Ngaba uhlala unesilonda somqala, utshintsho kwilizwi lakho, okanye isilonda emlonyeni wakho esingapholiyo? Usenokucinga ukuba ngumkhuhlane nje oqhelekileyo. Kodwa ezi mpawu zincinci ngamanye amaxesha zinokuba luphawu lwento enzulu. Namhlanje siza kuthetha "ngomhlaza wentloko nentamo," abantu abaninzi abangawunaki kangako, kodwa ukubonwa kwangoko kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngamafutshane, yintoni umhlaza wentloko nentamo?
"Umhlaza wentloko nentamo" asilohlobo olunye lomhlaza. Sisebenzisa eli gama xa sithetha ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza eziqala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo entlokweni nasentanyeni yakho. Uninzi lwazo luqala kuhlobo lweseli olujikeleze ii-membranes ezimanzi ngaphakathi emlonyeni wakho, emqaleni (pharynx), kwingqula, nasemlonyeni. Ngokwezonyango ezi seli sizibiza ngokuba zii-squamous cells . Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwale mihlaza lubizwa ngokuba yi-Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) .
Ukuba ufunyaniswe unolu hlobo lomhlaza, ugqirha wakho womhlaza uza kusebenza nawe ukuze agqibe ukuba loluphi unyango olukulungeleyo. Injongo ephambili apha kukugcina amalungu omzimba amaninzi asinceda sithethe, sitye, kwaye siveze ubuso kangangoko sinako ngelixa silwa nesifo.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba xa lo mhlaza ufunyanwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye unyangwa, kokukhona amathuba okuphiliswa kwesi sifo ngonaphakade esanda.
Zeziphi iindawo eziphambili apho ezi cancer zenzeka khona?
Xa sithetha ngomhlaza wentloko nentamo, ikakhulu uquka umhlaza okhula emlonyeni, emqaleni nakwezinye iindawo ezijikeleze wona. Makhe sijonge ukuba ziintoni.
| Uhlobo lomhlaza | Inkcazo yendawo yesiganeko |
|---|---|
| Umhlaza Womlomo | Iyenzeka kwiindawo ezifana nemilebe, iintsini, ulwimi, izidlele, nasemacaleni angaphakathi emilebe, emlonyeni ophezulu nasezantsi, nakwindawo engasemva kwezinyo lokugqibela. |
| Umhlaza weSitho saMathe | Umhlaza owenzeka kwiindlala zamathe. |
| Umqolo Wempumlo kunye nomhlaza weSinus weParanasal | Iyenzeka kwimpumlo okanye kwimingxunya emathanjeni ajikeleze impumlo (paranasal sinuses). |
| Umhlaza weNasopharyngeal | Umhlaza owenzeka kwinxalenye ephezulu yomphimbo (nasopharynx). |
| Umhlaza womlomo | Umhlaza owenzeka embindini womqala (oropharynx). Oku kuquka iitoni kunye nesiseko solwimi. |
| Umhlaza we-Hypopharyngeal | Umhlaza owenzeka kwinxalenye esezantsi yomphimbo (hypopharynx). |
| Umhlaza weLaryngeal | Umhlaza okhula kwi-larynx, apho kukho khona iintambo zakho zelizwi. |
Zingaba yintoni iimpawu zale mihlaza?
Iimpawu zomhlaza wentloko nentamo zihlala zingacacanga kwizigaba zokuqala. Zisenokuvakala ngathi ngumphimbo nje obuhlungu okanye umkhuhlane. Nangona kunjalo , umphimbo obuhlungu ongapheliyo lolona phawu luqhelekileyo lwale mihlaza.
Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaza, unokufumana ezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- Umphimbo obuhlungu ongapheliyo.
- Intlungu yendlebe engapheliyo okanye iimpawu zosulelo lwendlebe (ingakumbi ukuba ugqirha wakho uhlola indlebe yakho kwaye ibonakala iqhelekile).
- Intloko ebuhlungu rhoqo.
- Intlungu engapheliyo ebusweni okanye entanyeni.
- Intlungu kumazinyo angaphezulu.
- Intlungu xa uhlafuna okanye uginya ukutya.
- Ukurhawuzelela okanye ukutshintsha kwelizwi.
- Ubunzima bokuphefumla okanye bokuthetha.
Ungabona utshintsho olubonakalayo ngaphandle :
- Iqhuma emqaleni, emlonyeni, okanye entanyeni.
- Isilonda emlonyeni okanye kulwimi esingapholiyo.
- Ukopha rhoqo empumlweni, igazi ematheni okanye kwi-mucus.
- Isithende esimhlophe okanye esibomvu kwiintsini, ulwimi, okanye ngaphakathi emlonyeni.
- Ukudumba emhlathini, entanyeni, okanye ecaleni lobuso (oku kunokubangela ukuba amazinyo akho okufakelwa angangeni kakuhle).
Ukuba unayo nayiphi na kwezi mpawu, bonana nogqirha ngokukhawuleza . Ezi zinokuba ziimpawu zesifo esingesibi kangako, kodwa kufuneka uhlolwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze wazi ngokuqinisekileyo.
Kutheni le mihlaza ikhula? Zithini izinto ezibangela umngcipheko?
Njengayo nayiphi na imhlaza, umhlaza wentloko nentamo uqala xa iseli eqhelekileyo iba yinto engaqhelekanga (enobungozi) ize iqale ukwahlukana ngokungalawulekiyo. Olu luhlu lweeseli lwenza ithumba. Eli thumba linokungena kwizicwili ezingqongileyo lize lisasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba.
Ngale ndlela, abaphandi bafumanise izinto ezininzi ezinokubangela ukuba iseli eqhelekileyo ibe yiseli yomhlaza.
Izinto eziphambili ezibangela umngcipheko
- Ukusetyenziswa kwecuba: Ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kubangela i-70% ukuya kwi-80% yomhlaza wentloko nentamo kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kuquka ukutshaya icuba, iicuba, icuba lokuhlafuna, kunye nesnuff. Ukuchayeka kumsi osetyenziswa ngomnye umntu nako kwandisa umngcipheko.
- Ukusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo: Ukusela utywala kwandisa umngcipheko wakho, ingakumbi ukuba usebenzisa utywala kunye necuba.
- I-Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Usulelo lwe-HPV ngoku ludlula ukusetyenziswa kwecuba njengoyena nobangela uphambili womhlaza wentloko nentamo kumazwe aphuhlileyo.
- Ukuhlafuna i-betel: Ukuhlafuna i-betel ngumkhwa oqhelekileyo eMzantsi naseMzantsi-mpuma Asia, kuquka nelizwe lethu. Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha somhlaza wentloko nentamo kulo mmandla ubangelwa kukuhlafuna i-betel. Umngcipheko womhlaza womlomo uphezulu kakhulu xa zidityanisiwe i-betel, ilayimu kunye necuba.
Ezinye izinto ezinobungozi
- I-Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Ukosuleleka yile ntsholongwane kunokubangela umhlaza wempumlo okanye umhlaza we-salivary gland.
- Ubuthathaka benkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela: Xa inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka, amandla omzimba okulwa nomhlaza ayancipha. Kukho umngcipheko womhlaza ngenxa yobuthathaka benkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, njengosulelo lwe-HIV kunye nasemva kotyando olufana nokufakelwa amalungu omzimba.
- Izizathu zemfuza: Ezinye iimfuza zinokunyusa umngcipheko womhlaza. Umzekelo, abantu abane-Fanconi anemia banomngcipheko okhulayo wokuba nomhlaza wentloko nentamo.
- Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwizinto ezibangela umhlaza:Ukuchanabeka ixesha elide kwizinto ezifana ne-asbestos, izibulali-zinambuzane, uthuli lomthi, kunye nomsi wepeyinti kunokubangela umhlaza.
- Ukuvezwa kwimitha: Ukuba sele ufumene unyango lwemitha entloko okanye entanyeni ngaphambili nakho kuyimbangela yomngcipheko.
- Ukutya okunetyuwa nokugciniweyo: Ukutya rhoqo inyama neentlanzi ezinetyuwa nokugciniweyo kunokunyusa umngcipheko womhlaza wempumlo.
- Ukungayikhathaleli impilo yomlomo: Ukungawanyamekeli kakuhle amazinyo neentsini zakho kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza womlomo.
Ugqirha uxilonga njani esi sifo?
Uxilongo ludla ngokuqala ngovavanyo lomzimba. Ugqirha uza kuhlola umlomo wakho, iimpumlo, umphimbo, nentamo yakho ngononophelo. Uza kuziva nokuba kukho amaqhuma entanyeni, emilebeni, kwiintsini nasezidleleni zakho.
Emva kolo vavanyo, kusenokufuneka wenze ezinye iimvavanyo ezininzi.
- I-Endoscopy: Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa ityhubhu encinci nekhanyisiweyo ukuhlola ingaphakathi lempumlo yakho, umphimbo, okanye i-larynx.
- Uvavanyo lokucinga: Uvavanyo olufana nee-X-ray zentloko nentamo, ii-CT scans, ii-MRI scans, kunye nee-PET scans zinokubona iithumba emzimbeni.
- Uvavanyo lwelebhu: Ukuba ubona nantoni na ekrokrisayo, uvavanyo lwe-HPV lungenziwa ukujonga ukuba umhlaza ubangelwa yintsholongwane ye-HPV.
- I-Biopsy: Eyona ndlela yokuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo ukuba iqhuma linomhlaza okanye akunjalo kukwenza i-biopsy. Oku kuquka ukuthatha iqhekeza elincinci lesicwili kwiqhuma uze ulivavanye ukuze ubone ukuba alinazo na iiseli zomhlaza.
Unyango lomhlaza lunjani?
Iindlela eziphambili zonyango lomhlaza wentloko nentamo zezi:
- Utyando: Nanini na xa kunokwenzeka, oogqirha bazama ukususa ithumba elinomhlaza kunye nenani elincinci lezicubu eziphilileyo ezijikeleze lona. Ukuba kukho ukurhaneleka kokuba umhlaza usasazekile, ii-lymph nodes entanyeni nazo zinokususwa.
- Unyango lweMisebe: Oku kuquka ukukhokela ii-X-reyi ezinamandla aphezulu kwiiseli zomhlaza ukuze zitshabalalise. Unyango lweMisebe lunokunikwa lodwa okanye ludityaniswe nezinye iindlela zonyango, ezifana notyando kunye ne-chemotherapy.
- Unyango lweKhemotherapy: Olu nyango lusebenzisa amayeza ukubulala iiseli zomhlaza. Olu nyango lusetyenziswa ngakumbi kwizigaba eziphambili zomhlaza apho umhlaza usasazeke khona.
Ukongeza kwezi ndlela zonyango ziphambili, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ezinye iindlela zonyango ukuba umhlaza sele uqhubele phambili okanye ukuba uphinda ubuye emva konyango.
- Unyango Olujoliswe Kulo: La mayeza asebenza kwiindawo ezithile ezijoliswe kwiiseli zomhlaza aze ayeke ukukhula kwazo.
- Unyango lwe-immunotherapy:La mayeza anceda inkqubo yomzimba wakho yokuzikhusela ukuba iqaphele kwaye itshabalalise iiseli zomhlaza.
- Uvavanyo lweKlinikhi: Olu luphononongo oluvavanya ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle konyango olutsha. Buza ugqirha wakho ukuba ungabandakanyeka na kolunye.
Ngaba lo mhlaza ungathintelwa?
Kakade unako. Ungathatha amanyathelo okuthintela uninzi lomhlaza wentloko nentamo. Nazi ezinye izinto onokuzenza ukuze uzikhusele:
- Yiphephe ngokupheleleyo icuba. Yeka ukutshaya iicuba, iicuba, icuba lokuhlafuna, kunye netshungama.
- Nciphisa utywala obuselayo. Ukunciphisa okanye ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo utywala kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza.
- Fumana i-HPV vaccine. Le vaccine inceda ekukhuseleni iintlobo ze-HPV ezibangela umhlaza.
- Zikhusele elangeni. Ukuthambisa i-sunscreen nokunxiba impahla egquma ulusu lwakho xa uselangeni kunokukunceda ekukhuselekeni kumhlaza wolusu.
- Lumka impilo yomlomo wakho. Hlamba amazinyo akho yonke imihla kwaye ugcine iintsini zakho zisempilweni.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Umhlaza wentloko nentamo liqela leemhlaza ezinokwenzeka kwiindawo ezifana nomlomo, umphimbo, impumlo, kunye nelarynx.
- Musa ukuthatha iimpawu ezinje ngomqala obuhlungu ongapheliyo, isilonda emlonyeni esingapholiyo, iqhuma entanyeni, okanye utshintsho lwelizwi lakho kancinci.
- Ukutshaya nokuhlafuna i-betel nut zezona zinto zimbini ziphambili ezibangela lo mhlaza kwilizwe lethu. Ukusela utywala nako kwandisa umngcipheko.
- Ukuba unayo nayiphi na kwezi mpawu, bonana nogqirha ngokukhawuleza.
- Ngokufunyanwa kwangethuba kunye nonyango, uninzi lwale mihlaza lunokunyangeka ngokupheleleyo.
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