Ngaba ngequbuliso ukhe waziva iqhuma entanyeni yakho? Mhlawumbi awuzange ulinike ngqalelo ingako kuba belingenabuhlungu. Okanye uhlala uziva ngathi impumlo yakho ivalekile kwaye iindlebe zakho zigcwele? Ezi zinokuba ziimpawu zomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ezi zinto ziyaqhubeka, inokuba luphawu lohlobo oluthile lomhlaza esiza kuthetha ngalo namhlanje, olukhula entlokweni nasentanyeni. Makhe sithethe ngalo ngokweenkcukacha nangokulula.
Yintoni umhlaza we-nasopharyngeal?
Ngamafutshane, olu luhlobo lomhlaza olungaqhelekanga oluvela entlokweni nasentanyeni yethu. Nangona igama lalo liyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, kuya kuba lula ukuliqonda xa sele uyazi apho luvela khona.
Lo mhlaza ukhula kwinxalenye yomzimba wethu ebizwa ngokuba yi-'nasopharynx'. Ngoku usenokuba uzibuza ukuba yintoni i-'nasopharynx'. Khawuthelekelele, ngasemva kwempumlo yethu, ukuba sithetha ngokuchanekileyo, kukho indawo encinci ezantsi kwentloko yomqolo. Apho impumlo nomqala zidibana khona. Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yi-'nasopharynx'. Xa siphefumla ngeempumlo zethu, umoya udlula kule ndawo ngaphambi kokuba ungene emiphungeni.
Ngoko ke, le `Cancer yeNasopharyngeal` kuxa iiseli ezikwinxalenye ye `nasopharynx` ziqala ukukhula ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwaye zingalawuleki. Iiseli ezikhula ngale ndlela ziqokelelana kwaye zenze iithumba ezinomhlaza. Ezi seli zomhlaza zinokusasazeka kamva ziye kwii-lymph nodes entanyeni, esibindini, emiphungeni, kwanasemathanjeni.
Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili zalo mhlaza?
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicubu kwi-'nasopharynx' yethu. Ezi zicubu zenziwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli. Ngoko ke lo mhlaza wahlulwe ngokweentlobo zeeseli ezenziwe ngazo umhlaza. Ngokutsho kwe-World Health Organisation (WHO), kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zalo mhlaza.
| Uhlobo lomhlaza (uhlelo lwe-WHO) | Ingcaciso elula |
|---|---|
| I-Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (uhlobo 1 lwe-WHO) | Kule meko, iiseli zomhlaza zikhula kwizicubu ezikwi-nasopharynx. Ezi seli ziqulathe iproteni ebizwa ngokuba yi-keratin. I-Keratin yiproteni efanayo efumaneka kwiinwele nakwiinzipho zethu. |
| I-nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (uhlobo lwe-WHO 2) | Olu hlobo lweeseli zomhlaza alunazo iiproteni zekeratin. |
| I-carcinoma engahlukanga okanye engahlukanga kakuhle (uhlobo lwe-WHO 3) | Xa zijongwa ngemakroskopu, ezi ntlobo zeeseli zomhlaza zibonakala zahlukile kakhulu kwiiseli eziphilileyo. Ezi ntlobo zeeseli zomhlaza zinokukhula kwaye zisasazeke ngokukhawuleza. |
Ingaba lo mhlaza uqhelekile?
Kumazwe afana neMelika, oku kunqabile kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, le meko ibonakala rhoqo kumazwe aseMzantsi-mpuma Asia afana neSri Lanka, eMntla Afrika nakuMbindi Mpuma. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sikuqaphele oku. Ngokubanzi, lo mhlaza unokubakho rhoqo kubantu abancinci abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-15-24 kunye nakubantu abadala abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-65-79.
Zithini iimpawu zalo mhlaza?
Amaxesha amaninzi, uphawu lokuqala lomntu onesifo somhlaza luphawu lokuba kukho iqhuma ngasemva okanye ecaleni kwentamo. Kusenokuba kukho elinye okanye ngaphezulu la maqhuma. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba adla ngokungabi nantlungu. La maqhuma aqala xa umhlaza usasazeka ukuya kwiindawo ze-lymph entanyeni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba adumbe.
Ngaphandle koko, kukho ezinye iimpawu ezininzi ekufuneka uziqwalasele.
- Iingxaki zendlebe: Ukukhala ezindlebeni ('Tinnitus'), ukulahlekelwa kukuva, ukuziva unzima endlebeni, kunye nosulelo lwendlebe oluhlala luhleli olungaphucukiyo nangona unyango lukhona.
- Intloko ebuhlungu: Intloko ebuhlungu engapheliyo.
- Iingxaki zempumlo: Impumlo ehlala ixinene kwaye iphuma igazi.
- Iingxaki zomlomo nobuso: Ubunzima bokuvula umlomo, iintlungu okanye ukurhawuzelela ebusweni.
- Ubunzima bokuphefumla nokuthetha: Ngamanye amaxesha unokuba nobunzima bokuphefumla okanye bokuthetha.
Into ebalulekileyo kukuba ezi mpawu zidla ngokufana nezezinye izifo ezincinci (umz., umkhuhlane, usulelo lwendlebe). Ngoko ke ungoyiki ukuba unomhlaza kuba nje unesinye okanye ezimbini kwezi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ezi mpawu ziyaqhubeka kangangeeveki ezingaphezu kwezimbini, okanye ukuba ziyafika zidlule, ngokuqinisekileyo kungcono ukubona ugqirha ukuze akunike ingcebiso.
Ziziphi izinto ezibangela umhlaza?
Nangona kungenakwenzeka ukutsho ngqo ukuba yintoni ebangela lo mhlaza,Oogqirha bafumanise izinto ezininzi ezibangela umngcipheko wokuba nalo mhlaza. Makhe sijonge ukuba zeziphi.
| Into enobungozi | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| Ukutshaya notywala | Abantu abatshaya kakhulu okanye abasebenzisa ezinye iimveliso zecuba kunye nabo basela utywala ngokugqithisileyo rhoqo basengozini enkulu. |
| Intsholongwane ye-Epstein-Barr (EBV) | Le yintsholongwane efanayo ebangela isifo i-'mononucleosis'. Le ntsholongwane ifumaneka rhoqo emizimbeni yezigulana ezine-'Nasopharyngeal Cancer'. |
| Ukutya | Ukutya rhoqo ukutya okucociweyo ngetyuwa kwandisa umngcipheko. Umzekelo, abantu abatya rhoqo inyama kunye neentlanzi ezicociweyo ngetyuwa (ezifana neentlanzi ezomisiweyo kunye nee-oysters) basengozini enkulu. |
| Izinto ezisingqongileyo | Ukuchanabeka rhoqo kwizinto ezifana nothuli lomthi kunye nomsi nako kunokunyusa umngcipheko. |
| Imbali yosapho kunye nemfuza | Ukuba kukho umntu kusapho lwakho osondeleyo okhe waba nalo mhlaza, nawe unokuba nawo. |
| Uhlanga kunye nesini | Abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezifana noMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, emazantsi eTshayina, nakumantla e-Afrika basengozini enkulu. Kwakhona, amadoda anamathuba aphindwe kathathu okufumana lo mhlaza kunabasetyhini. |
Ufunyaniswa njani lo mhlaza?
Xa usiya kugqirha, uza kuqala akubuze ngeempawu zakho kunye nembali yosapho lwakho. Emva koko uza kwenza uvavanyo olupheleleyo lomzimba. Uza kuhlola i-nasopharynx yakho, intloko, intamo, umlomo, umqala, impumlo, izihlunu zobuso kunye nee-lymph nodes. Angakuvavanya nokuva kwakho.
Ukongeza, olunye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi vavanyo lunokwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa:
- Uvavanyo lwe-Epstein-Barr virus: Ngenxa yokuba lo mhlaza unxulumene ne-EBV virus, kuya kwenziwa uvavanyo lwegazi ukulinganisa ubungakanani be-EBV egazini lakho.
- I-Biopsy: Olu lolona vavanyo luphambili lokuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa. Oku kuquka ukuthatha iqhekeza elincinci kakhulu lesicwili kwindawo erhanelekayo ye-nasopharynx size silihlole phantsi kwe-microscope ukuze sibone ukuba kukho iiseli zomhlaza na.
- I-CT scan (i-Computed Tomography scan): Oku kunokumisela ubungakanani bethumba kunye nokuba lisasazeke na kwizicwili ezingqongileyo.
- I-MRI scan (i-Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan): Oku kunokubonelela ngemifanekiso ecacileyo yezicubu ezithambileyo zentloko nentamo.
- I-PET scan (i-Positron Emission Tomography scan): Olu vavanyo lubalulekile ukuze kubonwe ukuba umhlaza usasazeke na kwezinye iindawo ezikude emzimbeni.
Ugqirha umisela inqanaba lomhlaza ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zezi mvavanyo.
Zithini izigaba zomhlaza?
Inqanaba lomhlaza limiselwa bubungakanani bethumba, indawo elikuyo, kunye nokuba iiseli zomhlaza zisasazeke kangakanani. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekucwangciseni unyango.
- Inqanaba 0: Umhlaza ulinganiselwe kumaleko weeseli ezingaphakathi kwe-nasopharynx.
- Inqanaba loku-1: Umhlaza usasazeke kwiindawo ezikufutshane, njengasemva komqala okanye kwimpumlo.
- Inqanaba lesi-2: Umhlaza usasazeke kwi-lymph nodes enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwelinye icala lentamo.
- Inqanaba lesi-3: Umhlaza usasazeke kwiindawo ze-lymph kumacala omabini entamo.
- Inqanaba lesi-4: Umhlaza usasazeke waya kukhakhayi, emehlweni, kwimithambo-luvo ekhokelela ebuchotsheni, kumadlala amathe, okanye kwinxalenye esezantsi yomqala. Okanye usasazeke waya kumalungu akude afana nemiphunga okanye isibindi.
Zithini iindlela zonyango zoku?
Unyango olufumanayo luya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezifana nenqanaba lomhlaza kunye nempilo yakho iyonke. Olu nyango lulandelayo lusetyenziswa kakhulu:
- Unyango ngemitha: Ukusetyenziswa kwemitha enamandla aphezulu ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza. Le yindlela ephambili yonyango esetyenziswa kakhulu kolu hlobo lomhlaza.
- Unyango ngamakhemikhali:Ukunika amayeza okubulala iiseli zomhlaza. La mayeza anokunikwa ngenaliti okanye njengeepilisi.
- I-Chemoradiation: Ukunika unyango lwe-radiation kunye ne-chemotherapy kunye.
- Unyango olujoliswe kulo: Ukunika amayeza ajolise kwiimolekyuli ezithile ezinceda iiseli zomhlaza zikhule kwaye zisasazeke.
- Utyando: Utyando alusoloko lulonyango luphambili kuba i-nasopharynx yindawo enzima ukuyityanda. Nangona kunjalo, utyando lunokwenziwa ukuze kususwe ii-lymph nodes entanyeni ezingasabelanga kwezinye iindlela zonyango.
Unyango lunokuba nemiphumo emibi. Umzekelo, unyango lwe-radiation lunokubangela umlomo owomileyo kunye nokulahlekelwa yincasa. Ungathetha nogqirha wakho ngale miphumo uze ucele uncedo lokulawula le miphumo.
Ingaba lo mhlaza unganyangeka? Lingakanani izinga lokusinda?
Impendulo yalo mbuzo ithi, ewe, inokwenzeka. Ingakumbi ukuba ifunyenwe kwangethuba, oko kukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba umhlaza usasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba, inokuphiliswa ngokupheleleyo.
Xa sithetha ngamazinga okusinda, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba la ngamanani nje. Akufanele athathwe lula. Imeko yakho inokwahluka ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezininzi.
- Ukuba umhlaza awukasasazeka (wasekuhlaleni): Malunga nabantu abangama-82 kwabayi-100 abanomhlaza ohlala kwimpumlo kuphela baya kusinda emva kweminyaka emihlanu emva kokufunyaniswa ukuba banawo.
- Ukuba isasazeke kwiindawo ezikufutshane (kwimimandla): Malunga nabantu abangama-72 kwabayi-100 abanomhlaza osasazeke kwiindawo ezikufutshane, njengee-lymph nodes entanyeni, baya kusaphila emva kweminyaka emihlanu.
- Ukuba isasazeke kude (iMetastatic): Kwabo banomhlaza osasazeke kwiindawo ezikude ezifana nemiphunga okanye isibindi, malunga nama-49 kwali-100 basaphila emva kweminyaka emihlanu.
Into ebalulekileyo kukuba ezi zibalo ziyi-avareji nje ngokusekelwe kumava abanye abaguli. Imeko yakho inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ezinje ngobudala bakho, impilo yakho iyonke, kunye nendlela osabela ngayo kunyango. Ngoko ke thetha nogqirha wakho ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nemeko yakho.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Umhlaza wempumlo ngumhlaza ongaqhelekanga okhula ngasemva kwempumlo nakwinxalenye ephezulu yomphimbo.
- Lumka iimpawu ezinje ngamaqhuma angenantlungu entanyeni, iingxaki zendlebe ezingapheliyo, ukuxinana kwempumlo, okanye ukopha kwempumlo.
- Lo mhlaza udla ngokubonakala kumazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia afana neSri Lanka.
- Ukutshaya, ukusela utywala kakhulu, kunye nokusela rhoqo ukutya okunetyuwa nokutya okugciniweyo (iitumato ezomisiweyo, iipickles) kwandisa umngcipheko.
- Lo mhlaza unganyangeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba ufunyenwe kwangethuba.
- Ukuba unamathandabuzo, ungalibazisi kwaye udibane nogqirha wakho ngokukhawuleza ukuze akunike icebiso.
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