Ayini amabhaktheriya? Ake sifunde kabanzi ngalezi zidalwa ezincane!

Ubuwazi ukuthi kunezigidi zezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezisizungezile, nangaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, esingenakuzibona? Yilokho amagciwane ayikho. Amanye amahle, amanye angcolile kancane, okusho ukuthi angabangela izifo. Ake sixoxe ngawo wonke la magciwane ngokuningiliziwe namuhla, kulungile?

Kalula nje, amabhaktheriya ayizinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu, ezineseli elilodwa. Sibiza i-bacterium eyodwa ngokuthi 'ibhaktheriya'. Kunezigidi, ngisho nezigidigidi, zezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhaktheriya yonke indawo emhlabeni, ngisho nasemzimbeni wakho. Asesikhumbeni sakho, ekhaleni lakho, emlonyeni wakho, kanye nasesimisweni sakho sokugaya ukudla, ohlelweni lokuzala, kanye nasemzimbeni wakho womchamo. Cabanga nje, ososayensi bathi kunamaseli amabhaktheriya amaningi ngokuphindwe kayishumi kunamaseli abantu emizimbeni yethu! Akumangalisi lokho?

Yini enhle ayenzayo amabhaktheriya kithi?

Akuwona wonke amabhaktheriya amabi. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhaktheriya ziwusizo kakhulu kithi. Lawa mabhaktheriya awusizo atholakala kakhulu esikhumbeni sethu nasemathunjini ethu, okuyisistimu yethu yokugaya ukudla. Siwabiza ngokuthi amabhaktheriya ethu ahlala kuwo, noma 'izitshalo zethu ezihlala kuwo', noma 'i-microbiome' yakho. Lona umphakathi wama-microorganisms ahlala emzimbeni wakho. Lawa ma-bacteria amahle emathunjini asisiza ukuthi simunce izakhamzimba , sigaye ukudla , futhi simise ukukhula kwama-bacteria amabi. Afana nabangane bethu abakhulu.

Ziyini izingozi zamagciwane?

Nakuba amagciwane amaningi engenangozi, ezinye izinhlobo zingakwenza ugule. Sibiza lezi zinhlobo zamabhaktheriya ngokuthi 'amagciwane '. Amagciwane angama-microorganisms angabangela izifo. Anganda ngokushesha emzimbeni wakho futhi akhiqize ubuthi . Yilapho kuvela khona ukutheleleka.

Nazi ezinye izibonelo zamagciwane ayingozi:

• I-Streptococcus : Amagciwane abangela izifo zomphimbo, okungukuthi, i-strep throat.
• I-Staphylococcus : Amagciwane abangela ukutheleleka kwe-staph esikhumbeni.
• I-Escherichia coli : Amagciwane abangela ukutheleleka kwe-E. coli.

Lawa mabhaktheriya nawo abangela kakhulu ubuthi egazini, isimo esibizwa ngokuthi "i-septicemia." Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amagciwane engena egazini lakho. Amagciwane egazini lakho angasakazeka futhi aholele esimweni esibi esibizwa ngokuthi "i-sepsis." I-Sepsis ukusabela ngokweqile komzimba wakho ekuthelelekeni okusakazeke kuwo wonke umzimba wakho.

Ezinye izibonelo zamabhaktheriya abangela izifo yilezi:

• I-Aerococcus urinae: Ibhaktheriya ebangela ukutheleleka komgudu womchamo.
• I-Chlamydia trachomatis : Ibhaktheriya ebangela ukutheleleka ngocansi (STI) ebizwa ngokuthi i-chlamydia.
• I-Bordetella pertussis : Igciwane elibangela ukukhwehlela okukhwehlelayo.

Ukutheleleka okuningi kwamagciwane kungelashwa ngama -antibiotic . Kodwa-ke, uma uphuza ama-antibiotic kaningi, umzimba wakho unamathuba amaningi okulwa nawo. Futhi, uma ungawasebenzisi ama-antibiotic kuze kube yilapho ephuzwa noma njengoba udokotela wakho ekutshelile, amathuba amaningi okuba nokumelana namagciwane.

Amabhaktheriya ahlukaniswa kanjani?

Ososayensi basebenzisa izindlela eziningana zokuhlukanisa amabhaktheriya.

Ngegama lesayensi

Enye indlela iwukusebenzisa igama labo lesayensi. Leli gama lihlanganisa "uhlobo" lwabo – igama elinikezwa amabhaktheriya ngokusekelwe ezicini zawo – kanye "nohlobo" olukulolo hlobo. Isibonelo, igama lesayensi lamabhaktheriya abangela lesi sifo "i-botulism" yi- "Clostridium botulinum" . Ngisho nangaphakathi kohlobo olufanayo, ososayensi bangathola "izinhlobo" ezahlukene.

Ngokwesimo sebhaktheriya

Enye indlela iwukuma kwebhaktheriya. Ngokuyisisekelo kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamabhaktheriya:

• Okuyindilinga noma okumise okwebhola (`cocci ba CTE ria` - cocci bacteria)
• Okufana nenduku noma okufana nenduku (`bacilli`)
• Isimo esijikelezayo noma esigoqekile (`spirochetes`)

Ngokwezidingo ze-oxygen

Ososayensi bahlukanisa amabhaktheriya ngokuthi adinga umoya-mpilo yini ukuze aphile futhi akhule.

• Amabhaktheriya adinga umoya-mpilo abizwa ngokuthi 'ama-aerobes '.
• Amabhaktheriya angakwazi ukusinda noma ukukhula lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo abizwa ngokuthi 'ama-anaerobes '.
• Amanye amabhaktheriya angaphila futhi akhule nge-oxygen noma ngaphandle kwayo. Abizwa ngokuthi "amabhaktheriya e-facultative" .

Ngokwesimo sofuzo

Enye indlela ukubheka ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo zamagciwane. Igciwane ngalinye linesethi ehlukile yezakhi zofuzo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi 'uhlobo lwazo' . Ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kungabona umehluko kulezi zakhi zofuzo.

Ngokupenda - Ukupenda kweGram

Leli iphuzu elibalulekile. Ososayensi bahlukanisa amabhaktheriya ngombala abawukhiphayo ngemva kokuba efakwe amakhemikhali akhethekile (`amabala`). Enye indlela eyaziwayo yokufaka amabala yi -``Gram staining`` . Lokhu kufaka amabhaktheriya ohlwini ``gram- positive`` noma ``gram -negative``. Lokhu kufaka amabala kuyi-Gram futhi kusiza ekunqumeni ukwelashwa. Ngoba amabhaktheriya ane-gram-positive kanye ne-gram-negative asabela ngendlela ehlukile kuma-antibiotic athile.

Ayini amabhaktheriya ane-Gram-positive?

Amabhaktheriya ahlukaniswa njenge-gram-positive noma i-gram-negative ngokusekelwe kumbala awukhiqizayo ku-Gram stain. Anemibala ehlukene ngoba izindonga zamaseli awo zihlukile. 'Okuhle' kanye 'nokubi' akusho ukuthi 'okuhle' noma 'okubi', asho nje okuhle. Amabhaktheriya ane-gram-positive abonakala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-Gram stain.

Ezinye izibonelo:

• I-Corynebacterium (`i-Corynebacterium`)
• I-Clostridium (`Clostridium`)
• I-Listeria (`I-Listeria`)

Ayini amabhaktheriya angenayo i-Gram?

Amabhaktheriya angenayo i-Gram abonakala ebomvu ngokupinki ebala le-Gram. Abangela ukutheleleka okuhlukile kunamabhaktheriya angenayo i-Gram. Adinga futhi ukwelashwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antibiotic.

Ezinye izibonelo:

• Ama-Pseudomonas (`ama-Pseudomonas`)
• I-Proteus (`I-Proteus`)
• I-Klebsiella

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwamagciwane namagciwane?

Amabhaktheriya namagciwane kuyizinhlobo ezimbili zamagciwane, noma ama-microorganism. Zombili zingabangela ukutheleleka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izimpawu zingafana. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kokutheleleka kwamagciwane kanye nokutheleleka kwamagciwane kuhluke ngokuphelele.

Odokotela basebenzisa ama-antibiotic ukwelapha ezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Kodwa ama-antibiotic awasebenzi kumagciwane. Odokotela belapha amanye amagciwane ngemithi yokulwa namagciwane , kodwa lawo ma-antiviral awasebenzi kumagciwane abangelwa amagciwane. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukukuqonda!

Ayini amabhaktheriya amelana nama-antibiotic?

Amasosha omzimba wakho angalwa namagciwane athile futhi anqobe. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, udinga ukuthatha umuthi wokulwa namagciwane ukuze welaphe ukutheleleka ngamagciwane. Ama-antibiotic asebenza ngokubhubhisa udonga lweseli noma i-DNA yamagciwane.

Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kungabangela izinkinga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanye amabhaktheriya aba namandla okumelana nama-antibiotic.('imelana'). Bese kuba nzima kakhulu ukwelapha izifo ezibangelwa izinhlobo ezintsha. Njalo uma uthatha umuthi wokulwa namagciwane, amathuba okuthi amabhaktheriya afunde ukumelana nawo ayanda.

Okubalulekile: Kubalulekile ukuthatha ama-antibiotic anqunywe udokotela, ngomthamo oqondile futhi isikhathi sonke. Ukuwayeka phakathi noma ukuwathatha ngomthamo ophansi ngeke kuwabulale ngokuphelele amabhaktheriya, futhi asele azoba nokumelana nama-antibiotic.

Isibonelo esihle sebhaktheriya elimelana nama-antibiotic yi -MRSA (i-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Lokhu kuyingozi kancane.

Amagciwane adluliselwa kanjani?

Iningi lamabhaktheriya lizala ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlukana kwebhanari." Kalula nje, iseli elilodwa lamabhaktheriya liphinda i-DNA yalo bese lihlukana kabili. Iseli ngalinye elisha lithola ikhophi ye-DNA. Kufana nokuthi elilodwa liba zimbili, amabili aba mane, njalo njalo.

Ingabe amabhaktheriya abizwa ngokuthi ama-prokaryotic noma ama-eukaryotic?

Ama-bacteria awanawo "i-nucleus" . Ngakho-ke, ahlukaniswa ngokuthi "ama-prokaryotes" . Angama-microorganism anesakhiwo seseli esilula kakhulu. Ama-bacteria ane "izindonga zeseli". Ngaphakathi kodonga lweseli, uma ubheka isakhiwo seseli elilodwa, kukhona "i-cytoplasm" , "ama-ribosome" kanye ne -DNA . Ngaphandle kodonga lweseli, kungase kube ne-"flagella" eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Lawa ma-flagella yiwo asiza ama-bacteria ukuthi ahambe.

Ingabe kukhona uhlobo lwebhaktheriya oludla ipulasitiki?

Yebo, ungamangali! Ngo-2016, ithimba lososayensi e-Osaka, eJapane lathola uhlobo olusha lwamagciwane. Baluqamba ngokuthi ``Ideonella sakaiensis`` . Leli gciwane latholakala lidla amabhodlela epulasitiki eduze kwesikhungo sokuvuselela!

Amabhaktheriya avame ukudla izinto eziphilayo ezifile. Kodwa leli bhaktheriya lidle uhlobo lwepulasitiki olubizwa ngokuthi i-polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Izinto ezifana namabhodlela ethu amanzi okuphuza zivame ukwenziwa ngale pulasitiki ye-PET. Lapho ososayensi befunda kabanzi ngale bhaktheriya, bathola ukuthi ikhiqiza ama-enzyme amabili akhethekile okugaya ukudla asiza ekugayeni ipulasitiki.

Le enzyme igaya kuphela ipulasitiki ye-PET. Kodwa ososayensi banethemba lokuthi ngolunye usuku, amabhaktheriya adla ipulasitiki anjengalawa angasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga enkulu yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki emhlabeni. Cabanga ukuthi lokho kungaba kuhle kangakanani!

Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okudingeka sizikhumbule kule ndaba?

Kulungile, sesikhulume kakhulu ngamagciwane manje. Kalula nje, nakhu okudingeka ukukhumbule:

• Amabhaktheriya ayizinto eziphilayo ezincane ezikhona yonke indawo futhi ezingabonakali emehlweni ethu.
• Izinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane azinangozi kithi. Ezinye ziwusizo kakhulu emizimbeni yethu, ikakhulukazi emathunjini ethu. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi 'i-microbiome' yethu.
• Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zamabhaktheriya (amagciwane) zingabangela izifo, ezidinga ukwelashwa.
• Odokotela banikeza ama-antibiotic ezifweni eziningi ezibangelwa amagciwane.
• Into ebaluleke kakhulu: Uma usebenzisa ama-antibiotic , landela imiyalelo kadokotela wakho ngqo. Waphuze isikhathi esifanele futhi ngesilinganiso esifanele. Uma ungakwenzi lokho, amabhaktheriya azoqala ukuba nokumelana nama-antibiotic. Leyo inkinga enkulu.

Ngakho-ke, amabhaktheriya ayingxenye yokuphila kwethu. Ukuwaqonda kahle kungasisiza kakhulu ekuzigcineni siphilile.

Amagciwane , izifo, ama-antibiotic, amagciwane, impilo, ibala le-Gram, ukumelana nama-antibiotic