Zithini ezi stem cells? (IiStem Cells) Masifumanise ngokuchanekileyo!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba imizimba yethu yenziwa njani, kwaye ezi seli zizihlaziya njani njengoko sikhula? Imizimba yethu yindalo emangalisayo ngokwenene. Inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yale ndalo ziiseli ze-stem esiza kuthetha ngazo namhlanje, okanye njengoko usenokuba uvile, ``Iiseli ze-Stem``.

Ngoko ke zithini ezi stem cells?

Ngamafutshane, ukuba umzimba wakho sisakhiwo esikhulu, ezi seli ze-stem zifana nesiseko seso sakhiwo. Ezi seli ze-stem zezona ntlobo zeseli kuphela emzimbeni wethu, kwaye zinokwenza ezinye iintlobo zeeseli ezenza imisebenzi ethile. Cinga nje, sinee-trillion zeeseli emzimbeni wethu, kwaye ezi seli ze-stem zinokwenza iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-200 zeeseli ezikhethekileyo. Umzekelo, izinto ezifana neeseli zegazi, iiseli zamathambo. Olunye uhlobo lweseli ye-stem kuqala lwakha umzimba wethu wonke. Emva koko, olunye uhlobo lweseli ye-stem, njengeqela lokulungisa, lwenza ukulungiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba wethu.

Zisebenza njani ezi seli ze-stem?

Zimbini izinto ezenziwa zii-stem cells ezingenakukwazi ukwenziwa zezinye iiseli.

• Into yokuqala kukuba ziyakwazi ukuqhubeka zahlulahlula kwaye zenze iikopi ezifanayo zazo. Iiseli eziqhelekileyo nazo ziyahlukana, kodwa zinobomi obulinganiselweyo. Kodwa iiseli ezisisiseko azinabo, zinokuhlala zizihlaziya.
• Into yesibini kukuba ngabo kuphela abanokwenza iiseli ezikhethekileyo (ezahlulweyo). Oko kukuthi, ukuba isicwili sonakele, banokwenza iiseli ezintsha ukuze zithathe indawo yaso. Eli likhono elibaluleke kakhulu. Nazi imizekelo embalwa:
• Uhlobo olubizwa ngokuba yi-``Hematopoietic stem cells'' (ebizwa ngokuba yi-'he-ma-to-poy-ee-tik'') lunceda ekwenzeni iiseli zethu zegazi (iiseli ezibomvu, iiseli ezimhlophe) kunye neeseli zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela.
• Iiseli zesiseko ze-basal zinceda iiseli zethu zesikhumba , ziyafuneka ekuvuseleleni ulusu nasekuphilisweni kwamanxeba .
• Iiseli ze-Mesenchymal stem (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-'me-sen-ky-mal') zinceda ekwakheni izinto ezifana namathambo, i-cartilage, izihlunu kunye neeseli zamafutha.

Kutheni le nto ezi stem cells zibaluleke kangaka?

Ii-stem cells azibalulekanga nje kuphela ekwakheni nasekugcineni imizimba yethu. Ngaphezu koko, zibalulekile kuphando lwezonyango. Abaphandi bafunda ii-stem cells ngezizathu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:

• Qonda indlela izifo ezikhula ngayo: Abaphandi bakhulisa ii-stem cells ezivela kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu omzimba. Ngokujonga indlela ezi seli ezitshintsha ngayo njengoko zikhula, banokuqonda ngakumbi indlela izifo ezifana nesifo seswekile , isifo sentliziyo , kunye neengxaki zemithambo-luvo eziqala kwaye zikhule ngayo kwinqanaba leeseli.
• Ukufumanisa ukuba ii-stem cells zingasetyenziselwa na ukuthatha indawo yeeseli ezonakeleyo okanye ezingaphilanga kakuhle: Eli lelinye lamathemba amakhulu kwii-stem cells. Abaphandi bahlola indlela ii-stem cells ezingasetyenziswa ngayo ukwahlulahlula zibe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli nokunyanga umonakalo okanye isifo kwinxalenye ethile yomzimba. Khawucinge nje, ngenye imini, ii-stem cells zingasetyenziselwa ukuthatha indawo yesikhumba esonakaliswe kukutsha kakhulu, ukulungisa inxalenye yokwenzakala komqolo, okanye ukunyanga iimeko ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson .
• Vavanya amayeza amatsha kunye nonyango: Abaphandi basebenzisa ii-stem cells ukufumana amayeza anokusebenza ngakumbi kwizifo ezithile. Besebenzisa ii-stem cells eziguqulwe ngokukodwa (umzekelo, ii-cells eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ukuze zibe nesifo esithile), banokufumanisa ukuba ichiza liyasebenza, likhuselekile, kwaye lineziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ngaphambi kokuba balinike abantu kwiimvavanyo zeklinikhi. Oku kunokunciphisa ixesha kunye neendleko zokufumana amayeza amatsha.

Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili zeeseli ze-stem?

Oogqirha bahlulahlula ii-stem cells ngokwemvelaphi yazo okanye umsebenzi wazo. Kodwa uninzi lwabantu mhlawumbi luye lweva ngohlulo olusekelwe kwimvelaphi. Makhe sijonge iintlobo eziphambili:

• Iiseli ze-embryonic (pluripotent): Ezi seli zinamandla amangalisayo okuba naluphi na uhlobo lweseli. Oko kuthetha iiseli zesikhumba, iiseli zentliziyo, iiseli zobuchopho, nantoni na! Igama elithi 'Pluri' lithetha 'ezininzi'. Igama elithi 'Potent' livela kwigama lesiLatini elithetha 'amandla'. Abaphandi bezonyango bafumana ezi seli ze-embryonic stem kwiiseli zegazi lentambo ezinikelweyo okanye kwiiseli ezinikelwe ngeenjongo zophando ngokuchumisa kwi-vitro.

Kubalulekile: Kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiba yokuziphatha exoxwa ngayo kwihlabathi liphela malunga nokuqokelelwa nokusetyenziswa kwezi seli zokuqala ze-embryonic. Ke ngoko, zisetyenziswa ngononophelo olukhulu kwaye kuphela ngokuhambelana nemigaqo engqongqo.

• Iiseli ze-stem ezilungiselelwe izicubu ezithile (ezinamandla amaninzi okanye ezingasebenziyo): Ezi seli zinokwenza iiseli ze-stem ezintsha, kodwa ziiseli ezikhethekileyo kuphela kwizicubu ezihlala kuzo. Oko kukuthi, zikhethekile kancinci. Umzekelo, iiseli ze-stem ezenza igazi kwi-bone marrow yakho zinokwenza iiseli zegazi ezintsha kunye neeplatelets. Kodwa azinakwenza iiseli ze-stem ezintsha kwimiphunga okanye esibindini. Abaphandi bafumana ezi seli kwizicubu ezinikelwe ngabantu abadala (emva kokuzalwa).
• Iiseli ze-stem ezibangela ukwanda okukhulu (iiseli ze-iPS okanye ii-iPSC):Ezi zezinye zezona zinto zimangalisayo ezifunyenweyo kwisayensi yanamhlanje. Ezi ziiseli ze-stem ezenziwa kwilebhu. Zithatha iiseli zabantu abadala eziqhelekileyo (ezifana neeseli zesikhumba) kwaye zitshintshe izakhi zofuzo ukuze zizenze ziziphathe njengeeseli ze-embryonic stem, ezikwaziyo ukuba naluphi na uhlobo lweseli. Ezi seli ``(iPS)`` ziye zanceda ekuphepheni imiba emininzi yokuziphatha evele ngokusetyenziswa kweeseli ze-embryonic stem. Abaphandi bezonyango basebenzisa ezi seli ukufunda indlela ezikhula ngayo izicubu, indlela izifo ezichaphazela ngayo izicubu, kunye nokuvavanya amayeza amatsha kunye nonyango.

Abaphandi basebenza njani ngezi seli eziqalayo?

Le nkqubo idla ngokuqala ngeeseli ze-stem zabantu abadala ezinikelweyo. Okanye, njengeeseli ze-stem ezi-pluripotent esathetha ngazo ngaphambili, ngeeseli eziqhelekileyo. Emva koko, abaphandi bakhulisa izigidi zezi seli kwindawo ekhethekileyo yezakhamzimba kwilebhu. Injongo yabo kukwenza ezi seli zokuqala zibe ziiseli ezikhethekileyo abazifunayo (umz., iiseli zemisipha yentliziyo, iiseli zemithambo-luvo). Basebenzisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali kunye nezinto zokukhula ukwenza oku.

Oogqirha bazisebenzisa njani ii-stem cells ukunyanga izifo?

Oogqirha sele besebenzisa ii-stem cells ngempumelelo ukunyanga ezinye izifo.

• Ukufakelwa kweBone Marrow: Olu lolona hlobo ludumileyo noluphumeleleyo lonyango lwee-stem cell . Oogqirha banokusebenzisa ii-stem cell zabantu abadala ukuthatha indawo yee-stem cells ezonakeleyo okanye ezingaqhelekanga ze-bone marrow. Ezi zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iimeko ezifana nezi:
• Iintlobo zomhlaza wegazi: I-Leukemia, i-multiple myeloma, kunye ne-non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Abantu abanezi zifo badla ngokufuna ukufakelwa iiseli ze-stem emva kokufumana i-chemotherapy ephezulu okanye unyango lwe-radiation ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza kwi-bone mongo yazo.
• Izifo zegazi: Izifo zemfuza ezifana ne-sickle cell anemia kunye ne-thalassemia.
• I-Aplastic Anemia: Imeko apho umongo wethambo ungavelisi iiseli zegazi ezaneleyo.
• Ukuqhekeka kwamathambo kunye nomonakalo we-cartilage: Oogqirha ngamanye amaxesha basebenzisa i-bone grafts, ezenziwe ngee-stem cells ezithathwe kwizicubu ezinikelweyo kunye nezinye izinto, ukunyanga ukuqhekeka kwamathambo. Kwakhona, kuphandwa nge-stem cell injections ukuze kujongwe umonakalo we-cartilage kumalungu afana nedolo.

Ngaba oogqirha baya kuze basebenzise iiseli ze-embryonic stem?

Ewe, ngamanye amaxesha oogqirha basebenzisa ii-stem cells ezivela kwigazi le-cord elinikelweyo ukunyanga iingxaki zegazi, ingakumbi ebantwaneni. Igazi le-cord liqulethe ii-stem cells ezifana nee-embryonic stem cells, kodwa zikhethekile ngakumbi. (Igazi le-cord ligazi elihlala kwi-umbilical cord nakwi-placenta emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe.) Olu nyango, olusetyenziswa negazi le-cord elinikelweyo, lolona nyango lwe-embryonic stem cell oluvunyiweyo yi-U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Ziphi ezi seli ze-stem ezifumaneka emizimbeni yethu?

Unee-stem cells emzimbeni wakho wonke, kodwa izicubu ezahlukeneyo zinee-stem cells ezithile kwezo zicubu. Zifumaneka ikakhulu kumongo wakho wethambo (lo ngumthombo omkhulu), ingqondo, imithambo yegazi, umaleko ongaphantsi kolusu lwakho, izihlunu, isibindi kunye nentliziyo . Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ukhula, inani lee-stem cells kunye nomsebenzi wazo unokuncipha.

Ziziphi izifo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazela ii-stem cells?

Umongo wakho wethambo – izicubu ezithambileyo nezithambileyo ngaphakathi kwamanye amathambo – kulapho kwenziwa khona iiseli ze-stem eziba ziiseli zegazi (iiseli ezibomvu, iiseli ezimhlophe) kunye neeplatelets. Iiseli ezibomvu zegazi zithwala ioksijini kuwo wonke umzimba. Iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi zilwa nosulelo. Iiplatelets zilawula ukopha. Ngoko ke, nantoni na echaphazela umongo wakho wethambo inokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ezi seli ze-stem ezenza igazi. Ezinye zeemeko eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazela iiseli ze-stem ziquka:

• I-Aplastic Anemia
• Iingxaki ze-Myeloproliferative (ezi ziimeko apho iiseli ezikumongo wethambo zivelisa kakhulu)
• I-Lymphoma (umhlaza wenkqubo ye-lymphatic, kodwa inokuchaphazela nomongo wethambo)
• I-leukemia (umhlaza wegazi oqala ngqo kwiiseli ze-stem kumongo wethambo)

Ndingazigcina njani ii-stem cells zam ziphilile?

Akukho ndlela iqinisekisiweyo yokudala nokugcina ii-stem cells ziphilile, njengoko umsebenzi wazo uxhomekeke kakhulu kwizakhi zofuzo kunye nobudala. Nangona kunjalo, ukulandela imikhwa emihle yempilo kunokunceda zonke ii-cells zethu ngokungathanga ngqo, kuquka ii-stem cells:

• Yitya ukutya okunesondlo esifanelekileyo: Faka iproteni engenamafutha amaninzi, imifuno emininzi, iziqhamo, kunye neenkozo ezipheleleyo. Ukutya okutyebileyo kwii-antioxidants (iiblueberries, iistrawberry, imifuno eluhlaza) kunokunceda ukukhusela iiseli ekonakalisweni.
• Kuphephe ukutshaya nokusebenzisa icuba ngokupheleleyo: Icuba lutshaba olukhulu oluyonakalisa iiseli, lonyusa umngcipheko womhlaza, kwaye lonakalise i-DNA.
• Ukuba usela iziselo ezinxilisayo, nciphisa ubungakanani bazo:Izikhokelo ze-American Cancer Society zithi ukuba usela utywala, amadoda akufuneki asele ngaphezulu kweziselo ezibini ngosuku kwaye abafazi akufuneki basele ngaphezu kwesinye ngosuku.
• Khusela ulusu lwakho ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet, nokuba kuselangeni okanye kwiindawo zokuthambisa: Ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kungonakalisa iiseli ze-stem zesikhumba kwaye kubangele umhlaza.
• Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nemigonyo yokukhusela kwiintsholongwane. Ezinye izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane (umz. i-hepatitis) zinokubangela umonakalo ohlala ixesha elide kwiiseli.
• Lawula uxinzelelo lwakho: Uxinzelelo olude luyingozi kwiiseli zomzimba. Unganciphisa uxinzelelo ngezinto ezifana nokuzilolonga, ukucamngca, kunye nokuphumla.
• Lala ngokwaneleyo: Kuxa ulele apho iiseli zomzimba zizilungisa khona.

Ngaba ndingakwazi ukwandisa inani leeseli zam ze-stem ngokwendalo?

Usenokuba ukhe wafunda ukuba ukuthatha iivithamini ezithile (ezifana ne-vitamin D kunye ne-B12) okanye ukuthatha izongezo ezithile kunokuphucula impilo yeeseli ze-stem okanye kwandise inani leeseli ze-stem. Abaphandi basafunda ngolwalamano phakathi kweevithamini ezithile kunye nempilo yeeseli ze-stem. Nangona kunjalo, akukacaci ukuba ukuthatha iivithamini zodwa okanye ukutya ukutya okuthile kunokunyusa inani leeseli ze-stem. Eyona nto ingcono onokuyenza kukutya ukutya okunesondlo kunye nokugcina indlela yokuphila enempilo.

Ngoko ke, yintoni umyalezo esimele siwuthathele ekhaya kweli bali?

Kulungile, ngoko ke ngoko sithethe ngako, kuyacaca ukuba ii-stem cells zimangalisa kwaye zibaluleke kangakanani emizimbeni yethu. Cinga nje, kukho iitriliyoni zeeseli emizimbeni yethu. Phakathi kwazo, ii-stem cells zikhethekile kuba zona zodwa uhlobo lweeseli olunokwenza iikopi zazo ngokungenasiphelo kwaye lwenze iiseli ezikhethekileyo ezinokulungisa iiseli ezonakeleyo.

Oogqirha sele besebenzisa unyango lwee-stem cell ukulawula nokunyanga izifo ezifana nomhlaza wegazi kunye neengxaki zegazi. Abaphandi bezonyango bakholelwa ukuba ezi stem cells zinamandla okunyanga kwaye mhlawumbi zinyange ezinye izifo ezininzi ezinzulu (umz., isifo sentliziyo, isifo seswekile, isifo sikaParkinson, ukukhubazeka). Ngoko ke uphando kweli candelo luyaqhubeka, kwaye ngesantya esiphezulu.

Ngoko ke, ndiyathemba ukuba ufumene ulwazi olusisiseko ngee-stem cells. Ukwazi isayensi yezonyango efana nale kusinceda sicinge ngakumbi ngempilo yethu, akunjalo? Kuba, ulwazi lolona khuselo lubalaseleyo!