Cishe uyazi ukuthi imizimba yethu inesimiso sokuzivikela esimangalisayo, njengebutho, sokulwa nezifo. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi isimiso sokuzivikela. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamasosha kuleli butho. Amanye ayahlola, amanye enza izikhali, kanti amanye aya ngqo empini. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngeqembu lama-commando elikhethekile kakhulu, elihlukile kancane, futhi elinekhono kakhulu kuleli butho. Lawo 'amangqamuzana okubulala emvelo' noma njengoba sonke siwazi, ama-Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) . Leli gama lizwakala liyesabeka kancane, akunjalo? Kodwa empeleni laba bangabanye babangane bethu abakhulu emizimbeni yethu.
Obani laba bamaseli okubulala emvelo (amaseli e-NK)?
Kalula nje, ama-Natural Killer Cells (ama-NK cells) awuhlobo lwamaseli amhlophe egazi emzimbeni wethu. Ukuze kube sobala, ayingxenye yeqembu lamaseli abizwa ngokuthi ama-lymphocytes, okuyiwona uhlobo olukhulu lwamaseli ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba. Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngamaseli e-B kanye nama-T-cell. Yilokho okushiwo amaseli e-NK.
Kodwa kunesizathu sokuthi zibizwa ngokuthi ababulali "bemvelo". Amanye amaseli okulwa ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba, njengamaseli e-T anobuthi, kudingeka ajwayelane nesitha (njengegciwane noma amagciwane) ukuze asibhubhise. Lokho kusho ukuthi kudingeka abe nokuqeqeshwa kanye nenkumbulo ethile ngaleso sitha.
Kodwa izikhulumi zethu, `amaseli e-NK`, azidingi ukuqeqeshwa noma ukuqashelwa kwangaphambilini. Zingabhubhisa noma yiliphi iseli elingaba yingozi kuzo ngokushesha nje lapho zilibona, ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini. Zifana nenja eqaphile eqaphayo ngokwemvelo isela bese iligxumela lapho isela lingena endlini.
Kwenzekani ngempela ngala maseli e-NK?
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wamaseli e-'NK' ukubhubhisa amaseli ayephilile ngaphambilini kodwa manje aseyisongo emizimbeni yethu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kakhulu:
- Amaseli atheleleke ngegciwane: Uma igciwane lingena emzimbeni, lingena emaseli ethu aphilile bese liwalawula. Amaseli e-`NK` angawabona la mafektri amagciwane futhi awabhubhise ngaphambi kokuba igciwane lisabalale kakhulu.
- Amaseli omdlavuza: Amaseli e-NK anekhono elimangalisayo lokubona nokubhubhisa amanye amaseli omdlavuza akhula emizimbeni yethu esemncane. Ngakho-ke, la maseli adlala indima enkulu ekuvimbeleni ukusabalala komdlavuza.
Lawa maseli e-'NK' ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesimiso sethu sokuzivikela esingokwemvelo. Lesi simiso sokuzivikela esingokwemvelo siyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela yomzimba wethu. Cabanga ngomzimba wethu njengenqaba. Izindonga zaleyo nqaba (isikhumba sethu) kanye nemisele (ulwelwesi lwamafinyila) yizinto zokuqala ezivimbela amagciwane ukuthi angangeni. Kodwa uma isitha ngandlela thile sidlula lezo zithiyo bese singena, ibutho lokuqala eliya empini yilesi simiso sokuzivikela esingokwemvelo. Amasosha amahle kakhulu kulelo qembu amaseli e-'NK'.
Nakuba umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukubulala, amaseli e-NK anomunye umsebenzi obalulekile. Lokho ukuxhumana. Akhipha amaprotheni akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-cytokine. Lokhu kufana nemiyalezo. Le miyalezo itshela amanye amaseli ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba ukuthi, "Kukhona isitha lapha, woza uzosisiza."
Kulungile, ngakho-ke la maseli e-NK asebenza kanjani?
Lena inqubo ethakazelisayo kakhulu. Amaseli e-`NK` ahlala eqapha imizimba yethu. Njengoba enza kanjalo, "ahlola" wonke amaseli ahlangana nawo, ebuza, "Ingabe leli yiseli lethu eliphilile noma iseli eliyingozi?" Isinqumo sokuthi iseli le-`NK` lizobhubhisa iseli noma cha sincike ezimpawini elizitholayo noma elingazitholanga kusuka kuseli elizihlolayo (asibize ngokuthi 'iseli eliqondiwe').
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-receptor ebusweni beseli le-NK ezingasebenza futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kweseli.
Siwabona kanjani amaseli anempilo futhi sigweme ukuwalimaza? (Ukuvinjelwa)
Cishe wonke amaseli aphilile emzimbeni wethu anekhadi lomazisi ebusweni bawo elithi, "Ngiyiseli eliphilile elifanele lomzimba." Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-MHC-1 . Uma iseli le-NK lihamba ligada, lapho lihlangana neseli, lihlola leli khadi lomazisi le-MHC-1.
Uma i-ID ilungile, okusho ukuthi iseli liphilile, i-MHC-1 ibopha i-receptor evimbelayo kuseli le-NK. Kufana nonogada obheka i-ID bese ethi, "Kulungile, ungahamba." Ngaleso sikhathi, inqubo yokubulala iseli le-NK ivele icime. Ngakho iseli le-NK liyahamba liyohlola iseli elilandelayo ngaphandle kokulimaza iseli eliphilile.
Unquma kanjani ukubhubhisa amaseli ayingozi? (Ukusebenza)
Iseli elithi `NK` lingena empini ezimweni ezinjengalezi:
- Uma ikhadi le-ID (MHC-1) lilahlekile: Amaseli atheleleke ngegciwane kanye namanye amaseli omdlavuza afihla leli khadi le-ID elibizwa ngokuthi `MHC-1`. Lokho kusho ukugwema isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Kodwa amaseli `e-NK` ahlakaniphile kakhulu. Lapho nje ebona iseli elingenalo ikhadi le-ID, anquma ukuthi liyasolisa bese elihlasela.
- Uma ikhadi lokuzazisa (i-MHC-1) lehla: Ngezinye izikhathi i-'MHC-1' yeseli ayilahleki ngokuphelele, kodwa inani liyehla. Lokho futhi kuyisignali yesixwayiso kumaseli e-'NK'.
- Uma uthola amasignali asebenzayo:Amanye amangqamuzana athelelekile kanye namaseli omdlavuza akhipha ezinye izimpawu ezikhethekile ebusweni bawo ezithi "Ngiyingozi." Uma lezi zimpawu zithathwa yi-'activating receptors' kumaseli e-NK, inqubo yokubulala iqala.
Ngemva kokunquma ukubhubhisa iseli, iseli le-NK lisebenzisa izikhali ezimbili zamakhemikhali ezinamandla kakhulu.
1. I-Perforin: Lokhu kudala imbobo ngaphandle kweseli eliqondiwe.
2. Ama-Granzyme: Lawa ma-enzyme abizwa ngokuthi ama-'granzyme' athunyelwa ngembobo eyenziwe. Uma lawa engena, iseli eliqondiwe liyabhujiswa lisuka ngaphakathi.
Ngemva kokuqeda lo msebenzi, iseli le-NK lithumela imiyalezo (ngama-cytokine) kwabanye ukuze beze bazohlanza futhi babone ukuthi kukhona yini ezinye izitha.
Akuphi la maseli e-NK emzimbeni wethu?
Amaseli e-NK aqala ukukhula emnkantsheni wethu wamathambo. Leyo yingxenye ethambile ngaphakathi kwamathambo ethu amakhulu. Ngemva kokukhula lapho, amanye amaseli e-NK ahlala emnkantsheni wamathambo. Amanye aya ezithweni ezahlukahlukene ezixhunywe ohlelweni lwethu lwe-lymphatic. Isibonelo:
- Ama-lymph node
- Ubende
- Ama-Tonsils
- I-Thymus
Uma lawa esevuthiwe abe amaseli e-NK, akhishwa angene egazini. Yingakho kunamaseli amaningi kangaka egazini lethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa maseli e-NK angatholakala nasezithweni ezifana nesibindi namaphaphu. Ngokuvamile, kunamaseli e-NK angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezimbili emzimbeni womuntu omdala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sawo sokuphila sifushane kancane, cishe amasonto amabili.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwamaseli e-NK namaseli e-T ane-cytotoxic?
Nakuba zombili lezi zingamaseli abulalayo ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba, umsebenzi wazo kanye nomsebenzi wazo kuhlukile. Ukuze uqonde kahle lo mehluko, bheka ithebula elingezansi.
| Isici | Amaseli Okubulala Emvelo (NK) | Amaseli e-T anobuthi |
|---|---|---|
| Amasosha omzimba wakho | Isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esingokwemvelo - ithimba lokuqala elisabela ngokushesha. | Isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esizivumelanisa nezimo -Ithimba eliqeqeshwe izitha ezithile. |
| Ukuhlonza izitha | Akukho okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini okudingekayo ukuze kubhujiswe isitha. Noma yiliphi iseli elisolisayo lizohlaselwa. | Umzimba uhlasela kuphela isitha esithile esivele sihlonziwe. |
| Isivinini sokuphendula | Kushesha kakhulu. Kusebenza zingakapheli izinsuku ezintathu kusukela ekuthelelekeni. | Kuhamba kancane. Kuthatha cishe isonto ukuqaphela isitha nokwenza ama-T-cell akhethekile. |
| Uhlobo lokuhlasela | Njengonogada ojwayelekile. Ukubhekana nanoma yiluphi usongo . | Ukuhlasela okuqondiwe. Kuhlasela isitha esiqashelwayo kuphela. |
Yiziphi izifo ezibangelwa izinkinga ngamaseli e-NK?
Ukungabi namaseli e-NK anele emizimbeni yethu, noma ukuba namaseli esingenawo angasebenzi kahle, kuyisongo esikhulu empilweni yethu, njengoba kunciphisa ikhono lethu lokulwa nezifo kanye nomdlavuza.
Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izinguquko emsebenzini wamaseli e-NK zingabangela izifo ezahlukahlukene.
- Izifo ezizenzakalelayo: Kulezi zifo, amasosha omzimba wethu ahlasela amangqamuzana ethu aphilile. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukungasebenzi kahle kwamangqamuzana e-'NK' kungabangela lesi simo.
- Isifuba somoya: Amaseli e-NK anegalelo ekulawuleni noma ekwandiseni ukuvuvukala emigwaqweni yomoya ku-asthma.
- Isifo Sokuvuvukala Kwamathumbu (IBD): Amaseli e-NK ahilelekile empendulweni yomzimba yokuvuvukala ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane endleleni yokugaya ukudla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinkinga ezimbili zofuzo ezizalwa nazo eziqondene namaseli e-NK.
1. Ukuntuleka Kwamaseli Okubulala Amangqamuzana Emvelo Ajwayelekile (NKD): Abantu abanalesi simo banamaseli e-NK ambalwa kakhulu noma abanawo nhlobo egazini labo.
2. Ukuntuleka Kwamaseli Okubulala Amangqamuzana Emvelo Okusebenzayo (NKD):Nakuba kunamaseli e-'NK' anele lapha, umsebenzi walawo maseli, okungukuthi, ikhono lawo lokubhubhisa amaseli, ubuthakathaka kakhulu.
Abantu abanezimo zombili basengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo ezivame ukwenzeka, ikakhulukazi izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Isibonelo, i-HPV, i-herpes, i-cytomegalovirus (CMV), kanye negciwane elibangela i-chickenpox kungaba nomthelela omkhulu.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uma unokungabaza ngokuthi unezimo ezingavamile kangaka, udokotela wakho kufanele athathe isinqumo. Uma uvame ukubhekana nezifo ezingavamile, kungcono ukukhuluma nodokotela ngakho.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Amaseli e-Natural Killer (NK) ayiqembu lama-commando akhethekile ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba alwa namaseli omdlavuza namaseli atheleleke ngegciwane.
- Lawa amalungu abalulekile omzila wokuqala wokuzivikela wemizimba yethu, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esingokwemvelo.
- Ngokungafani namanye amangqamuzana omzimba, amangqamuzana e-NK awadingi ulwazi lwangaphambilini ukuze abhubhise isitha, ngakho-ke angenza ngokushesha okukhulu.
- Ukuba namaseli e-NK anempilo futhi asebenzayo emzimbeni kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni ezifweni ezinkulu.
- Uma umuntu ebhekene nokutheleleka okuqhubekayo nokunzima ngendlela engavamile, kubalulekile ukwazisa udokotela ukuze udokotela akwazi ukuhlola ukusebenza kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, uma kudingeka.
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