Imizimba yethu yimishini emangalisayo. Ineenkqubo ezininzi zokuzikhusela ezisikhusela kwizifo ezivela ngaphandle kwaye zilawula neengxaki ezivela emzimbeni. Ngokufanayo, kukho "abalindi" abakhethekileyo kwiijini zethu abanceda ekumiseni ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngazo.
Zithini ezi genes zokuthintela ithumba?
Ngamafutshane, ezi ziijini ezithintela iiseli ukuba zingakhuli ngendlela engafanelekanga, nto leyo enokubangela umhlaza. Ezi jini zivelisa iiproteni ezikhethekileyo. Ezi proteni zezona zithintela inkqubo yokwenza iithumba. Ngamanye amazwi, ezi jini zisebenza njenge "nkqubo yeebhuleki" elawula isantya apho iiseli emzimbeni wethu zahlukana khona.
Khawucinge nje ukuba uqhuba imoto. Udinga iibhuleki ukuze ulawule isantya semoto, akunjalo? Yiyo loo nto kunjalo. Iiseli emzimbeni wethu kufuneka zahlukane kangangoko zifuna, zize ziyeke ukwahlukana xa kufuneka. Umsebenzi wokusebenzisa ezi "bhuleki" wenziwa ziiproteni ezenziwe zii-genes ezithintela i-tumor.
Kodwa, kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ngesizathu esithile ezi jini ziyatshintsha, oko kukuthi, utshintsho ? Kufana neebhuleki emotweni ephukileyo. Xa iibhuleki ziyeka ukusebenza, ukuveliswa kweeproteni ezixelela iiseli ukuba ziyeke ukwahlukana kuyayeka. Emva koko iiseli ziqala ukwahlukana ngokungalawulekiyo. Iqoqo leeseli eziqokelelana ngale ndlela yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yi-"tumor."
Kungoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba oogqirha bazi ngezi jini zokuthintela umhlaza. Ukuvavanya utshintsho kwezi jini kunokunceda ekufumaneni unobangela womhlaza womntu kunye nokuvavanya umngcipheko womhlaza.
Zeziphi iinguqu eziphambili ezibonakala kwezi jini?
Abaphandi ngoku bafumanise ii-gene ezininzi ezithintela umhlaza ezinceda ekuthinteleni umhlaza. Utshintsho kwezi gene lunokuba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni komhlaza. Makhe sijonge imizekelo embalwa. Ndibeke olu lwazi kwitheyibhile engezantsi ukuze kube lula ukuyiqonda.
| Igama leJini | Iintsholongwane ezinxulumene noko kunye nokubaluleka kwazo |
|---|---|
| TP53 | Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba izazinzulu zikubiza ngokuba "ngumlindi we-genome." Ngaphezulu kwama-50% omhlaza emhlabeni wonke unxulunyaniswa nokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kwi-TP53. |
| RB1 | Le yijini yokuqala yokuthintela ithumba efunyenwe ngabaphandi. Utshintsho oluvela kule jini lubangela i-retinoblastoma , umhlaza weliso. Ikwanxulunyaniswa nomhlaza wamabele, wamaphaphu, kunye nowesinye. |
| I-CDKN2A | Utshintsho kolu jini lunokubonwa kumhlaza wolusu oluzuzwe njengelifa (i-melanoma) kunye nomhlaza we-pancreatic . |
| I-BRCA1 kunye ne-BRCA2 | Mhlawumbi ukhe weva ngala magama mabini. Ukwahluka kwezi jini kwandisa kakhulu umngcipheko womhlaza webele kunye nomhlaza wesibeleko ozuzwe njengelifa. Zikwanyusa nomngcipheko womhlaza webele wepancreatic, iprostate, kunye nomhlaza webele wamadoda. |
| I-APC | Abantu abazelwe bene- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) , imeko ezuzwe njengelifa, banekopi eguquliweyo ye-APC gene. Le meko idla ngokukhokelela kumhlaza wamathumbu amakhulu. |
| I-PTEN | Njenge-gene ye-BRCA, utshintsho kwi-gene ye-PTEN lunxulunyaniswa nemeko ebizwa ngokuba yi -PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) , eyonyusa umngcipheko weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza, kubandakanya umhlaza webele, i-thyroid, kunye nomhlaza wesibeleko. |
Yintoni kanye kanye indima yezi gene?
Umsebenzi ophambili wezi jini kukuthintela iiseli ukuba zingadibani kwaye zenze iithumba. Ukuze siqonde ukuba oko kwenzeka njani, kufuneka siqonde kancinci malunga nolwalamano phakathi kwe-DNA, iijini kunye neeseli.
Khawuthelekelele ukuba yonke iseli emzimbeni wethu ifana nomzi-mveliso omncinci. Yonke imiyalelo efunekayo kulo mzi-mveliso ikwithala leencwadi elikhulu. Eli thala leencwadi yiDNA .Oko kukuthi. Iincwadi ezikwelo thala leencwadi zibizwa ngokuba ziigenes . Incwadi nganye (igenes) ine "iresiphi" yokwenza iproteni ethile efunekayo emzimbeni. Ngoko ke, iincwadi ezibizwa ngokuba ziigenes ezithintela i-tumor suppressor ziqulethe iindlela zokwenza iiproteni ezithintela ukukhula kweeseli.
Ezi jini zenza imisebenzi emininzi ephambili:
- Ithintela iiseli ukuba zingahlukani ngokukhawuleza nangokungalawulekiyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwakhekeni kweethumba.
- Ibangela ukuba iiseli ezindala, ezonakeleyo zife ngexesha elithile. Le yinkqubo eqhelekileyo emzimbeni.
- Umonakalo kwi-DNA uyalungiswa, nto leyo ethintela iijini ezineempazamo ukuba zingakopishwa kwiiseli ezintsha.
- Inceda ekuthinteleni ukuba umhlaza ungasasazeki kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.
Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho utshintsho kule gene inye, iproteni eyivelisayo inokwenziwa ngendlela engafanelekanga. Okanye iproteni ingayeka ukwenziwa ngokupheleleyo. Emva koko iiseli azifumani myalezo othi "yeka ukwahlukana ngoku." Isiphumo kukuba iiseli ziyaqhubeka nokwahlukana kwaye zenze amathumba anomhlaza.
Kutheni le nto ezi gene zithintela umhlaza zitshintshatshintsha?
Kukho izizathu ezibini eziphambili zokuba ii-genes zomntu ezithintela umhlaza zitshintshe.
1. Ilifa ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye
Abanye abantu bazuza ezi gene ziguqukileyo kubazali babo. Umzekelo, i-Li-Fraumeni syndrome yimeko ebangelwa kukufumana ikopi eguqukileyo ye-TP53 gene. Ngokwesiqhelo, sineekopi ezimbini ze-gene nganye (enye evela kumama wethu, enye evela kubaba wethu). Ngale ndlela, ukufumana ikopi enye eguqukileyo kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza.
Ngokwesiqhelo, ukuze umhlaza ukhule, zombini iikopi zejini kufuneka zingasebenzi. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-"two-hit hypothesis." Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ikopi enye ifunyenwe inesiphene kwaye enye ikopi esempilweni itshintsha ngesizathu esithile ebomini, umhlaza unokuvela.
2. Ukwenzeka ngexesha lobomi
Abantu abaninzi baba nomhlaza ngenxa yotshintsho oluvela kwezi jini xa bekhula. Oku kunokubangelwa zezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Utshintsho lwendalo oluvela emzimbeni xa ukwaluphala: Njengokuba iindawo zomatshini omdala ziguga.
- Izinto ezisingqongileyo: ukuchatshazelwa ngumsi wecuba, iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo, okanye imisebe.
- Iimpazamo ezingacwangciswanga ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli: Umzimba wethu ufana nomzi-mveliso osebenza ungayeki. Iiseli ezintsha ziyaveliswa ngalo lonke ixesha. Ngamanye amaxesha iimpazamo zinokwenzeka ngeli xesha le nkqubo. Ezi mpazamo zinokuqokelelana ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ngaba kukho iimvavanyo zokufumanisa utshintsho kwezi gene?
Ewe, kukho uvavanyo lwegazi kunye namathe olunokufumanisa iingxaki kwezi jini zokuthintela ithumba. Kodwa kukho into ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuneka uyiqonde apha.
Olu vavanyo alufumanisi ngqo umhlaza. Endaweni yoko, luchonga kuphela ukuba une-genetic mutation eyonyusa umngcipheko wakho wokuba nomhlaza.
Ngugqirha wakho kuphela onokukunika ingcebiso engcono malunga nokuba uyaludinga na olu hlobo lovavanyo, ngenxa yempilo yakho kunye nembali yosapho lwakho. Ke ngoko, kungcono ukuthetha nogqirha wakho ngalo mba.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-Tumor Suppressor Genes kunye ne-Oncogenes?
Nangona zombini ezi jini zibandakanyeka ekubangeni umhlaza, zisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Masibuyele kumzekelo wethu weemoto.
- Iijini ezithintela ithumba zifana nepedali yebhuleki emotweni. Ziyayimisa ukukhula kweeseli. Ukuba enye yezi jini iyatshintsha, oko kukuthi, ukuba ibhuleki iyaphuka, ukukhula kweeseli akunakumiswa.
- Ii-Oncogenes zifana ne-accelerator pedal emotweni. Zixelela iiseli ukuba "zikhawulezise" ukukhula kwazo. Ukuba enye yezi gene iyatshintsha, oko kukuthi, ukuba i-accelerator iyabhajwa, iiseli ziqala ukwahlukana ngokukhawuleza nangokungalawulekiyo.
Enye okanye zombini ezi ndlela zimbini zokubangela umhlaza inokukuchaphazela. Oko kukuthi, unokucinga ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba iibhuleki ziqhekeka kwaye i-accelerator ivaleke.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Emizimbeni yethu, kukho ii-genes ezikhethekileyo (ii-Tumor Suppressor Genes) ezisebenza njenge "nkqubo yeebhuleki" ethintela ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza.
- Utshintsho (utshintsho) kwezi jini lunokufunyanwa njengelifa okanye lwenzeke ngexesha lobomi.
- Ngokwesiqhelo, ukuze umhlaza ukhule, kufuneka kubekho isiphene kuzo zombini iikopi zale jini.
- Ukufumanisa ukuba unolu hlobo lotshintsho ngovavanyo lwemfuza akuthethi ukuba unomhlaza, kodwa kuthetha ukuba umngcipheko wakho wokuba nomhlaza unokuvavanywa.
- Soloko uthetha nogqirha wakho malunga nembali yomhlaza wosapho lwakho kunye nomngcipheko wakho.
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