Yintoni i-Apoptosis? Yindlela entle kakhulu yokuba iiseli emzimbeni wethu zife!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwiiseli emizimbeni yethu, ingakumbi xa ziguga okanye zonakele? Enyanisweni, imizimba yethu inamandla amangalisayo okuzibona ezi seli nokuzisusa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yi-apoptosis . Ngamafutshane, le yinkqubo yokufa kweeseli ecwangciswa kwaye ilawulwa ngumzimba, efana 'nokufa kweeseli okucwangcisiweyo'.

Kutheni le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis ibaluleke kangaka kuthi?

Khawucinge nje, ezinye iiseli emzimbeni wethu ziyaguga, okanye i-DNA yazo yonakala. Ukuba ezi seli ziyaqhubeka zikhona emzimbeni, zinokuqhubeka zihlukana kwaye ziphindaphindeka ngendlela engalawulekiyo, zibangele izifo eziyingozi njengomhlaza. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis isinceda ukuthintela ezo ngozi.

Oku kufana nokulahla ifenitshala endala, ephukileyo endlwini. Njengokuba ukuba nefenitshala enjalo kunokubangela ingxolo endlwini, ukuba nezi seli zonakalisweyo emzimbeni wethu kunokubangela iingxaki. Ngoko ke, i-apoptosis yinto ebalulekileyo enceda ukugcina imizimba yethu isempilweni.

Kodwa, yonke into kufuneka ihambe ngokwesicwangciso. Ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle kule nkqubo ye-apoptosis, nokuba ziiseli ezininzi ezifayo okanye ukuba iiseli ekufanele ukuba ziyafa azifi, oko kunokubangela iingxaki.

• Ukuba i-apoptosis igqithisile, inokutshabalalisa iiseli ezisempilweni ezifunekayo emzimbeni wethu. Umzekelo, le meko ibonwa kwizifo ezifana nesifo sika-Alzheimer.
• Ukuba i-apoptosis ayiveli kakuhle (iyancitshiswa): Iiseli ezonakeleyo neziphukileyo zihlala emzimbeni, apho ziqala khona ukwahlukana nokwanda ngokungalawulekiyo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwizifo ezifana nomhlaza.

Usenokuba nomdla wokufunda nge-apoptosis kuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo ufunyaniswe enayo. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuzibuza ukuba ezi nkqubo zincinci ngaphakathi kweeseli ezinokubonwa kuphela ngemakroskopu zinokunxulumana njani neempawu esizifumanayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda i-apoptosis kunokukunceda uqonde 'isizathu' emva kokuxilongwa kwakho. Olu lwazi lunokukunceda uthethe nogqirha wakho malunga nemeko yakho kunye neendlela zonyango.

Kwenzeka ntoni nge-apoptosis? Iyintoni injongo yayo?

I-Apoptosis yinkqubo ebalulekileyo emizimbeni yethu. Iqala nangaphambi kokuba sizalwe. Cinga ngayo, xa umntwana ongekazalwa ekhula esibelekweni, umzekelo, ukuze iminwe yakheke kakuhle, ezinye iiseli eziphakathi kufuneka zife ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Yiloo nto i-apoptosis inceda ngayo.

Kwanasemva kokuba sizelwe, i-apoptosis yenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

• Iiseli ezindala zomzimba wethu kunye nezicubu kufuneka zitshintshwe rhoqo ngezintsha. I-Apoptosis iyanceda koku.
• Inceda amajoni ethu omzimba ukuba alwe nezifo ezahlukeneyo.
• Yonakele,Iiseli ezingenakukwazi ukuphinda zivuselelwe ziyasuswa emzimbeni.
• Ithintela iiseli ezonakeleyo ukuba zingaphindaphindani ngokungalawulekiyo.
• Inceda ukugcina ibhalansi (`(Homeostasis)`) kwizicwili zomzimba.

Isebenza njani le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis?

Le yinkqubo enzima, kodwa ngokulula, yenzeka ngolu hlobo. Ezinye iiproteni ezikhethekileyo emizimbeni yethu ziqala le nkqubo ye-apoptosis. Umzekelo yiproteni ebizwa ngokuba yi-`(p53 protein).` Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi -`tumor suppressor protein'' kuba kunceda ekuthinteleni iiseli ukuba zingahlukani ngokungalawulekiyo, njengeeseli zomhlaza.

Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo iprotheyini ethi `p53`:

1. Okokuqala, le protein ivuselela "iigenes" ezigcina ulwazi emzimbeni wethu, kwaye izama ukulungisa iiseli ezine "DNA" eyonakeleyo.

2. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umonakalo mkhulu kakhulu ukuba ungalungiswa, loo protein ayizukuvumela loo seli ukuba yahlukane okanye iphindaphindeke.

3. Endaweni yoko, loo protein ithumela umyalezo othi, "Kulungile, ngoku le seli kufuneka iqalise inkqubo ye-apoptosis."

Xa i-apoptosis iqala, kwenzeka utshintsho oluninzi lweekhemikhali, kwaye iseli iyaqhekeka ibe ziingceba ezincinci. Emva koko, iseli efayo ithumela isignali kwezinye iiseli ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes (uhlobo lweseli emhlophe yegazi, njengabaqokeleli benkunkuma emzimbeni wethu), isithi, "Yiza utye ezi ziqwenga zam." Kwangaxeshanye, iseli efayo ithumela isignali kwizicubu ezingqongileyo ezinceda ekunciphiseni ukudumba nokuphola ngokukhawuleza. Icocekile, akunjalo?

Ngaba i-apoptosis egqithisileyo iyingozi?

Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo. Ukuba i-apoptosis isenzeka kakhulu, iiseli ezisempilweni ezifunwa ngumzimba wethu nazo zinokufa. Oku kufa kweeseli okugqithisileyo kunxulunyaniswa nophuhliso lwezifo ezininzi. Ezinye zezi zifo ziquka:

• `(Isifo sika-Alzheimer)` (Isifo sika-Alzheimer)
• `(Isifo sikaHuntington)` (Isifo sikaHuntington)
• `(Isifo se-ALS)` (i-Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
• `(Isifo sikaParkinson)` (Isifo sikaParkinson)
• `(AIDS)` (AIDS)
• I-ulcerative colitis
• `(Isifo samathambo esibizwa ngokuba yi-rheumatoid arthritis)` (Isifo samathambo esibizwa ngokuba yi-rheumatoid arthritis)

Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iimpawu zivela ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kweeseli ezifunekayo emzimbeni.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba i-apoptosis ayibonakali kakuhle (iyancipha)?

Njengoko besikhe sathetha ngaphambili, i-apoptosis ibalulekile ekususeni iiseli ezonakeleyo, okanye ekumiseni ukukhula kweeseli okungalawulekiyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba oku akwenzeki kakuhle, oko kukuthi , ukuba i-apoptosis ayifumaneki ngokwaneleyo, ezo seli zimbi, ezonakeleyo ziya kuhlala emzimbeni zize ziqale ukwahlukana nokwanda ngokungalawulekiyo.

Oku kufana nokhula. Ukuba alulawulwa kakuhle, luya kusasazeka ngokukhawuleza lutshabalalise yonke igadi.

Oku kwanda okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kukhokelela kumhlaza kunye neengxaki zokuzikhusela komzimba.Iingxaki zempilo ezinzulu zinokwenzeka.

Iyintoni indima ye-apoptosis ekunyangeni izifo?

Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba utshintsho kwinkqubo ye-apoptosis lubandakanyeka ekuphuhlisweni kwezinye izifo. Ngoko ke ngoku bafuna amayeza anokuthintela i-apoptosis xa igqithisile, okanye ayivuselele xa ifuneka .

Khawucinge nje, ngamanye amaxesha ezinye iiproteni emzimbeni wethu ziyayimisa i-apoptosis xa kufanele yenzeke. Emva koko iiseli ezonakeleyo zinokuhlala zikhula zibe ziithumba ezinomhlaza. Abaphandi bafuna amayeza anokuthintela ukusebenza kwezi proteni. Emva koko i-apoptosis inokwenzeka ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ezo seli zimbi ziyatshatyalaliswa.

Kukho nezinye iimeko apho sifuna ukucothisa inkqubo ye-apoptosis kancinci ukuze sikwazi ukuthintela iiseli eziphilileyo esizifunayo ukuba zingafi.

Unyango olulawula i-apoptosis ngale ndlela lunokunceda ukulawula izifo ezininzi kwixesha elizayo. Ugqirha wakho angakuxelela okungakumbi ngale nto.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-apoptosis kunye ne-necrosis?

Njenge-apoptosis, i-necrosis yenye inkqubo apho iiseli zifa khona. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwezi zimbini kukuba i-apoptosis isinceda siphuhle kwanangaphambi kokuba sizalwe, ngexesha lesigaba sokuzalwa (uyakhumbula ezo zakhiwo zifana neminwe?). Nangona kunjalo, i-necrosis ayinxulumananga nophuhliso lokuzalwa. Ihlala isenzeka emva kokuba sizalwe, xa iiseli zonakaliswa zizifo ezahlukeneyo, ukwenzakala, iityhefu, njl.njl.

Abaphandi babecinga ukuba i-apoptosis kunye ne-necrosis ziinkqubo ezimbini ezichasene ngokupheleleyo. Babecinga ukuba i-apoptosis kukufa kweseli okucwangcisiweyo, okucwangcisiweyo, kwaye i-necrosis kukufa kweseli okungacwangciswanga, okungacwangciswanga . Oko kuyinyani ngandlela thile. Kwi-necrosis, umxholo weseli efayo uyaphuma, usasazeke kwizicubu ezijikelezileyo, kwaye unokubangela ukudumba. Yinkqubo "engalawulekiyo". Kodwa kwi-apoptosis, iiseli ziyafa ngaphandle kokuchitha umxholo wazo. Endaweni yoko, iziqwenga zeseli zipakishwa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, kwaye iiseli ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes ziyangena zize zizitye.

Nangona kunjalo, uphando olutsha lufumanise ukuba kukho ukufana okuthile phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini. Ezinye iintlobo ze-necrosis, ezifana ne-apoptosis, zifunyenwe zi-necrosis ecwangcisiweyo (okanye elawulwayo). Imizekelo ibandakanya i-necroptosis kunye ne-pyroptosis . Ngamanye amaxesha, xa i-apoptosis ingaphumeleli, umzimba usebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-necroptosis ukususa iiseli ezingafunekiyo okanye eziyingozi. Ngoko ke, ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo zokufa kweeseli zisebenza kunye ukunceda ukukhusela imizimba yethu.

Igama elithi `Apoptosis` libizwa njani?

Zimbini iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokubiza igama elithi `Apoptosis`. Enye ithi `App-up-toe-sis` kwaye enye ithi `App-uh-toe-sis`, nto leyo ethetha ukuba akukho sandi sesibini `p`. Ungabuza ugqirha wakho ngale nto, okanye naliphi na elinye igama elinxulumene nempilo yakho. Ayisiyonto inkulu, into ebalulekileyo kukuqonda le ngcamango.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

I-Apoptosis yinkqubo engabonakaliyo, kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu eyenzeka ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu yonke imihla ukuze isigcine siphilile kwaye sisempilweni. Oku kufa kweeseli okucwangcisiweyo akugcini nje ngokuxhasa impilo yethu kodwa kunceda nokuthintela izifo.

Ukuba ufunyaniswe une-apoptosis, thetha nogqirha wakho ngayo ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda kakuhle imeko, indlela ekuchukumisa ngayo, kunye nonyango olunokwenzeka.

Khumbula, ukwazi izinto ezinje kuya kukunceda kakhulu xa usenza izigqibo malunga nempilo yakho.

I- Apoptosis, ukufa kweeseli, ukufa kweeseli okucwangcisiweyo, ukusebenza komzimba, impilo, isifo, umhlaza