Ngaba nawe unengxaki yokuthetha nokuqonda? Ngaba yi-aphasia?

Ngaba unokuyithelekelela into yokuba bekuya kuba njani ukuba ngequbuliso ubungakwazi ukuthetha, ukuqonda oko kuthethwa ngabanye, ukufunda, okanye ukubhala? Kufana nokulahleka kwilizwe lasemzini kwaye ungaluqondi ulwimi. Ngamanye amaxesha asikwazi nokucela iglasi yamanzi, ukuqonda oko kuthethwa ngumhlobo, okanye ukuthi, "Owu, ndinengxaki." Yiyo loo nto i-aphasia. Isenokuvakala isoyikisa, kodwa masithethe ngayo ngokweenkcukacha.

Yintoni iAphasia? Masiyiqonde ngokulula

Ngamafutshane, i-aphasia yimeko apho inxalenye yengqondo yakho elawula ulwimi yonakele, ichaphazela amandla akho okunxibelelana nabanye, oko kukuthi, ukuthetha, ukumamela, ukufunda nokubhala. Oku akuchaphazeli ubukrelekrele . Ubukrelekrele bakho busenokuba buphelele, kodwa kukusebenzisa ulwimi okuphazamisekileyo.

Le meko idla ngokubonakala emva kwestroke. Inokubangelwa zezinye iimeko zonyango eziphazamisa ukusebenza kwengqondo. Ngamanye amaxesha, i-aphasia ebangelwa yinto yexeshana, njenge-migraine, iya kuphucuka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, i-aphasia ebangelwa kukwenzakala okukhulu entloko, njengokwenzakala kwengqondo okubuhlungu, inokuhlala ixesha elide.

Kodwa akukho nto inokubangela ixhala. Kukho unyango loku. Kukho unyango olunokukunceda unxibelelane kwakhona kwaye uqonde iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwimi.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-aphasia?

Ewe, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-aphasia. Ukuchaneka, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezaziwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo, njenge-anomic aphasia, i-Broca's aphasia, kunye ne-Wernicke's aphasia. Iimpawu zohlobo ngalunye zinokwahluka kancinci. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili kukuba zinxulumene nolwimi. Ugqirha uza kukuxelela ngqo ukuba loluphi uhlobo onalo.

Ixhaphake kangakanani le meko?

Xa sithetha ngendlela oku kuxhaphake ngayo oku, ngokwezibalo ezivela kwilizwe elifana neMelika, kuthiwa phantse abantu abangamakhulu amabini amawaka bafunyanwa benale meko minyaka le. Oko kuthetha ukuba le meko inokuchaphazela umntu omnye kubantu abangamakhulu amabini anamashumi asixhenxe anesibini. Kukho abantu abanale meko eSri Lanka, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele oku.

Zithini iimpawu ze-aphasia?

Kulungile, ngoku makhe sijonge iimpawu ze-aphasia. Njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili, iimpawu zinokwahluka kancinci ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-aphasia onayo. Kodwa, rhoqo, uza kubona izinto ezinje:

Ubunzima bokufumana nokusebenzisa amagama xa uthetha (Ulwimi olucacileyo)

Nantsi into eyenzekayo:

• Kunzima ukufumana amagama afanelekileyo. Xa ufuna ukuthetha into esengqondweni yakho, amagama awafiki. Mhlawumbi ufuna ukuthi "amanzi," kodwa awukwazi ukukhumbula igama elo.
• Amagama angalunganga ayabizwa. Ngamanye amaxesha igama linokutshintshwa ligama elingadibaniyo. Njengokuthi "jonga" uze uthi "yitya".
• Oonobumba abakwigama bayajikwa baze baphinyiselwe. Umzekelo, igama elithi "koppe" linokubizwa ngokuthi "pokkae".
• Amagama amatsha, amagama angenantsingiselo, anokwakheka.
• Amagama okanye amabinzana asetyenziswa rhoqo aphindaphindwa rhoqo.
• Ungathetha ngamagama elinye endaweni yezivakalisi ezipheleleyo. Umzekelo, endaweni yokuthi "Ndifuna amanzi," ungathi "Amanzi...amanzi...".

Ubunzima bokuqonda oko kuthethwa ngabanye (Ukuqonda ulwimi)

Oku kukwayinto eyenzekayo kubantu abaninzi:

• Xa ubiza igama lento ethile , usenokungayiqondi kwangoko ukuba yintoni na. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu uthi "ikama," kuya kufuneka uqikelele ukuba yintoni na.
• Kunzima ukuqonda intsingiselo echanekileyo yamagama.
• Kunzima ukulandela imiyalelo yomntu. Ukuba umntu uthi, "Hamba uye kuvala ucango," kunokuba nzima ukuyiqonda nokuyenza.
• Andikwazi ukuqonda iinkcukacha zento ethethwayo ngexesha lencoko.
• Kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda xa abantu abangaphezu komnye bethetha ngaxeshanye.
• Kusenokungabi lula ukuqonda amahlaya kunye neentlekisa ezinjalo.

Imingeni Ekufundeni Nasekubhaleni

Imibuzo ingavela kweli cala:

• Kunzima ukuqonda okubhaliweyo (ebhodini, kwikhompyutha, ezincwadini).
• Kunzima ukupela amagama ngokuchanekileyo nokwenza izivakalisi.
• Iingxaki zingavela xa kusetyenziswa amanani. Umzekelo, xa kubalwa, kubalwa imali, okanye xa kubalwa ixesha.

Khawucinge nje, unezinto ezininzi onokuzithetha engqondweni yakho, kodwa kukho into ephuma emlonyeni wakho, okanye amazwi adideke. Awuqondi ukuba abanye abantu bathini. Hayi indlela oku okuvakala kungenakukunceda ngayo.

Kutheni i-aphasia isenzeka?

Kutheni ke ngoko i-aphasia isenzeka? Isizathu esiphambili kukonakala kwamaziko olwimi engqondweni yakho. Kukho izizathu ezininzi eziphambili zokuba oku kwenzeke:

• Istroke: Le yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo. Xa ukuhamba kwegazi ukuya ebuchotsheni kunqanyulwa okanye kukho ukopha ngaphakathi ebuchotsheni, iiseli zengqondo ziyafa. Oku kungonakalisa amaziko olwimi.
• Ukulimala kobuchopho okubangela iTrauma (TBI): Ukubethwa kakhulu entloko, njengakwingozi, kungonakalisa ingqondo kwaye kubangele i-aphasia.
• Ithumba lobuchopho: Xa ithumba lenzeka ngaphakathi kwengqondo, linokucinezela kwaye lonakalise amaziko olwimi.
• Usulelo lobuchopho: Ezinye izifo ezibangelwa yibhaktiriya kunye neentsholongwane zinokuhamba ziye engqondweni zize zenze umonakalo.
• Ukudumba kobuchopho: Ukudumba kwengqondo kunokubangelwa ziimeko zokudumba.
• Iimeko ze-neurological eziqhubekayo:Umzekelo, iimpawu ze-aphasia zinokubonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha kwiimeko ezifana ne-dementia kunye nesifo se-Alzheimer.

Ukongeza, nantoni na eyonakalisa ingqondo okanye ephazamisa ukusebenza kwengqondo inokubangela i-aphasia. Nazi ezinye imizekelo embalwa:

• Ii-Aneurysms - Oku kuthetha ukuba imithambo yegazi ebuchotsheni iyabuthathaka kwaye idumbe njengebhaluni.
• Utyando lobuchopho
• Ukungabikho komoya-mpilo engqondweni - Oku kuthetha ukunqongophala komoya-mpilo engqondweni.
• Ukubetheka kwentloko - Imeko yexeshana eyenzeka xa intloko ibethekile.
• Iimeko zokuzalwa - oko kukuthi, ezinye iimeko ezikhoyo ekuzalweni.
• Isifo sokuwa
• Izifo zemfuza ezifana nesifo sikaWilson.
• Iintloko ezibuhlungu - Abanye abantu banokufumana iimpawu zexeshana ze-aphasia kunye neentloko ezibuhlungu.
• Unyango ngemitha okanye i-chemotherapy yomhlaza.
• Iityhefu kunye neetyhefu - umzekelo, ityhefu ye-carbon monoxide okanye ityhefu yesinyithi esinzima.
• Uhlaselo lwe-ischemic olukhawulezileyo (ii-TIA) - olukwabizwa ngokuba yi-'mini strokes'.

Oku kuchaphazela phi kanye kanye engqondweni?

Ngoku usenokuba uyazibuza, oku kuchaphazeleka phi kanye kanye engqondweni? Uhlobo lwe-aphasia onayo luxhomekeke kwinxalenye ethile yengqondo eyonakeleyo. Kukho iindawo ezimbini eziphambili zengqondo yethu ezibandakanyeka kulwimi:

• Indawo yeBroca: Le ikwinxalenye engaphambili yobuchopho bakho, i-frontal lobe. Ngokuchanekileyo, kwicala lasekhohlo, phambi kwendlebe. Yile nto ilawula izihlunu esizisebenzisayo xa sithetha.
• Indawo kaWernicke: Le ikwicala lobuchopho, kwi-temporal lobe. Kodwa kwicala lasekhohlo, ngaphezulu nje kwendlebe. Kulapho uqonda khona amagama kwaye ukhethe amagama afanelekileyo oza kuwasebenzisa xa uthetha.

Ezi nxalenye zimbini zisebenza kunye ukuze sithethe. Khawuthelekelele, indawo kaWernicke iyaqonda amagama, ikhethe amagama ekufuneka iwathethe, ize ithumele loo miqondiso kwindawo kaBroca. Indawo kaBroca ithumela imiqondiso kwizihlunu ukuze ithethe loo mazwi. Ngamafutshane, yiloo nto eyenzekayo.

Ngubani osengozini enkulu yokuphuhlisa oku?

I-Aphasia inokuchaphazela nabani na wanoma yimuphi ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwama-65 ubudala, ingakumbi emva kokwenzakala engqondweni okufana nestroke. I-Aphasia inokwenzeka ngequbuliso emva kweziganeko ezinjalo.

Ezinye iingxaki ezinokwenzeka ngenxa ye-aphasia

I-Aphasia inokubangela ezinye iingxaki xa ungakwazi ukuxelela abanye izinto ozifunayo neemfuno zakho. Khawucinge nje, kuthekani ukuba ubungenakukwazi ukuthi ulambile, udiniwe, ufuna uncedo, okanye kukho into engalunganga? Oku kunokukhokelela kwizinto ezifana nezi:

• Ukukhungatheka
• Umsindo ( ngamanye amaxesha unobundlobongela)
• Ubulolo, Ukuzahlula
• Uxinzelelo

Le meko ayichaphazeli nje kuphela isigulana. Ngenxa yolwimi olunzima, abantu abanyamekela abantu abagulayo banokuziva bedanile kwaye bebuhlungu ngenxa yokungakwazi ukunxibelelana kakuhle nomntu abamthandayo. Kungoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba amalungu osapho akuqonde oku aze abe nomonde.

Ifunyaniswa njani le meko ye-aphasia?

Kulungile, ngoko ke uyifumanisa njani i-aphasia? Ugqirha uya kuqinisekisa oku emva kovavanyo lomzimba kunye nezinye iimvavanyo ezininzi.

Ngexesha lovavanyo, ugqirha uza kukubuza imibuzo malunga nembali yakho yempilo kunye neempawu. Usenokuba nobunzima bokuphendula le mibuzo okanye ukuqonda into ebuzwa ngugqirha. Kungoko ke, kuyanceda kakhulu ukuba nomntu okhathalelayo okanye ilungu losapho. Banokukuchazela iinkcukacha ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Ukuba ugqirha wakho urhanela ukuba une-aphasia, uza kukuthumela kwi-Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP). I-speech-language pathologist iza kwenza uvavanyo olupheleleyo lokukwazi kwakho ukuqonda ulwimi (ukuphulaphula), ukuthetha nokuzibandakanya kwincoko, ukuziveza, nokufunda nokubhala. Oku kuya kunceda ekumiseleni ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwe-aphasia onalo.

Ukongeza, ugqirha uya kuqwalasela ezi zinto zilandelayo ukuze enze uxilongo olupheleleyo:

• Ubuchule bokuthetha: Ngaba uthetha kakuhle nangokulula? Ngaba isantya sakho sokuthetha, ithoni, indlela obiza ngayo amagama, kunye negrama zichanekile? Ngaba ungabhala ngaphandle kobunzima?
• Ukuqonda: Ngaba uyayiqonda into ethethwa ngabanye abantu? Ngaba izivakalisi namabinzana owathethayo ayavakala? Ngaba uyakwazi ukufunda nokuqonda amagama abhaliweyo?
• Ukuphindaphinda: Ngaba unengxaki yokuphinda amagama, amabinzana, okanye izivakalisi ezipheleleyo?

Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezenziwayo koku?

Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ukuze kufunyanwe i-aphasia okanye asuse ezinye iimeko ezineempawu ezifanayo. Ezi mvavanyo zinokunceda ekumiseleni unyango olufanelekileyo.

Olu vavanyo lungabandakanya:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi
• Iskeni ye-CT (i-CT - iskeni ye-computed tomography)
• I-EEG (i-Electroencephalogram - i-EEG) - Uvavanyo olulinganisa umsebenzi wombane wengqondo.
• I-Electromyogram- Eyokujonga ukusebenza kwemisipha.
• Uvavanyo lwe-Evoked potentials - Uvavanyo olujonga iimpendulo zenkqubo yemithambo-luvo.
• Iskeni se-MRI (i-MRI - iskeni ye-magnetic resonance imaging)
• Iskeni yePET (iPositron emission tomography - iskeni yePET)

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango lwe-aphasia?

Ukulawula iimpawu ze-aphasia, ugqirha wakho uya kuqala azame ukunyanga unobangela oyintloko. Umzekelo, ukuba ukhe waba nestroke, ukubuyisela ukuhamba kwegazi kwindawo echaphazelekayo yengqondo ngokukhawuleza kunokunciphisa okanye kuthintele umonakalo osisigxina. Njengoko uphila, kwaye njengoko ingqondo yakho iphola, i-aphasia yakho iya kuphucuka.

I-Aphasia ebangelwa zizizathu zexeshana, ezinje ngokuxhuzula okanye iintloko ezibuhlungu, isenokungafuni unyango kwaye iya kuphucuka ngokwayo.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ingqondo yakho yonakele ixesha elide okanye yonakele ngonaphakade, unyango lokuthetha lunokunceda ukuphucula izakhono zakho zolwimi. Unyango lokuthetha lubandakanya ukwakha kwakhona okanye ukufunda kwakhona amandla akho okuqonda ulwimi kunye nokufundisa izakhono zokuziqhelanisa neempawu ezithile. Unyango lokuthetha lunokubandakanya abanakekeli bakho kunye namalungu osapho. Ngale ndlela, banokufunda indlela engcono yokunxibelelana nawe kunye nendlela yokukunceda.

Ngaba unyangwa ngamayeza?

Ngokuxhomekeke kwisizathu se-aphasia yakho, amayeza athile angasetyenziswa njengonyango. La mayeza ahluka kakhulu. Ugqirha wakho uza kuthetha nawe malunga neendlela zonyango ezifanelekileyo kuwe. Baza kuqwalasela nezinye izinto, ezifana neemeko zempilo yakho kunye nezinto ozikhethayo, xa besenza isigqibo ngonyango.

Ndiza kuziva bhetele nini emva konyango?

Ixesha elithathayo ukuchacha kwi-aphasia lixhomekeke kwisizathu, ubukhali bayo, kunye neendlela zonyango ezikhoyo. Ugqirha wakho angakuxelela ngcono ngexesha lakho lokuchacha. Abanye abantu bachacha ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa abanye bangathatha ixesha elide. Umonde nomzamo zibalulekile.

Iyintoni imbonakalo ye-aphasia?

Kwezinye iimeko, i-aphasia iba yesikhashana kwaye iba ngcono ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, kwabanye, ukuba kukho umonakalo osisigxina kumaziko olwimi ebuchotsheni, i-aphasia inokuba yimeko yobomi bonke. Nangona unyango lokuthetha lunokunciphisa iimpawu ze-aphasia, lusenokungakwazi ukuguqula ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zale meko.

Imbonakalo ye-aphasia ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka impilo yakho ngokubanzi kunye nesizathu seempawu zakho. Ugqirha wakho uza kukuxelela okungakumbi ngembonakalo yakho ngokusekelwe kwimeko yakho.

Ngaba i-aphasia ingathintelwa?

I-Aphasia yinto enokuthi yenzeke ngequbuliso nangokungalindelekanga, ngoko ke akunakwenzeka ukuyithintela. Nangona kunjalo,Ungazama ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana izifo ezinokubangela oku. Nazi ezinye izinto onokuzenza:

• Yitya ukutya okunesondlo kwaye uzilolonge rhoqo: Iimeko ezininzi ezibangela i-aphasia zinxulumene neengxaki zenkqubo yakho yokujikeleza kwegazi kunye nempilo yentliziyo, ngoko ke ukunyamekela impilo yakho iyonke linyathelo lokuqala elifanelekileyo.
• Musa ukungazinanzi iintsholongwane: Iintsholongwane zamehlo neendlebe kufuneka zinyangwe ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba ezi ntsholongwane zisasazeka ziye engqondweni, zinokuba yingozi, zide zibulale. Ezinye iintsholongwane zingonakalisa ingqondo kwaye zibangele i-aphasia.
• Nxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela: Ukwenzakala entloko kungonakalisa ingqondo. Nokuba usebenza okanye wenza umsebenzi wakho, ukunxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela kunokunceda ekuthinteleni ukwenzakala okunokubangela i-aphasia. Umzekelo, iintloko kunye neebhanti zesihlalo ezimotweni.
• Ukulawula iimeko zempilo ezikhoyo: Ukuba unezigulo ezihlala ixesha elide ezifana nesifo seswekile kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu, ukuzilawula ngokufanelekileyo kunokunceda ukuthintela iingxaki ezinokwenzakalisa ingqondo kwaye zikhokelele kwi-aphasia.

Ndingazinyamekela njani xa ndine-aphasia?

I-Aphasia ingenza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla ibe nzima kancinci, kodwa akufuneki ikuthintele ekubeni uphile ubomi bakho ngokupheleleyo. Nazi ezinye iindlela onokuzinyamekela ngazo:

• Bona ugqirha wakho rhoqo.
• Landela isicwangciso sakho sonyango ngokuchanekileyo.
• Fumana amaqela enkxaso. Ungafunda lukhulu kwaye ufumane intuthuzelo kwiindawo apho kukho abantu abafana nawe.
• Fumana ezinye iindlela zokunxibelelana, zama ubuchwepheshe obutsha ukuba bukhona. Mhlawumbi izinto ezifana nemifanekiso, ukubhala, okanye izimbo zomzimba zinokunceda.
• Soloko uphatha ikhadi lokuzazisa ukuze abanye bazi ukuba une-aphasia.

Ugqirha wakho uza kukunika iingcebiso ezongezelelweyo eziphathelele imeko yakho.

Ufanele uye nini kugqirha? Ufanele uye nini kwigumbi longxamiseko?

Ukuba uziva ngathi iimpawu ze-aphasia ziya zisiba mandundu kancinci kancinci, kuya kufuneka ubone ugqirha ngokukhawuleza. Kwakhona, ukuba iimpawu zakho ze-aphasia ziya zisiba mandundu ngokuhamba kwexesha, thetha nogqirha wakho ngaloo nto.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iimpawu ze-aphasia zibonakala ngequbuliso, kufuneka ufune unyango olungxamisekileyo ngoko nangoko. Iimpawu ze-aphasia ezivele ngequbuliso, ngaphandle kwesilumkiso, zinokuba luphawu lwestroke, umzekelo. Kufuneka utsalele umnxeba ku-1990 (okanye inombolo yakho yongxamiseko yasekuhlaleni) ngoko nangoko.

Kwakhona, ukuba wena okanye umntu osondeleyo kuwe uneempawu ezilandelayo zestroke (nokuba une-aphasia okanye awunayo), funa uncedo ngokukhawuleza:

• Ubuthathaka, ukuba ndindisholo, okanye ukukhubazeka kwelinye icala lomzimba.
• Ibali liyadida okanye lingacaci.
• Ukuwa kwelinye icala lobuso okanye ukuphelelwa liliso linye.
• Ubunzima bokuginya.
• Ukudideka, ukungazinzi, okanye ukuphazamiseka.
• Ubunzima bokugxila, ukucinga, okanye ukukhumbula.
• Intloko ebuhlungu ngequbuliso eyenza kube nzima ukwenza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo.

Ezinye iimeko ezifana ne-aphasia

Kukho ezinye iimeko ezininzi ezifana, okanye ezibonakala zifana, ne-aphasia. Nangona kunjalo, ezi meko zinezizathu ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu. Ezinye zezi meko ziquka:

• I-Alexia (ukungaboni amagama) kunye ne-agraphia (ukungakwazi ukubhala): Ukonakala kweendawo zengqondo yakho ezilawula intetho kunokuchaphazela nokukwazi kwakho ukufunda nokubhala. Usenokubona amagama kodwa ungakwazi ukuwaqonda okanye ukuwafunda. Abantu abane-agraphia balahlekelwa kukwazi ukubhala. Zombini zinokwenzeka kunye, kodwa oku kunqabile kakhulu.
• I-Auditory verbal agnosia: Oku kwenzeka xa usiva abanye abantu bethetha kwaye ungakwazi ukuqonda into abayithethayo. Oku kwenzeka xa kukho ukuphazamiseka kwindawo yengqondo esebenza izandi okanye ulwimi oluthethwayo.

Ukufunyanwa une-aphasia kunokuba ngamava othusayo nacaphukisayo. Ngequbuliso kuya kufuneka uphinde ufunde izakhono zolwimi obuzisebenzisa kakuhle. Mhlawumbi emva kwestroke okanye ukwenzakala engqondweni, unokufumana kunzima ukuya kwiklabhu yakho yencwadi yenyanga okanye ukunika intetho emsebenzini. Oku kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwimpilo yakho yengqondo kunye nokukwazi kwakho ukuncokola nabantu.

I-Aphasia ngamanye amaxesha inokuba ngcono ngokwayo, kodwa inokuba yimeko ehlala ihleli. Kodwa into ebalulekileyo kukuba oogqirha bakho banokukunceda uqhelane, ufunde iindlela ezintsha zokunxibelelana nabanye, kwaye wakhe kwakhona ubudlelwane.

Okokugqibela, khumbula oku (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, masishwankathele ezinye zezinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule koko sithethe ngako.

• I-Aphasia ayichaphazeli ubukrelekrele, kodwa ichaphazela ubuchule bokusebenzisa ulwimi.
• Oku kunokubangelwa zizizathu ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngestroke, ukwenzakala engqondweni, iithumba, kunye nosulelo .
• Iimpawu eziphambili kukuthetha nzima, ukuqonda, ukufunda nokubhala.
• Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna ingcebiso kagqirha ngokukhawuleza, ingakumbi ukuba iimpawu zivele ngequbuliso, kuba oko kungaba luphawu lwestroke.
• Unyango lokuthetha luluncedo kakhulu. Kwakhona, inkxaso yosapho ibaluleke kakhulu.
• Nangona le meko inzima ukuyinyamezela, musa ukuphelelwa lithemba.Fumana uncedo, fumana iindlela ezintsha zokunxibelelana, zama ukuhlala unethemba. Awuwedwa.

I- Aphasia, ubunzima bokuthetha, iingxaki zolwimi, umonakalo wobuchopho, istroke, unyango lokuthetha, iingxaki zonxibelelwano