Ingabe ingane yakho inenkinga ngezibalo? Ake sixoxe nge-dyscalculia!

Ingabe ingane yakho encane inenkinga ngezinombolo? Mhlawumbe inenkinga yokwenza izibalo ezilula, noma ayinasithakazelo nje ezibalweni? Njengomzali, kuyinto evamile ukuzizwa udabuke futhi ukhathazekile kancane. Kodwa ungakhathazeki. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngesimo abantu abaningi abangasazi, kodwa esingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekufundeni kwezingane. Lokho kuyi -dyscalculia .

Kuyini i-Dyscalculia? Kalula nje...

I-Dyscalculia iyinkinga yokufunda. Ngokuqondile, ithinta ikhono lokuqonda izinombolo kanye nemibono yezibalo. Manje ungase ucabange, "O, ingabe ubuthakathaka bengane yami ezinambeni busho ukuthi ayihlakaniphile?" Lutho neze! Izingane ezine-dyscalculia azinazo izinselele zobuhlakani. Aziphansi kunezinye izingane nganoma iyiphi indlela. Inkinga ukuthi indlela ubuchopho bazo obusebenzisa ngayo ulwazi lwezibalo ihlukile kancane endleleni ubuchopho obungenaso lesi simo obusebenza ngayo.

Izimpawu zalesi sifo zivame ukuvela ebuntwaneni, ikakhulukazi lapho izingane zifunda ukwenza izibalo ezilula. Kodwa ungamangali, abanye abantu abadala nabo bane-dyscalculia, futhi bangase bangazi nokuthi bayazazi. Ngokuvamile, abantu abane-dyscalculia babhekana nokucindezeleka kwengqondo lapho kufanele benze izibalo. Izinto ezifana nokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka zingavela.

Kukhona nohlobo lwe-dyscalculia oluvela kamuva ekuphileni. Lubizwa ngokuthi i-acquired dyscalculia . Lokhu kungenzeka kunoma yimuphi ubudala. Kubangelwa ezinye izimo zezokwelapha. Sizoxoxa ngalokho kamuva.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Dyslexia ne-Dyscalculia?

Zombili lezi zinto ziyizinkinga zokufunda, kodwa kukhona umehluko omkhulu. Kalula nje:

• I-Dyscalculia: Lokhu kuthinta amakhono ezibalo.
• I-Dyslexia: Lokhu kuthinta amakhono okufunda.

Nakuba lezi zimbili zihlukile, ngokusho kweziqondiso ze-DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) ze-American Psychiatric Association, zombili ziwela ngaphansi kwesigaba "sezinkinga zokufunda ezithile." Abanye abantu bangase babe nazo zombili lezi zimo ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ubani ongaba ne-dyscalculia? Ivame kangakanani?

I-Dyscalculia ingathinta noma ubani, kodwa ivame ukuqashelwa okokuqala lapho izingane ziqala isikole futhi zisemabanga aphansi (ngokuvamile ziphakathi kweminyaka engu-6 no-9).

Akujwayelekile kakhulu, kodwa kusakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi lesi simo sithinta abantu abaphakathi kuka-3% no-7% emhlabeni.

I-dyscalculia iyithinta kanjani ingqondo yakho?

Sibiza abantu abane-dyscalculia ngokuthi neurodivergent.Ukuhlukahluka kwemizwa kungumqondo wokuthi awekho ubuchopho babantu ababili obufanayo, nokuthi ubuchopho bomuntu wonke buyakhula futhi buvuthwe ngendlela eyingqayizivele ngokuphelele. Kubantu abane-dyscalculia, lokho kusho ukuthi indlela ubuchopho babo obusebenza ngayo ihlukile endleleni ubuchopho bomuntu ongenaso lesi simo obusebenza ngayo.

Cabanga ukuthi kulula kangakanani ukwenza ukubala okulula njengokuthi "2+2=?" Kodwa kudinga amakhono amaningana ahlukene ukuze kuhlangane, kanye nezingxenye ezahlukene zobuchopho ukuze zisebenze ndawonye. Amanye alawo makhono yilawa:

• Ukucubungula okubonakalayo: Amehlo akho abona yonke inkinga yezibalo, bese ethumela lezo zingcezu ebuchosheni bakho ukuze zicutshungulwe.
• Inkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane: Uma wenza izibalo, usebenzisa le nkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane ukukhumbula imininingwane (izinombolo, izimpawu, ukulandelana kwazo).
• Ulimi: Usebenzisa le ngxenye yobuchopho bakho ukuhumusha incazelo yezimpawu ezinkingeni zezibalo. Yingakho wazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini uphawu lokuhlanganisa, uphawu olulinganayo, kanye nophawu lombuzo kulo mongo.
• Inkumbulo yesikhathi eside: Ufinyelela le nkumbulo ukuze ukhumbule inqubo yokuxazulula inkinga yezibalo. Kuleli qophelo, ubuchopho bakho buyabona ukuthi lena inkinga yokwengeza esekelwe esibonakalisweni sokwengeza kanye nesibonakaliso esilinganayo.
• Ukuqonda amanani namanani: Ubuchopho bakho buyaqonda ukuthi uphawu "2" lumelela inani elithile noma inani. Lesi simiso sivame ukufundiswa izingane ezincane ngokubanika izibonelo ezifana nezithelo nezilwane.
• Ukubala: Le nqubo iyona ekusiza ukuhlanganisa konke okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla bese uxazulula u-2+2=4.

Kumuntu ojwayelekile wezinzwa, okungukuthi, umuntu okhula kahle ebuchosheni, zonke lezi zinqubo zisebenza njengoba kulindelekile. Kodwa-ke, abantu abane-dyscalculia, kuye ngokuthi isimo sabo sibucayi kangakanani, kufanele balwe nezingxenye ezithile zale nqubo.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-Dyscalculia?

Izimpawu zincike engxenyeni yenqubo umuntu abhekene nayo nobunzima, futhi zingahlukahluka kuye ngobudala bomuntu kanye nezimo avame ukuhlangana nazo.

Izingane ezincane (kuze kufike ezingeni lesikole samabanga aphansi kanye nelesikole samabanga aphansi)

Lezi yizimpawu ezivame kakhulu ezinganeni ezincane kakhulu:

• Ubunzima bokubala izinombolo.
• Ubunzima bokuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinto nenombolo (isibonelo, ukungakwazi ukuhlanganisa inombolo 4 namamabula angu-4).
• Ubunzima bokubona izinombolo kanye nezimpawu zezibalo.
• Ubunzima bokuhlela izinombolo ngokulandelana (isib., kusukela kwenkulu kuya kwencane, eyokuqala kuya kweyokugcina).
• Ubunzima bokubona nokusebenzisa imigqa yezinombolo.
• Ubunzima bokufunda ukusebenzisa imali (izinhlamvu zemali noma amanothi).

Izingane eziya esikoleni (amabanga aphansi)

Izimpawu ze-dyscalculia zivame ukubonakala lapho izingane ziqala isikole, cishe zineminyaka eyi-6. Izimpawu kulezi zingane zifaka:

• Ukufunda ukubala ngisho nezinombolo ezincane ngeminwe yakho (ikakhulukazi uma kubonakala kungadingeki kuleyo minyaka).
• Ubunzima bokubona izinto ezincane ekuqaleni (lokhu kubonakala sengathi umuntu kufanele azibale ngayinye ngayinye).
• Ubunzima bokwenza izibalo ezilula ngenkumbulo.
• Ubunzima bokukhumbula amathebula okuphindaphinda.
• Ubunzima bokuqonda inkinga efanayo yezibalo lapho ukuhleleka kwezinombolo noma izimpawu kushintsha (ubunzima bokuqonda ukuthi u-1+7=8 kanye no-8=7+1 kuyafana).
• Ubunzima bokuqonda izinombolo ezinikezwe ngamagama (izinkinga zamagama) noma izimpawu eziyinkimbinkimbi kancane (ezifana > "ezinkulu kune" noma < "ezingaphansi kune").
• Ubunzima bokuhlela izinombolo ngesikali (ama-10, ama-100, ama-1000) noma ngezindawo zamadesimali (0.1, 0.01, 0.001).

Izingane ezincane (isikole samabanga aphezulu noma iminyaka yesikole samabanga aphezulu) kanye nabantu abadala

Izimpawu ezibonakala ezinganeni ezincane nakubantu abadala zivame ukufaka:

• Ubunzima bokubala phansi.
• Ubunzima bokuxazulula izinkinga ezinikezwe ngamazwi.
• Ubunzima bokuhlukanisa izinkinga zibe yizinyathelo zokuzixazulula.
• Kunzima ukulinganisa izinto.
• Ubunzima bokulinganisa ubuningi (isib. izithako ezidingekayo lapho kupheka/kubhaka).
• Kunzima ukusebenzisa imali (izinhlamvu zemali namaphepha) ukuthenga izimpahla, ukushintshanisa amanothi ngezinhlamvu zemali (kanye nokushintshana), bese wenza imali eyengeziwe.
• Ubunzima bokuqonda nokuguqula izingxenyana.

Izimpawu zengqondo

Ngaphezu kwezimpawu ezihlobene ngqo namakhono ezibalo, abantu abane-dyscalculia bangase babonise izimpawu zengqondo lapho kudingeka benze izibalo. Lezi zimpawu zengqondo zivame ukufaka:

• Ukukhathazeka ( kufaka phakathi ukwesaba izivivinyo) noma ukwesaba.
• Ukungahlaliseki, intukuthelo, noma ulaka (njengokukhala kakhulu ezinganeni ezincane).
• Ukwesaba (kufaka phakathi ukwesaba ukuya esikoleni).
• Izimpawu zomzimba zanoma yikuphi kwalokhu okungenhla (njengokucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukuhlanza, ukujuluka, ubuhlungu besisu).

Ziyini izimbangela ze-dyscalculia?

Ngokuvamile, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, ochwepheshe abazi kahle ukuthi kungani i-dyscalculia yenzeka. Kodwa-ke, kunobufakazi bokuthi ukukhubazeka kokufunda, okuhlanganisa ne-dyscalculia, kungasebenza emindenini. Kodwa-ke, kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuqinisekisa lokhu.

Ochwepheshe abakwaziyo ukuthi abantu abane-dyscalculia banamathuba amaningi okuba nezinguquko ezithile ezingxenyeni ezithile zobuchopho. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukuthi lezo zingxenye azikathuthuki kahle nokuthi kunokuxhumana okuncane phakathi kwamangqamuzana obuchopho. Lezi yizingxenye zobuchopho ezithintekayo uma wenza noma yini ehilela izinombolo nokubala. Kodwa ochwepheshe abakazi ukuthi kungani lezi zinguquko zenzeka nokuthi zithinta kanjani izimpawu zalesi simo.

Ezinye izimo ezihlobene

I-Dyscalculia ivame ukwenzeka nezinye izimo. Lezi akuzona izimbangela, kodwa zingaba izinkomba kubahlinzeki bezempilo zokuqaphela nokuxilonga i-dyscalculia. Izimo ezivame ukwenzeka nge-dyscalculia zifaka:

• Isifo sokungakwazi ukunaka kakhulu (ADHD).
• I-dyslexia, i-dysgraphia, noma ukukhubazeka kokufunda okungenamazwi.
• Ukuphazamiseka kokucubungula izinzwa.
• Isifo se-Autism spectrum .

Abantu abane-dyscalculia nabo basengozini enkulu yokuba nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Ochwepheshe abazi ukuthi lokhu kubangelwa yi-dyscalculia uqobo, kodwa abahlinzeki bezempilo bayakucabangela lokhu lapho bethola isifo futhi bencoma ukwelashwa.

• Isifo sokukhathazeka noma isifo sokwesaba .
• Izinkinga zokuziphatha (isb., ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha okuphikisayo noma ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ).
• Isifo se-bipolar .
• Ukucindezeleka .

I-Acquired Dyscalculia

Kunezimbangela eziningana ze-dyscalculia (noma i-acalculia - ukungakwazi nhlobo ukwenza izibalo) kamuva ekuphileni. Lolu hlobo, olubizwa ngokuthi i-acquired dyscalculia, aluyona inkinga yokufunda. Kunalokho, luvame ukuhlotshaniswa nomonakalo ezingxenyeni zobuchopho ezihilelekile emakhonweni ezibalo. Izilonda zobuchopho (bheka isihloko esithi Izilonda Zobuchopho ukuze uqonde ukuthi lo monakalo uvela kanjani ) zingabangelwa yizici ezahlukahlukene.

Ingabe i-dyscalculia iyathelelana?

Cha, i-dyscalculia ayithelelani. Awukwazi ukuyithola kwabanye abantu, futhi awukwazi ukuyithola kwabanye.

Itholakala kanjani i-dyscalculia?

Ngokuvamile, abokuqala ukuqaphela izimpawu ze-dyscalculia ochwepheshe bezemfundo (othisha) nabazali. Uma uthisha eqaphela, banganikeza izinsiza kanye nesiqondiso. Uma abazali beqaphela, bangakhuluma nodokotela wezingane wengane yabo ukuze bafunde kabanzi ngenqubo yokuxilonga nokwelapha i-dyscalculia.

I-DSM-5 inezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokukhubazeka kokufunda okuhlobene nezibalo. Okungenani eyodwa yalezi zindlela kumele ibe khona izinyanga eziyisithupha, noma ngabe iqeqeshwe, usizo lochwepheshe luyatholakala ukuze lunqobe.

• Ubunzima bokuqonda kahle izinombolo, amaqiniso ezinombolo, noma izibalo.
• Ubunzima ngokucabanga ngezibalo.

Yiziphi izivivinyo ezisetshenziswa ukuxilonga i-dyscalculia?

Azikho izivivinyo zelebhu, ze-imaging, noma zokuxilonga ezingaqinisekisa i-dyscalculia. Esikhundleni salokho, kugxilwe ekuhlolweni kwamakhono athile ezibalo engane nokukhipha ezinye izimbangela ezingaba khona (njengezinkinga zokubona noma zokuzwa, ezinye izimo zobuchopho noma zempilo yengqondo). Ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kungasiza ngalokhu. Umhlinzeki wezempilo ungumuntu ongcono kakhulu ukuchaza ukuthi yiziphi izivivinyo zamakhono azincomayo.

Iphathwa kanjani i-dyscalculia? Ingabe ingelapheka?

Ngenxa yokuthi ubuchopho bezingane abukakakhuli ngokugcwele, zingafunda futhi zithuthukise amakhono adingekayo ukuze zivumelane nalesi simo, ukuze izingane zelashwe i-dyscalculia. Ukwelashwa kuvame ukuba ngendlela yezinhlelo zokufunda zomuntu ngamunye.

Lezi zinhlelo zigxile ezimpawini ezithile, okusho ukuthi zigxila ezintweni ingane ebhekene nazo kakhulu. Ukwelashwa kufanele futhi kuqale ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma ukwelashwa kuqala ngokushesha, kulapho amathuba okuba izingane zivumelane nesimo futhi zinciphise imiphumela yaso aba maningi.

Ngeshwa, abantu abadala abane-dyscalculia, ngaphandle kokuthi itholakale i-dyscalculia, ababhekwa njengabangelapheka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuchopho babo bukhule ngokugcwele, okwenza bangabi namathuba amaningi okuzuza ekwelashweni okufana nezinhlelo zokufunda. Kubantu abadala, ukugxila kubasiza babuyisele i-dyscalculia yabo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe noma ezinye izindlela.

I-Acquired dyscalculia ingelashwa. Ukwelashwa okutholakalayo kuncike ezintweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi imbangela eyisisekelo ye-dyscalculia. Umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo angakutshela okwengeziwe ngezinketho zakho zokwelapha nokuthi yini ayincomayo ngesimo sakho.

Ukwelashwa kwezimo ezihlobene

Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokufunda ze-dyscalculia, izingane ezinalesi simo zingadinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kwezinye izimo ezinazo. Ukwelashwa kwalezo zimo kuncike kakhulu esimweni esiyisisekelo. Kungase kuhlanganise imithi, ukwelashwa kwengqondo, kanye nokunye ukwelashwa. Umhlinzeki wezempilo ungumuntu ongcono kakhulu ukukutshela okwengeziwe mayelana nokwelashwa okungenzeka, okuhlanganisa nalokho abakuncomayo ngezidingo zakho ezithile.

Ngingakwazi yini ukuvimbela noma ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba ne-dyscalculia?

I-Dyscalculia yenzeka ngokungalindelekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ayinakuvinjelwa, futhi ayikho indlela yokunciphisa ingozi yokuyithola.

Yini engingayilindela uma ngine-dyscalculia?

Kuye ngezimpawu ezithile, i-dyscalculia ingenza kube nzima ukwenza imisebenzi elula yezibalo, njengokukhokha izikweletu noma ukulandela izindlela zokupheka/ukubhaka. Ngokwelashwa kusenesikhathi, izingane zingavame ukuzivumelanisa nesimo futhi zinciphise umthelela waso empilweni yazo. Labo abathola ukuthi banaso njengabantu abadala banamathuba amaningi okulwa nemiphumela uma bengatholi ukwelashwa kusenesikhathi. Kuvamile ukuzizwa benamahloni ngalesi simo, futhi abantu abaningi babhekana nokukhathazeka, amahloni, nokucindezeleka ngenxa yalokho.

I-dyscalculia ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

I-Dyscalculia yisimo esihlala isikhathi eside. Akukho ukwelashwa kwaso, kodwaUkwelashwa kusenesikhathi kunganciphisa imiphumela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Okuwukuphela komehluko kulokhu yi-Acquired Dyscalculia. Kungaba yisimo sesikhashana. Ukuthi kungokwesikhashana noma cha kuncike ezicini ezifana nokuthi kungani kwenzeke nokuthi kuyingozi kangakanani. Umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ungumuntu ongcono kakhulu ukukutshela ukuthi i-Acquired Dyscalculia ingeyesikhashana nokuthi izohlala isikhathi esingakanani.

Iyini ikusasa lalesi simo?

I-Dyscalculia ayiyona inkinga eyingozi. Kodwa-ke, abantu abanayo banamathuba amaningi okubhekana nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo ezihambisanayo. Izimo ezifana nokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka zingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu - okuhlanganisa nengozi yokuzilimaza noma ukuzibulala - ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthola ukwelashwa kwalokhu uma kudingeka.

Ngingazinakekela kanjani noma ngiphathe kanjani izimpawu?

I-Dyscalculia akuyona inkinga ongayixilonga futhi uyelaphe wedwa. Endabeni yezingane, kubalulekile ukubona umhlinzeki wezempilo ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze axilonge futhi elaphe lesi simo. Uma sifika sekwephuzile, amathuba okuba izinhlelo zokwelapha zizosiza ayancipha.

Uma abantu abadala benesifo se-dyscalculia, akukho ukwelashwa okuqondile kwe-dyscalculia. Kubo, ukugxila kubasize bakhokhele ukukhubazeka. Ubuchwepheshe namanye amathuluzi, njengezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-smartphone, kungasiza ngalokhu. Umhlinzeki wezempilo angancoma izinhlelo zokusebenza noma amathuluzi athile angasiza. Kubantu abane-dyscalculia etholakale, umhlinzeki wezempilo angancoma ukwelashwa okungenzeka noma izindlela zokusiza ngalesi simo.

Ingabe i-dyscalculia iyakuthinta ukuhlakanipha komuntu?

Cha, i-dyscalculia ayithinti ngqo ubuhlakani. Nakuba abanye abantu abane-dyscalculia bangase babe nokukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukuba ne-dyscalculia akwenzi umuntu angahlakaniphi. Eqinisweni, kuvamile ukuthi abantu abane-dyscalculia bathole amaphuzu angaphezu kwesilinganiso ezivivinyweni ze-IQ. Futhi, abantu abane-dyscalculia bavame ukuba bahle kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi amakhono okudala (ikakhulukazi ubuciko) kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga.

Ingabe i-Dyscalculia uhlobo lwe-autism?

Cha, i-dyscalculia kanye ne-autism spectrum disorder ziyizimo ezimbili ezihlukene. Nakuba zombili zingaphansi kwesigaba sezinkinga ze-neurodevelopmental ku-DSM-5, zisahlukile kakhulu.

Ingabe i-Dyscalculia ihlobene ne-ADHD?

Yebo, kukhona ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwe-dyscalculia ne -ADHD . I-ADHD ingenye yezimo ezivame ukwenzeka kanyekanye ne-dyscalculia. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abanayo enye abanayo enye.

Yini engingayenza uma ngisola ukuthi ingane yami ine-dyscalculia?

Nazi ezinye izinto ongazenza:

• Thola izinsiza: Nikeza isiqondiso kochwepheshe bezemfundo kanye nabahlinzeki bezempilo mayelana nezinye izinsiza ezingaba wusizo. Sebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ukusiza ingane yakho.
• Thola okusebenzayo bese ukukusebenzisa: Kunezindlela eziningi nezindlela ezingasiza ingane ene-dyscalculia. Ezinye izingane ziyazuza ngokusebenzisa imidlalo, umculo, noma ezinye izindlela. Uma usuthole okuthile okusebenzayo, kusebenzise. Kuzosiza ingane yakho ifunde ngendlela evumelana nayo.
• Yiba nesineke: Izingane ezine-dyscalculia zinesimo esiqashelwayo esiphazamisa ikhono lazo lokwenza izibalo kanye nezingane ezingenaso lesi simo. Lokhu akuyona into ezingayilawula, kodwa zingafunda ukuyinqoba. Zinamathuba amaningi okuphumelela ekufundeni kwazo uma zizizwa sengathi zinomuntu ozobasiza.
• Nikeza ukwesekwa nesikhuthazo: Kubalulekile ukunikeza ukwesekwa nesikhuthazo kubantwana abanalesi simo. Ngaphandle kwalokho kusekelwa, ukuzethemba kwezingane cishe kuzoba phansi, futhi eziningi zihlushwa ukukhathazeka noma ukucindezeleka ngenxa yalesi simo. Kodwa-ke, izingane ezithola isikhuthazo nokusekelwa cishe zizophumelela futhi zifunde ukubhekana nesimo sazo, zivimbele ukuthi singazibekeli imingcele esikhathini esizayo.

I-Dyscalculia iwukukhubazeka kokufunda okuthinta ikhono lomuntu lokuqonda izinombolo kanye nemibono yezibalo. Izingane zivame ukukhombisa izimpawu phakathi kweminyaka engu-6 no-9 (noma ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho). Kuvamile ukuthi abantu abane-dyscalculia babe nezinye izimo, okuhlanganisa ukukhubazeka kokufunda kanye nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo.

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okudingeka sizikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

I-Dyscalculia iyinkinga yokufunda ethinta amakhono engane ezibalo, kodwa akusho ukuthi ingane ikhubazekile ngokwengqondo. Ngokubona lesi simo kusenesikhathi nokunikeza ingane izindlela zokufunda ezifanele kanye nokusekelwa, ungayisiza ukuthi inqobe le nselele futhi iphile impilo ephumelelayo. Uma unokungabaza okunjalo ngengane yakho, unganqikazi ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha kanye nokusekelwa othisha. Isineke, uthando kanye nesiqondiso esifanele yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu!

I- Dyscalculia, Ukukhubazeka kwezibalo, Ukukhubazeka kokufunda, Impilo yengane, Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho, Impilo yengqondo, Imfundo