwe-radiation, ezifunekayo ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza kumongo wethambo.
- Iingxaki zegazi: Kubandakanya iimeko zemfuza ezifana ne-sickle cell anemia kunye ne-thalassemia.
- I-Aplastic Anemia: Imeko apho umongo wakho wethambo ungaphumeleli ukuvelisa iiseli zegazi ezaneleyo.
- Ukwaphuka Kwamathambo Nomonakalo Wesihlunu: Oogqirha botyando banokusebenzisa izihlunu zamathambo—ezenziwe ngezicubu ezinikelweyo, iiseli zesiqu, nezinye izinto—ukunceda ukunyanga ukwaphuka okukhulu. Ngaphezu koko, uphando luyaqhubeka malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezitofu zeseli yesiqu ukulungisa i-cartilage eyonakeleyo kumalungu, njengamadolo.
Ngaba oogqirha bakha basebenzisa iiseli ze-embryonic stem?
Ewe. Oogqirha ngamanye amaxesha basebenzisa ii-stem cells ezithathwe kwigazi le-cord elinikelweyo ukunyanga iingxaki zegazi, ingakumbi ebantwaneni. Igazi le-cord liqulethe ii-stem cells ezifana nezo zisandul’ ukuzalwa kodwa sele ziqalile ukuchwetheza. (Igazi le-cord libhekisa kwigazi elisele kwi-umbilical cord nakwi-placenta emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe.) Unyango olulodwa oluvunyiweyo yi-FDA oluwela phantsi kodidi oluvela kwi-embryonic kukusetyenziswa kwegazi le-cord elinikelweyo.
Ziphi ii-stem cells emzimbeni wam?
Iiseli ze-stem zifumaneka kuwo wonke umzimba wakho, nangona zihlala kwizicubu ezithile. Zifumaneka ikakhulu kumongo wakho wethambo (owona mthombo mkhulu), ebuchotsheni, kwimithambo yegazi, kulusu, kwimisipha, kwisibindi, nakwintliziyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ukhula, inani kunye nokusebenza kwezi seli ze-stem kunokwehla ngokwemvelo.
Ziziphi iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazela ii-stem cells?
Umongo wakho wethambo—izicubu ezithambileyo ezingaphakathi kwamanye amathambo akho—uvelisa iiseli ze-stem eziguquka zibe ziiseli ezibomvu zegazi, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, kunye neeplatelets. Iiseli ezibomvu zegazi zithwala ioksijini, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi zilwa nosulelo, kwaye iiplatelets zinceda ukulawula ukopha. Ke ngoko, nantoni na echaphazela umongo wakho wethambo inokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iiseli ze-stem ezinoxanduva lokudala igazi lakho. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazela iiseli ze-stem ziquka:
- I-Aplastic Anemia
- Iingxaki ze-Myeloproliferative (iimeko apho umongo wethambo uvelisa iiseli zegazi ezininzi kakhulu)
- I-Lymphoma (umhlaza wenkqubo ye-lymphatic, onokuchaphazela umongo wethambo)
- I-leukemia (uhlobo lomhlaza wegazi oluqala kwiiseli ze-stem zomongo wethambo)
Ndingazigcina njani ii-stem cells zam ziphilile?
Nangona kungekho ndlela iqinisekisiweyo "yokukhulisa" okanye ukuvelisa ii-stem cells ezingaphezulu, njengoko umsebenzi wazo uxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-genetics kunye nobudala, ukwamkela imikhwa esempilweni ngokubanzi kunokuxhasa ngokungathanga ngqo iiseli zomzimba wakho:
- Yitya ukutya okunesondlo: Gxila kwiiproteni ezingenamafutha amaninzi, imifuno emininzi, iziqhamo, kunye neenkozo ezipheleleyo. Ukutya okune-antioxidant eninzi njengeeblueberries, iistrawberry, kunye nemifuno emnyama enamagqabi kunokunceda ukukhusela ekonakaleni kweeseli.
- Kuphephe ukutshaya necuba: Icuba lutshaba oluphambili oluyonakalisa iiseli, lonakalise i-DNA, kwaye lunyusa kakhulu umngcipheko womhlaza.
- Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kotywala: Ngokulandela izikhokelo ze-American Cancer Society, kucetyiswa ukuba amadoda angadluli kwiziselo ezibini ngosuku, kwaye abafazi bangadluli kwisinye.
- Khusela ulusu lwakho: Kuphephe ukuvezwa kakhulu kukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) okuvela elangeni okanye kwiindawo zokuthambisa isikhumba, nto leyo enokonakalisa iiseli zesiqu solusu kwaye ikhokelele kumhlaza.
- Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nemigonyo: Ezinye izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane, ezifana ne-hepatitis, zinokubangela umonakalo kwiiseli ixesha elide.
- Lawula uxinzelelo lwakho: Uxinzelelo olungapheliyo luyingozi kwiiseli zakho. Faka umthambo ofana nokucamngca okanye uphumle ukuze uncede ulawule amanqanaba oxinzelelo.
- Beka ubuthongo obaneleyo kwindawo yokuqala: Ukulala lixesha elibalulekileyo xa umzimba wakho ulungisa iiseli.
Ngaba ndingakwazi ukwandisa ngokwendalo inani leeseli zam ze-stem?
Usenokuba ukhe wafunda ukuba iivithamini ezithile (ezifana ne-D okanye i-B12) okanye izongezo ezithile zinokunyusa inani leeseli zakho ze-stem okanye ziphucule impilo yazo. Ngelixa abaphandi befunda ngokukhutheleyo ezi khonkco, akukaqinisekiswa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukuthatha iivithamini ezithile okanye ukutya ukutya okuthile kuya kwandisa inani leeseli zakho ze-stem. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo kukugcina ukutya okunesondlo kunye nendlela yokuphila enempilo nesebenzayo.
Yintoni eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyithathe?
Njengoko besitshilo, ii-stem cells ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo nebalulekileyo yomzimba wakho. Cinga ukuba nangona umzimba wakho wenziwe ngeetriliyoni zeeseli, ii-stem cells zahlukile kuba zinamandla angaqhelekanga okuziphindaphinda ngokungenasiphelo kwaye zenze iiseli ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo ukulungisa izicubu ezonakeleyo.
Namhlanje, oogqirha sele besebenzisa unyango lwee-stem cell ukulawula kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukunyanga umhlaza wegazi kunye neengxaki zegazi. Abaphandi banethemba lokuba ezi seli ekugqibeleni zinokunceda ekunyangeni—okanye zide zinyange—ezinye izifo ezinzulu, ezifana nesifo sentliziyo, isifo seswekile, isifo sikaParkinson, kunye nokukhubazeka. Uphando kweli candelo luqhubeka ngokukhawuleza.
Ndiyathemba ukuba oku kukunika isiseko esiqinileyo sokuqonda ii-stem cells. Ukuhlala unolwazi ngesayensi yezonyango yenye yezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokulawula impilo yakho. Kaloku, ulwazi lolona khuselo lwakho lubalaseleyo!
