Ngaba ukhathazekile ngempilo yebele lakho? Masiqaphele umhlaza webele!

Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngengxaki yempilo enokuchaphazela abafazi abaninzi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha namadoda. Loo mhlaza webele. Usenokoyika kancinci xa usiva eli gama. Kodwa ungoyiki, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwazi kakuhle oku. Masithethe ngale nto ngokulula, ngendlela onokuyiqonda.

Yintoni umhlaza webele? Ngamafutshane...

Khawucinge nje, iiseli ezisemzimbeni wethu ziyahlukana, zikhule, zize ekugqibeleni zife. Le yinkqubo eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kumhlaza webele, ezinye iiseli ezisesifubeni ziqala ukwahlukana ngokukhawuleza kwaye zikhule ngendlela engalawulekiyo, zenze iithumba. Ezi seli zomhlaza zinokugcinwa emabeleni, okanye ngamanye amaxesha zinokusasazeka ngaphandle kwebele ziye kwezinye iindawo zomzimba (ezihlaselayo). Enyanisweni, malunga ne-80% yomhlaza webele luhlobo olunokusasazeka ngale ndlela.

Le meko ixhaphake kakhulu kubasetyhini abaneminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 ubudala, kodwa inokubakho nakubasetyhini abangaphantsi koko. Amadoda nawo anokuba nomhlaza webele, kodwa awuxhaphakanga kangako.

Ziziphi iintlobo zomhlaza webele?

Oogqirha bahlela ezi cancer ukuze kube lula ukucwangcisa unyango. Kuba unyango olufanelekileyo kuhlobo ngalunye lunokwahluka. Makhe sijonge iintlobo eziphambili ezibonwayo:

• I-Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): Olu lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo. Luqala kwimibhobho yobisi yebele kwaye lusasazeka kwizicubu zebele ezikufutshane.
• Umhlaza Webele Wesibele: Olu lolona hlobo lwesibini oluxhaphakileyo. Luqala kwiindlala ezivelisa ubisi (ii-lobules) zebele kwaye lunokusasazeka kwizicubu ezingqongileyo.
• I-Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): Lo ngumhlaza oqala kwimibhobho yobisi . Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo ne-IDC, awusasazeki ngaphandle kwemibhobho yobisi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umhlaza usekwindawo enye.

Ukongeza kwezi, kukwakho nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza ezingaqhelekanga:

• Umhlaza Webele Ongengowesithathu (TNBC): Olu luhlobo oluhlaselayo nolusasazeka ngokukhawuleza.
• Umhlaza Webele Ovuvukileyo (IBC): Oku kunqabile. Ulusu lwebele luba bomvu luze ludumbe, njengokuqhambuka.
• Isifo sikaPaget sebele: Esi sisifo esingaqhelekanga. Sichaphazela ulusu lwengono kwaye sinokubonakala ngathi kukuqhambuka.

Ngaba kufuneka sifunde nangeentlobo zesifo somhlaza?

Oogqirha bakwahlulahlula umhlaza ube ziintlobo ngeentlobo ngokusekelwe kwiiproteni (ii-receptors) ezikhoyo kwiiseli zomhlaza. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezinye iihomoni, ezifana ne-estrogen kunye ne-progesterone, zinceda ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza. Ke ngoko, ukufumanisa ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zinazo na iiproteni (ii-receptors) eziphendula kwezi homoni kunokuba luncedo olukhulu ekucwangciseni unyango.

• Umhlaza one-ER-positive (ER+): Lo mhlaza uneeproteni ezisabela kwi-hormone ye-estrogen.
• Umhlaza we-PR-positive (PR+): Lo mhlaza uneeproteni ezisabela kwi-hormone ye-progesterone.
• Umhlaza one-HR-positive (HR+): Lo mhlaza uneeproteni ezisabela kwiihomoni ze-estrogen kunye ne-progesterone.
• Umhlaza ongenayo i-HR (HR-): Olu hlobo alunazo iiproteni ezisabela nakweyiphi na kwezi hormone.
• Umhlaza one-HER2 (HER2+): Olu hlobo lomhlaza luneproteni ebizwa ngokuba yi-HER2 ngaphezu kwesiqhelo. Le proteni ikwanceda ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza.

Nangona ezi nkcukacha zisenokubonakala zinzulu kancinci, ugqirha wakho uza kukuchazela ezi nkcukacha ngokweenkcukacha.

Zithini iimpawu zomhlaza webele?

Iimpawu zomhlaza webele zingahluka kumntu nomntu. Ezinye iimpawu zicacile kakhulu , ngelixa ezinye zingacacanga kangako. Ngamanye amaxesha kusenokungabikho zimpawu kwaphela. Nangona kunjalo, xa iimpawu zibonakala, unokubona izinto ezifana nezi:

• Utshintsho kubungakanani bebele, imilo, okanye inkangeleko: Ngaba elinye ibele livakala likhulu kunelinye, okanye livakala ngathi imilo yalo iyatshintsha?
• Iqhuma okanye iqhuma: Mhlawumbi lincinci njenge-pea.
• Iqhubu okanye ukujiya kwebele okanye indawo engasecaleni: Oku kuyaxhalabisa ngakumbi ukuba liyaqhubeka kulo lonke ixesha lokuya exesheni.
• Utshintsho kwinkangeleko okanye ubume besikhumba sebele okanye ingono: Ulusu lusenokubonakala lunamabala, lunamaqhuqhuva, lunamaxolo, okanye luvuvukele. Ulusu lunokuba bomvu, bumfusa, okanye lube mnyama kunezinye iibele.
• Indawo eqinileyo phantsi kwesikhumba, njengelitye elinqabileyo: Inokuba nzima kangangokuba ungayiva esandleni sakho.
• Ulwelo olunegazi okanye olucacileyo oluphuma kwingono.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwazi imeko eqhelekileyo yamabele akho. Zihlole amabele ubuncinane kanye ngenyanga. Oku kuya kukunceda ufumanise nantoni na engaqhelekanga ngokukhawuleza.

Zithini izizathu zomhlaza webele?

Kunzima ukutsho ngqo ukuba yintoni ebangela umhlaza webele. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba iiseli zebele zifumana utshintsho lwemfuza, olubizwa ngokuba yi-mutation, olubangela ukuba zibe nomhlaza kwaye zahlukane ngokungalawulekiyo, zenze amathumba. Nangona kunjalo, akukacaci ukuba yintoni ebangela olu tshintsho lwemfuza.

Nangona kunjalo, uphando lufumanise izinto ezininzi ezibangela umngcipheko wokufumana umhlaza wamabele. Nazi:

• Ubudala: Abafazi abaneminyaka engama-55 nangaphezulu basengozini enkulu.
• Isini: Abafazi banamathuba amaninzi okuba nomhlaza wamabele kunamadoda.
• Imbali yosapho: Ukuba abazali bakho, abantakwenu, abantwana bakho, okanye ezinye izalamane zakho ezisondeleyo ziye zaba nomhlaza webele, nawe usengozini.
• Impembelelo yemfuza: Malunga ne-15% yeziganeko zomhlaza webele zibangelwa kukuguquka kwemfuza okuzuzwe njengelifa. Ezona zixhaphakileyo kwezi ziinguqu kwimfuza ze-BRCA1 kunye ne-BRCA2 .
• Ukutshaya: Ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kunxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza, kuquka nomhlaza webele.
• Ukusela utywala: Uphando lubonise ukuba ukusela utywala kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza webele.
• Ukutyeba kakhulu: Ukwanda kakhulu kobunzima bomzimba nako kuyingozi.
• Ukuvezwa kwimitha: Ukuba sele ufumene unyango lwemitha ngaphambili, ingakumbi entloko, entanyeni, okanye esifubeni, umngcipheko wakho wokuba nomhlaza webele uphezulu.
• Unyango Lokutshintshwa KweeHormone (HRT): Olu nyango, oluthathwa ngabanye abafazi emva kokuya exesheni, lunokunyusa umngcipheko.

Ziziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho ngenxa yomhlaza webele?

Eyona ngxaki iyingozi kukusasazeka komhlaza kwezinye iindawo zomzimba (umhlaza webele osasazekayo). Oku kuthetha ukuba iiseli zomhlaza ziyaphuma ebeleni ziye kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nengqondo, amathambo, isibindi, kunye nemiphunga. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba malunga nomfazi omnye kwabathathu abanomhlaza okwinqanaba lokuqala ekugqibeleni uya kuba nolu hlobo lomhlaza.

Ufunyaniswa njani umhlaza webele?

Oogqirha badla ngokuqala benze uvavanyo lomzimba, baze ukuba kuyimfuneko, benze i-mammogram. Ukuba oku kubangela amathandabuzo, baya kwenza olu vavanyo lulandelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa:

• I-Ultrasound yebele: Isebenzisa amaza esandi ukujonga ngaphakathi kwebele.
• Iskeni seBreast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
• I-Biopsy Yebele: Oku kuquka ukuthatha iqhekeza elincinci lesicwili kwindawo erhanelekayo yebele uze ulihlolisise nge-microscope. Le yindlela ekuphela kwayo yokwazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba linomhlaza okanye akunjalo.
• Uvavanyo lwe-immunohistochemistry: Olu vavanyo lujonga ubukho beeproteni eziphendula kwiihomoni (ii-receptors zehomoni).
• Uvavanyo lwemfuza: Jonga utshintsho lwemfuza olunokubangela umhlaza.

Zithini izigaba zomhlaza webele?

Oogqirha baceba unyango olusekelwe kwinqanaba lomhlaza. Eli nqanaba libalulekile ekunikeni isigulana umbono wento emasiyilindele kwixesha elizayo (ukuxela kwangaphambili). Inqanaba lomhlaza webele limiselwa luhlobo lomhlaza, ubungakanani kunye nendawo yethumba, kunye nokuba umhlaza usasazeke na kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

• Inqanaba 0: Umhlaza awukasasazeka. Oko kukuthi, awukasasazekanga ngaphandle kwemibhobho yobisi.
• Inqanaba lokuQala: Iiseli zomhlaza zisasazeke kwizicubu zebele ezikufutshane.
• Inqanaba lesiBini: Iiseli zomhlaza zikhule kunye zenze iqhuma okanye amaqhuma. Iqhuma linokuba lincinci kuneesentimitha ezi-2 kwaye lisenokuba lisasazeke kwiindawo ze-lymph ezikwikhwapha, okanye iqhuma linokuba likhulu kuneesentimitha ezi-5 kodwa lisenokuba lingasasazeki kwiindawo ze-lymph. Kweli nqanaba, amaqhuma anokuba phakathi kweesentimitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-5 ngobukhulu kwaye asenokuba achaphazeleke okanye angabikho kwiindawo ze-lymph.
• Inqanaba lesi-3: Umhlaza usasazeke kwizicwili ezikufutshane nakwii-lymph nodes. Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ngumhlaza webele oqhubele phambili ekuhlaleni."
• Inqanaba lesi-4: Umhlaza usasazeke ngaphandle kwebele uye kwiindawo ezikude ezifana namathambo, isibindi, imiphunga, okanye ubuchopho.

Unyangwa njani umhlaza webele?

Utyando lolona nyango luphambili, kodwa oogqirha badla ngokulusebenzisa kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango.

Iintlobo zotyando lomhlaza webele:

• Ukususwa kwebele lonke okanye inxalenye yalo.
• Ukususwa kwethumba elinomhlaza kuphela kunye nenani elincinci lezicubu ezijikeleze lona.
• Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwebele: Ukutshintsha ukuma kwebele emva kotyando.

Ezinye iindlela zonyango ezidityaniswe notyando:

• Unyango lweKhemotherapy: Ukunika amayeza okubulala iiseli zomhlaza.
• Unyango ngemitha: Ukusetyenziswa kwemitha enamandla aphezulu ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza. Kukwakho nohlobo lonyango ngemitha olubizwa ngokuba yi-Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT).
• Unyango lwe-Immunotherapy: Ukuvuselela amajoni omzimba ukuze alwe neeseli zomhlaza.
• Unyango lweehomoni: Ukunika amayeza okuthintela ukukhula komhlaza oxhomekeke kwiihomoni. Umzekelo, unyango lwe-Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM).
• Unyango olujoliswe kulo: Ukunika amayeza ajolise kwiimolekyuli ezithile kwiiseli zomhlaza aze ayeke ukukhula kwazo.

Zithini iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango?

Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ze-chemotherapy kunye ne-radiation therapy kukudinwa, isicaphucaphu, kunye nokuhlanza.Unyango olujoliswe kulo, unyango lwe-immunotherapy, kunye nonyango lwe-hormone nazo zinokuba neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Iingxaki zesisu ezifana nokuqhina kunye norhudo nazo zinokubakho.

Ayingabo bonke abantu abafumana iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ngendlela efanayo. Ukuba ufumana unyango, buza ugqirha wakho ukuba unyango luza kukuchaphazela njani kwaye luza kukuchaphazela njani ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Kwakhona, buza ngonyango lokudambisa iintlungu . Oku kwenzelwa ukukunceda uhlale ukhululekile kangangoko ngokulawula iimpawu kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango.

Iingxaki zotyando lomhlaza webele

Naluphi na utyando lunemingcipheko ethile. Utyando lomhlaza webele alukho ngaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba utyando lususa ithumba elinokubeka ubomi esichengeni. Ngokubanzi, iingozi zomhlaza webele zingaphezulu kuneengxaki zotyando.

Ngaphambi kokuba wenze utyando, buza ugqirha wakho ngeengxaki ezinokubakho. Ezi zingabandakanya:

• Usulelo kwindawo yotyando.
• Amahlwili egazi emva kotyando.
• Umonakalo wemithambo-luvo.
• I-Lymphedema - Oku kukudumba kweengalo okanye indawo yesifuba ngenxa yokuqokelelana kolwelo lwe-lymph.

Ingakanani izinga lokusinda kumhlaza webele?

Izinga lokusinda komhlaza webele lixhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka nokuba umhlaza uyangena okanye awungeni, uhlobo lomhlaza, kunye nenqanaba lomhlaza. Ngokubanzi, ama-91% abantu abanomhlaza webele bayaphila emva kweminyaka emihlanu emva kokufunyaniswa ukuba banawo, ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwiNational Cancer Institute.

Le pesenti ilandelayo, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lomhlaza:

• Yendawo: Umhlaza awukasasazeka ngaphandle kwebele. (Ezi zinezinga lokusinda leminyaka emi-5 elimalunga nama-99%).
• Ingingqi: Umhlaza usasazeke kwiindawo ze-lymph kunye nezicubu ezikufutshane.
• Ukude: Umhlaza usasazeke kwiindawo ezikude, njengesibindi nemiphunga.

Xa ucinga ngezi zibalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezi ziingqikelelo nje. Zisekelwe kumava abanye abantu. Umhlaza awuchaphazeli wonke umntu ngendlela efanayo. Ukuba unemibuzo ethile malunga noku, thetha nogqirha wakho. Nguye owaziyo imeko yakho ngcono.

Iyintoni ikamva lomhlaza webele?

Njengoko izinto zimi, abantu abaninzi baya befumanisa umhlaza webele kwangethuba, xa unganyangeka kakhulu. Kwaye nenani labantu ababulawa ngumhlaza webele nalo liye lehla.

Idatha ibonisa ukuba ama-99% abantu abanomhlaza webele okwinqanaba lokuqala bayaphila emva kweminyaka emihlanu emva kokuba bexilongiwe. Kwezinye iimeko, banokuthathwa njengabaphilile ngokupheleleyo kumhlaza webele. Nangona kunjalo, umhlaza webele ungabuya (uphinde ubuye).Ukuba iphinda ivele, isenokuba ngumhlaza webele osasazekayo.

Ngaba umhlaza webele ungathintelwa? Ingozi ingancitshiswa njani?

Umhlaza webele usenokungathintelwa ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ungawunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nawo. Kubalulekile nokuzihlola rhoqo amabele akho (ukuzihlola) uze ufumane ii-mammogram, ezinokunceda ekufumaneni umhlaza webele kwangethuba. Emva koko kulula ukunyanga.

Ndingenza ntoni ukunciphisa umngcipheko?

Nangona kungekho ndlela iqinisekisiweyo yokunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza webele, i-American Cancer Society (ACS) inika bonke abafazi le ngcebiso ilandelayo:

• Gcina ubunzima obusempilweni: Ubunzima obukufaneleyo. Thetha nogqirha ngale nto.
• Yitya ukutya okunempilo: Faka imifuno, iziqhamo, iimveliso zobisi ezityebileyo nge-calcium, kunye nenyama engenamafutha ekutyeni kwakho. Ukuzigcina kude nenyama ebomvu kunye nenyama ecutshungulweyo kunokunceda ekunciphiseni umngcipheko wakho.
• Yiba ngumntu okhutheleyo: Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukuzilolonga rhoqo kunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza webele.
• Musa utywala: Uphando lubonise unxibelelwano phakathi komhlaza webele notywala. Kucetyiswa ukuba usele isiselo esinye ngosuku.
• Yiya kuhlolwa: Ii-mammograms zinokubona neethumba ezincinci kakhulu ukuba zingaviwa.
• Zihlole rhoqo: Ukuzihlola rhoqo amabele akho kunokunceda ukugcina impilo yamabele kwaye kufumaneke amaqhuma anomhlaza kwangethuba.

Abanye abafazi basengozini enkulu yokuba nomhlaza wamabele kuba banembali yesifo kwintsapho yabo okanye bafumene uguquko lwemfuza. Ukuba le yimeko yakho, ungathanda ukuqwalasela oku kulandelayo:

• Ukuhlolwa kwemfuza ukuze kubonwe iimfuza zomhlaza webele.
• Ukusebenzisa amayeza anciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza webele, anjenge-tamoxifen, i-raloxifene, okanye i-aromatase inhibitors.
• Ukususwa kwebele ngendlela yokuthintela umngcipheko.
• Fumana uvavanyo lomhlaza webele rhoqo kwaye uhlolwe umzimba . Ukuba usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuba nomhlaza webele, ingakumbi ukuba ungaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40, buza ugqirha wakho malunga novavanyo olongezelelweyo lokufumanisa umhlaza.

Ndingazinyamekela njani?

Ukuphila nomhlaza webele akulula. Kusenokubakho iintsuku apho uziva uxinezelekile. Cinga ngezi ngcebiso ukuze zikuncede uzinyamekele ngexesha lokuxilongwa kwakho kunye nonyango:

• Phumla ngokwaneleyo: Umhlaza webele kunye nonyango lwawo lunokudinisa kakhulu. Phumla nanini na xa ufuna, kungekuphela nje xa unexesha.
• Yitya kakuhle:Unyango lunokubangela ukuphelelwa ngumdla wokutya. Ukutya okutyebileyo kwiziqhamo, imifuno, inyama engenamafutha, kunye neenkozo ezinesondlo kunokukunceda uhlale unamandla ngexesha lonyango.
• Lawula uxinezeleko: Umhlaza ubangela uxinezeleko olukhulu. Ukuzilolonga kunokunceda koku. Nantoni na ukusuka kwindlela elula ukuya kwinkqubo yokuzilolonga.
• Fumana inkxaso: Ubusoloko usindile kumhlaza webele ukususela oko wafunyaniswa ukuba unesifo. Buza ugqirha wakho ngeenkqubo zokusinda kumhlaza. Ezi zinokukunceda ulawule imingeni yokuphila nomhlaza webele.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha?

Bona ugqirha wakho ukuba uziva iimpawu zakho zisiba mandundu, okanye ukuba ufumana iimpawu ezintsha, njengentlungu okanye ubuthathaka kwenye indawo emzimbeni wakho.

Ndingaya nini kwigumbi likaxakeka?

Kufuneka uye kwigumbi likaxakeka ukuba impendulo yomzimba wakho kunyango lomhlaza imbi kakhulu kunokuba ubulindele. Umzekelo, ukuba uphelelwe ngamanzi emzimbeni ngenxa yokuhlanza okungapheliyo.

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha wam?

Abantu abaninzi banemibuzo emininzi xa befumanisa ukuba banomhlaza webele. Nazi ezinye zemibuzo onokuyibuza ugqirha wakho:

• Luhlobo luni lomhlaza webele endinalo?
• Ithini inqanaba, ubungakanani, kunye nomgangatho wesi sifo?
• Injani imeko yam ye-estrogen kunye ne-progesterone receptor?
• Injani imeko yam ye-HER2?
• Ngaba ndiza kufuna utyando?
• Ziziphi ezinye iindlela zonyango ezikhoyo?
• Ngaba kukho uvavanyo lweklinikhi olundifaneleyo?

Umhlaza webele ungabonwa ixesha elingakanani?

Umhlaza webele unokubakho iminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba uqaphele utshintsho, njengeqhubu elisesifubeni sakho. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iziqhubu okanye amaqhubu angomhlaza. Ukuba uneqhubu okanye amaqhubu angaqhelekanga angapheliyo kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, bona ugqirha.

Usasazeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani umhlaza webele?

Kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Izinto ezifana nohlobo lomhlaza webele onawo, nokuba lufuzo, kunye nenqanaba kunye nomgangatho wesi sifo. Ukuba unomhlaza webele, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga noko unokukulindela.

Ngaba amadoda nawo afumana umhlaza webele?

Ewe, amadoda anokufumana umhlaza webele. Kodwa akuqhelekanga. Malunga namadoda angama-2,600 eMelika afunyaniswa enomhlaza webele wamadoda minyaka le. Oko kungaphantsi kwe-1% yazo zonke iimeko zomhlaza webele.

Okokugqibela, khumbula...

Njengoko ufunda eli nqaku, usenokuba ucinga ukuba oku akusebenzi kum konke konke. Nangona kunjalo, ukwazi kubalulekile kuye wonke umntu. Ukuba ufumanisa ukuba unomhlaza webele, khumbula ukuba awuwedwa. Kukho izigidi zabantu eSri Lanka nakwihlabathi liphela abaye baphila kwesi sifo kwaye bayaphila. Unyango olutsha luhlala luphandwa.

Iqela lakho lezonyango lilapha ukukunceda nokukunika unyango olungcono kuwe. Baza kuba nawe ukususela ekuxilongweni, kulo lonke unyango lwakho, nangaphaya koko. Ungayeki. Ngokufunyanwa kwangoko kunye nonyango olufanelekileyo, unethuba elihle lokulawula esi sifo kwaye uphile.

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