Cishe uke wezwa igama elithi bipolar disorder . Kodwa akusikho nje ukushintshashintsha kwemizwelo. Yisimo sezokwelapha esinokuxilongwa kanye nokwelashwa okuthile. Kodwa uyazi ukuthi umqondo walesi sifo esisibiza ngokuthi namuhla wavela kanjani? Kunendaba ethakazelisayo kakhulu ngemuva kwayo ebuyela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Ake sixoxe kancane ngaleyo ndaba namuhla.
Imibono yakudala kakhulu
Le ndaba iqala eGrisi lasendulo. UHippocrates, owaziwa yithi ngokuthi "ubaba wezokwelapha," wayengowokuqala ukubhala lokhu. Wayengowokuqala ukubona ukuthi abantu banezimo ezimbili ezibucayi. Esinye ukudabuka okukhulu nokukhathazeka . Namuhla lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi ukucindezeleka . Esinye amandla amakhulu nomdlandla . Namuhla sikubiza ngokuthi ukuhlanya .
Ngaleso sikhathi, uHippocrates wayecabanga ukuthi lezi zinto zibangelwa izinguquko oketshezini (i-bilie) emzimbeni.
- I-Melancholia: Uthe ukudabuka ngokweqile kuvela ekwandeni " kwe-bile emnyama." Igama elithi "Melas" lisho umnyama, kanti elithi "chole" lisho i-bile.
- Ukuhlanya: Wayecabanga ukuthi amandla amaningi avela ekwandeni "kwenyongo ephuzi."
Ngemva kwalokho, omunye udokotela ongumGreki ogama lakhe lingu-Aretaeus waseKhaphadosiya, owayephila cishe ngekhulu lokuqala, waqhubeka nalo mbono. Nguye owasikisela ukuthi lokhu kudabuka okukhulu namandla amakhulu kungaba yizinto ezimbili ezingavamile zesimo sengqondo esifanayo. Wayengowokuqala futhi ukuphakamisa ukuthi zombili lezi zimo zazihlobene nenkinga ethile ebuchosheni . Lokhu kwakuwukutholakala okukhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Kalula nje, odokotela bebezama ukuqonda umqondo wokuthi lezi zimo aziyona nje imizwa yokudabuka noma yenjabulo, kodwa zihlobene nezinguquko zebhayoloji ezenzeka emzimbeni, ikakhulukazi ebuchosheni.
Ingabe ukucindezeleka kanye nokuhlanya kuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo?
Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka odokotela becabanga ukuthi ukucindezeleka kanye ne-mania kuyizifo ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele. Kodwa maphakathi nekhulu le-19, odokotela bengqondo ababili baseFrance bashintsha lo mbono.
- UJean-Pierre Falret: Wayengowokuqala ukusho ukuthi lesi yisifo esifanayo, ukuthi sifika ngemijikelezo. Wasibiza ngokuthi "i-folie circulaire" (ubuhlanya obujikelezayo). Umqondo wakhe kwakuwukuthi umuntu angaba nokucindezeleka, bese kuba yinto evamile isikhashana, bese eba ne-mania. Lo mjikelezo uyaqhubeka.
- UJules Baillarger:Omunye udokotela waseFrance wangesikhathi esifanayo wathi kwakuyimjikelezo, kodwa kwakungekho isikhathi esivamile phakathi kokucindezeleka kanye nokuhlanya , nokuthi ngokushesha nje lapho okunye kuphela, okunye kuyaqala.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, udokotela waseJalimane ogama lakhe lingu-Emil Kraepelin, owayebhekwa “njengobaba wezifo zengqondo zanamuhla,” wahlanganisa yonke le mibono futhi wanikeza lesi simo igama elilodwa: “ukuhlanya okucindezelayo.” Umbono wakhe wawamukelwa cishe emhlabeni wonke ngaleso sikhathi.
Indlela i-DSM eyashintsha ngayo konke
Ngawo-1950, odokotela bezifo zengqondo bahlangana ukuze bakhe uhlelo olufanayo, incwadi yemithetho, yokuxilonga izifo zengqondo. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) . Ifana nencwadi yesiqondiso odokotela abayisebenzisayo ukuxilonga ngokunembile izifo zengqondo. Le ncwadi ibuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Indlela isifo se-bipolar esixilongwa ngayo ishintshile kanye nayo.
| Inguqulo ye-DSM (Inguqulo) | Indlela i-Bipolar Disorder eyaqala ngayo |
|---|---|
| I-DSM-I (1952) | "Ukuhlanya okucindezelayo okubangelwa ukusangana" kukaKraepelin kwahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu: ukusangana, ukucindezeleka, kanye "nokunye." Ukujikeleza kwegazi kwafakwa esigabeni "esinye". |
| I-DSM-II (1968) | Igama lashintshwa laba “isifo sokucindezeleka okubangelwa ukusangana.” Esikhundleni sokuthi “okunye,” kwaqalwa isigaba esisha esibizwa ngokuthi “ukujikeleza,” okusho abantu abaye babhekana nezimo zokucindezeleka okubangelwa ukusangana kanye nokucindezeleka okungenani kanye. |
| I-DSM-III (1980) | Lokhu kwaba uguquko olukhulu! Igama elithi "Bipolar Disorder" laqala ukusetshenziswa lapha. Laphinde laqanjwa njengesifo esihlukile, esihlukile ekucindezelekeni okuvamile. Izindlela esizisebenzisayo namuhla zisekelwe lapha. |
Indlela esibona ngayo i-Bipolar Disorder namuhla
Namuhla, odokotela bahlukanise isifo se-bipolar ngezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunikeza isiguli ukwelashwa okufanele nokunembile.
| Uhlobo lwe-Bipolar Disorder | Kalula nje... |
|---|---|
| I-Bipolar I | Ngike ngaba nengxenye eyodwa egcwele yokusangana ethatha okungenani izinsuku eziyi-7. Iziqephu zokucindezeleka zingase zifike zidlule. |
| I-Bipolar II | Azikho iziqephu ezigcwele ukusangana. Kunalokho, kuneziqephu ezishintshashintshayo zeziqephu ezingaphansi kokunganaki kanye nezingaphansi kokudangala . |
| Isifo se-Cyclothymic | Okungenani iminyaka emibili, ukushintshana phakathi kwezimpawu zokudabuka kanye nezimpawu zokucindezeleka. Kodwa-ke, lezi azinzima njengaseBipolar I noma II. Isikhathi esimweni esijwayelekile singaphansi kwamasonto ayi-8. |
| Isifo Se-Bipolar Esingachazwanga | Amacala lapho umuntu eba nokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwemizwelo kodwa engahlangabezani nezindinganiso zanoma yiziphi izigaba ezingenhla. |
Ngokuphathelene nokwelashwa, ushintsho olukhulu lwenzeka ngawo-1970 ngokuvunyelwa komuthi i -lithium . Namuhla, kunemithi eminingi ephumelelayo, njengeziqinisi zemizwa, eminye imithi yokulwa nesifo sokuwa, kanye nemithi yokwelapha ingqondo.
Ithonya lamasiko nomphakathi
Isifo se-Bipolar yisimo esingathinta abantu kunoma yiliphi izwe namasiko. Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-45 emhlabeni wonke bahlushwa yilesi simo.
Kodwa-ke, isiko kanye nomphakathi kuthonya indlela abantu abaxilonga futhi abathola ngayo ukwelashwa.
- Ubandlululo: Ngisho nasezweni lakithi, abanye abantu banamahloni futhi besaba ukukhuluma ngesifo sengqondo noma ukubona udokotela. Ngenxa yalesi "sihlamba", abantu abaningi abafuni ukwelashwa okufanele. Lokhu kungalibazisa ukuxilongwa okufanele kwalesi sifo.
- Indlela izimpawu ezivezwa ngayo: Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi abantu emazweni ase-Asia bavame ukukhuluma kakhulu ngezimpawu zomzimba (isib. ubuhlungu bomzimba, ikhanda elibuhlungu) kunokukhuluma ngezinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Lokhu kungase futhi kuholele ekuxilongweni okuhlukile.
Zonke izinhlangano ezinkulu zezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa ne-World Health Organization, zigcizelela ukuthi kokubili imithi kanye nokusekelwa kwengqondo/kwezenhlalo kubalulekile ekuphatheni lesi simo.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Isifo se-Bipolar asisiyinto entsha. Ukuqonda kwethu ngaso kuye kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusukela emibonweni yakudala efana "ne-black bile" kuya esifweni sobuchopho esisaziyo namuhla.
- Lokhu akusikho nje ukushintshashintsha kwemizwelo. Kungushintsho olujikelezayo phakathi kwezikhathi zokuhlanya, lapho uzizwa unamandla aphezulu, kanye nezikhathi zokucindezeleka, lapho uzizwa udabuke kakhulu.
- Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezithile zezifo ezifana ne-Bipolar I kanye ne-II, ngakho-ke lesi sifo singahlolwa futhi selashwe ngokunembile.
- Uma wena noma othile omaziyo enalezi zimpawu, ungabi namahloni noma wesabe. Khuluma nodokotela wakho noma umhlengikazi ngakho. Namuhla, kunezindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzayo ezingasiza ekuphatheni lesi simo kahle kakhulu.
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