Ngaba umntwana wakho unengxaki yokunxibelelana nabanye nokuthetha? Ngaba unengxaki yokujonga emehlweni? Okanye ngamanye amaxesha uyakhala ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo, okanye aziphathe ngendlela engaqhelekanga? Ukuba umntwana wakho unemeko yokukhula efana ne-autism, mhlawumbi uyazi ukuba ezi ndlela zokuziphatha zinokuphazamisa kangakanani. Olunye ukhetho lonyango onokulucinga kule meko yi-ABA, okanye i-Applied Behavior Analysis.
Kalula nje, yintoni i-ABA?
Unyango lwe-ABA lunyango lokuziphatha olukhethekileyo olusetyenziselwa abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abane-autism kunye nezinye iziphene zophuhliso. Lusekelwe kwingcamango elula kakhulu. Oko kukuthi, xa sivuza ukuziphatha okuthile, umntwana unamathuba amaninzi okuphinda loo ndlela yokuziphatha.
Ngamanye amazwi, xa siqinisa ukuziphatha okuhle nokulungileyo komntwana, ezo ndlela zokuziphatha ziyanda. Ngokufanayo, xa singakhuthazi ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga, ezo ndlela zokuziphatha ziyancipha kancinci kancinci, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ziyanyamalala ngokupheleleyo.
Unyango lwe-ABA lunokunceda umntwana one-autism kwizinto ezifana nezi:
- Ukuphucula unxibelelwano loluntu kunye nokusebenzisana.
- Funda izakhono ezintsha.
- Yandisa ukuziphatha okuhle nokulungileyo.
- Nciphisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezinzima nezinengxaki.
Uphando lubonise ukuba unyango lwe-ABA lunempembelelo entle ekunxibelelaneni kwabantwana, izakhono zonxibelelwano, kunye nolwimi oluvakalayo. Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba ukubonelela ngonyango lwe-ABA iiyure ezingaphezu kwama-20 ngeveki kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yobomi bomntwana (ingakumbi ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka emi-4 ubudala) kunokukhokelela ekuphuculeni okukhulu ekukhuleni komntwana kwaye kunciphise amathuba okufuna iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo kamva ebomini.
Yintoni eyenzekayo ngexesha leseshoni yonyango lwe-ABA?
Xa umntwana wakho eqala unyango lwe-ABA, uza kuqala adibane nomhlalutyi wokuziphatha ogxile kweli candelo. Sibabiza ngokuba yi-Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA). Uza kuqala ahlole iimfuno kunye nezakhono zomntwana wakho.
Emva kokumazi kakuhle umntwana nokuqonda izakhono zakhe, kuyenziwa isicwangciso sonyango lomntu ngamnye saloo mntwana . Esi sicwangciso sichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokuziphatha ezijoliswe kuzo kunye noko kufuneka kuphuculwe.
Ingcali ye-ABA yomntwana wakho isebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela ezixhomekeke kwiimfuno zomntwana kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe.
Ziziphi iindlela eziphambili ezisetyenziswa kunyango lwe-ABA?
Iingcali zonyango zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunyango lwe-ABA. Nazi ezinye zezona ziphambili. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwazo kuya kukunceda uqonde ngcono olu nyango.
| Indlela yonyango | Kalula nje, | Kwenzeka njani oku |
|---|---|---|
| Uqeqesho lovavanyo olufihlakeleyo (i-DTT) | Ukufundisa okucwangcisiweyo, inyathelo ngenyathelo | Ingcali yezonyango ihlala nomntwana ngamnye, iwahlule umsebenzi ube ngamanyathelo amancinci, ize imfundise ngamnye ngamnye. Bayamkhuthaza xa esenza into elungileyo. Oku kucwangcisiwe kakhulu. Uninzi lwexesha, imisebenzi yenziwa etafileni. |
| Unyango lweNkathalo ePhambili (i-PRT) | Ukufunda ngokudlala | Oku akuhlelwanga njenge-DTT. Apha, izinto umntwana azithandayo nezinto anomdla kuzo zinikwa indawo yokuqala. Xa umntwana eqala umdlalo awuthandayo, ingcali yezonyango iyajoyina ize ifundise izakhono ezijoliswe kuwo. Kwanemivuzo inxulunyaniswa nomdlalo. (Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana ubeka iibhloko ezimbalwa ngokuchanekileyo, uvumelekile ukuba aziphule). |
| Imodeli yeDenver yokuqala kwangoko (ESDM) | Indibaniselwano yeendlela zombini | Oku kusebenzisa imisebenzi esekwe kumdlalo efana ne-PRT. Nangona kunjalo, apho kuyimfuneko, kusetyenziswa iindlela zokufundisa ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana ne-DTT. Kwenziwa imizamo yokufezekisa iinjongo ezininzi ngaphakathi komsebenzi omnye. (Umzekelo, ukuqaphela iimilo kunye nokuphuhlisa izakhono zomzimba ngelixa wakha iphazili). |
Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ngaphambili, unyango lwe-ABA lwalusebenzisa isohlwayo sokuziphatha kakubi, kodwa loo ndlela ayisamkelekanga.Unyango lwe-ABA lwangoku lusekelwe ngokupheleleyo ekuqiniseni kakuhle.
Iingcamango ezingachanekanga kunye nenyaniso malunga nonyango lwe-ABA
Kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo kuluntu malunga nonyango lwe-ABA. Ezinye zazo kukungaqondani. Makhe sithethe ngaloo nto kancinci.
| Uluvo olungalunganga | Ibali lokwenyani |
|---|---|
| I-ABA izama "ukwenza abantwana baqheleke", ukubaguqula babe ziirobhothi eziziphatha njengaye wonke umntu. | Hayi. Injongo ephambili yonyango lwe-ABA kukuphuhlisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezibalulekileyo kwezentlalo ezichaphazela ukhuseleko lomntwana, ukufunda, kunye nobomi bentlalo. Akungomsebenzi wokuzama ukwenza umntwana abe ngumntu owahlukileyo. |
| Oku kufana nokuqeqesha izilwanyana. | I-ABA isekelwe kwisayensi yokufunda nokuziphatha. Nangona ingcamango yokuqinisa impilo ingasetyenziswa nasekuqeqeshweni kwezilwanyana, unyango lwe-ABA ebantwini lusetyenziselwa ukufundisa umntwana izakhono ezibalulekileyo zobomi kunye nokuziphatha. |
| I-ABA igxile kuphela kwiingxaki zokuziphatha. | Liyinyaniso elokuba izama ukunciphisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezinengxaki. Kodwa inkqubo ye-ABA esebenzayo yenza oku ngokufundisa ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo endaweni yezo ndlela zokuziphatha nokwandisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezilungileyo. |
| I-ABA luhlobo lokunyoba oluhlawula abantwana ukuba babe "ngabantwana abalungileyo." | Le yingcamango ephosakeleyo. Kwindlela eyakhayo yokuqiniswa, uxelela umntwana wakho kwangaphambili oko kulindelekileyo kunye noko uza kukufumana ngembuyekezo. Ukufumbathisa kuxa umntwana sele ebandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okungafanelekanga kwaye umnika into yokumnqanda. Ezi zimbini zahlukile ngokupheleleyo. |
Umntwana wam uza kuyidinga ixesha elingakanani i-ABA therapy?
Ixesha umntwana wakho aza kulidinga unyango lwe-ABA lixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Wonke umntwana wahlukile, ngoko ke akukho xesha lifanelekileyo kubo bonke. Nje ukuba umntwana wakho aqalise ukusebenza nogqirha wengqondo, uya kukwazi ukukunika umbono wokuba umntwana wakho uza kulidinga ixesha elingakanani.
Ingcali yezonyango iqwalasela uhlobo lonyango olusetyenzisiweyo, ubungakanani boncedo umntwana aludingayo, kunye nokuba umntwana ukhula ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.
Xa umntwana wakho efunyaniswa ukuba une-autism, usenokudinwa. Ufuna ukwenza konke okusemandleni akho kumntwana wakho. Kodwa ngenxa yeendlela ezininzi zonyango onokukhetha kuzo, kunokuba nzima ukwazi ukuba ukhetha luphi.
Umntu ofanelekileyo ukuthetha naye ngeli xesha ngugqirha womntwana wakho . Thetha naye malunga neendlela onokukhetha kuzo uze ugqibe ukuba unyango lwe-ABA lufanelekile na kumntwana wakho.
Ngonyango lwe-ABA, umntwana wakho unokufumana uncedo olukhulu ekulawuleni ukuziphatha kwakhe, ukufunda izinto ezintsha, kwanokunciphisa amathuba okudinga iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo kwixesha elizayo.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) yindlela yonyango yesayensi ekhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle kwaye inciphisa ukuziphatha okunzima kubantwana abane-autism kunye nezinye iingxaki zophuhliso.
- Olu nyango lwenzelwe umntwana ngamnye, ngokwesicwangciso somntu ngamnye esilungiselelwe iimfuno kunye nobuchule baloo mntwana.
- Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziswa kunyango lwe-ABA, njenge-DTT (eyakhiweyo), i-PRT (esekelwe ekudlaleni), kunye ne-ESDM (indlela exutyiweyo).
- Akukho sohlwayo kunyango lwe-ABA olukhoyo ngoku. Lusekelwe ngokupheleleyo ekuqiniseni kakuhle.
- Soloko uxoxa nogqirha womntwana wakho malunga nokuba unyango lwe-ABA lufanelekile na kumntwana wakho kwaye ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe.
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