Ah, uthola i-UFR (Umbiko Ogcwele Womchamo) esandleni sakho bese ucabanga, “Hawu, kuyini konke lokhu?” Lokho kuvamile impela. Ukubona wonke lawo magama nezinombolo zezokwelapha kungazwakala kungaphezu kwamandla. Kodwa ungakhathazeki! Ake sihlaziye ukuthi le miphumela isho ukuthini ngempela ngamagama alula.
Okokuqala, ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba (i-Macroscopic)
Cabanga ngale ndlela: uma unikeza isampula yakho, uchwepheshe welebhu uqala ngokuyibheka, njengokuhlola ingilazi yamanzi.
Umbala usitshelani? (Umbala)
- Okuvamile: Uma umanzi ngokwanele, kufanele kube phuzi ngokuphaphathekile. Uma amanzi ephansi, kungase kubonakale kuphuzi kancane. Lokho ngokuvamile kulungile.
- Uma kukhona ushintsho:
- Uma ibukeka ibomvu, kungase kusho ukuthi kukhona igazi (yize ukudla izinto ezifana ne-beetroot ngezinye izikhathi kungabangela lolu shintsho lwesikhashana 😉).
- Umbala onsundu omnyama ungaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokusebenza kwesibindi.
- Imithi ethile ingashintsha nombala.
Ingabe kucacile noma kunamafu? (Ukubukeka/Ukucaca)
- Okuvamile: Isampula yomchamo enempilo kufanele icace.
- Uma kukhona ushintsho: Njengengilazi yamanzi eba mnyama uma ixutshwa, uma umchamo wakho unamafu noma ugcwele amafu, kungase kubonise ukuthi kukhona ukungcola – njengobomvu , amagciwane, noma amaseli. Lokhu kuvame ukuba uphawu lokutheleleka.
Amanzi noma aqinile? (Amandla adonsela phansi athile – Sp. Gr.)
- Lokhu kulinganisa ukuthi umchamo wakho 'ugxilile' kangakanani uma uqhathaniswa namanzi. Uma umzimba wakho udinga uketshezi olwengeziwe, umchamo uba gxilile; uma umanzi kahle, uba manzi kakhulu.
- Uma kukhona ushintsho: Uma kugxile kakhulu (inani eliphezulu), kungase kuhlotshaniswe nesifo sikashukela . Uma kuncishisiwe kakhulu (inani eliphansi), kungase kusho ukuthi izinso zakho zinenkinga yokugxilisa umchamo kahle.
Okulandelayo, ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali (ukuhlolwa kwe-Dipstick)
I-dipstick ephathwe ngendlela ekhethekile ifakwe esampula. Izinguquko zombala ku-strip zembula okuningi ngempilo yakho yangaphakathi.
Ingabe i-acidic noma i-basic? (pH)
- Lokhu kulinganisa ibhalansi ye-acid-base yomchamo wakho. Kushintsha ngokusekelwe kulokho okudlayo nokuphuzayo futhi kusiza odokotela baqonde izingozi zamatshe ezinso noma izifo zomchamo.
Kungani iphrotheni iyinkinga? (Iphrotheni)
- Kumuntu ophilile, akufanele kube khona iphrotheni emchameni (Negative/Nil).
- Noma yikuphi ukuba khona (Okuhle/Okulandela umkhondo) kuvame ukuphakamisa inkinga ngezinso, ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lwazo lokuhlunga.
Kusho ukuthini ushukela emchameni? (I-glucose)
- Futhi, akufanele kube khona i-glucose (Negative/Nil) emchameni wakho.
- Uma ikhona (Iyaphila), kuyisibonakaliso esikhulu sesifo sikashukela . Uma amazinga kashukela egazini ephezulu kakhulu, izinso azikwazi ukuyimunca yonke, bese ichithekela emchameni.
Avelaphi ama-ketone? (Ama-Ketone)
- Uma umzimba wakho ungenaso i-glucose eyanele (ngenxa yesifo sikashukela esingalawulwa kahle), ukuzila ukudla, noma ukuhlanza okuqhubekayo), kuqala ukushisa amafutha ukuze kube uphethiloli. Umphumela wale nqubo ama-ketone .
- Lokhu ngokuvamile kufanele kube kubi. Uma kukhona, imbangela idinga uphenyo.
Kuthiwani nge-Bilirubin ne-Urobilinogen?
- La mazinga anikeza ukuqonda okuqondile ngempilo yesibindi sakho. Izinto ezingavamile lapha zidinga ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kwezinkinga zesibindi.
Ingabe kukhona igazi? (Igazi)
- Ngisho noma umchamo ungabukeki ubomvu, lokhu kuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali kungathola ngisho nenani elincane legazi.
- Uma kutholakala ukuthi unegciwane, kungabonisa ukutheleleka, amatshe ezinso, noma ezinye izinkinga zezinso.
Izimpawu zokutheleleka (i-Leukocyte Esterase nama-Nitrites)
- Ukuba khona kokubili (i-Leukocyte Esterase kanye ne-Nitrites) kuyisibonakaliso esinamandla se- UTI (ukutheleleka komgudu womchamo), njengoba ukutheleleka kuvame ukubandakanya ukwanda kwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi kanye namagciwane athile.
Ekugcineni, ukuhlolwa nge-microscope
Ithimba lelebhu lijikeleza umchamo nge-centrifuge ukuze liqoqe inhlabathi, bese ibukwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Yilapho bebamba khona imininingwane ye-microscope.
Amaseli Egazi Abomvu (ama-RBC)
- Ngisho noma umchamo ungebomvu, amangqamuzana ambalwa (ngokuvamile angu-0-3) angabonakala ngaphansi kwe-microscope.
- Uma kukhona okungaphezulu kakhulu, kuqinisekisa ukopha endaweni ethile emgudwini womchamo.
Amaseli Amhlophe Egazi / Amaseli Obomvu
- Lawa ngamasosha omzimba wakho! Ayanda lapho elwa nokutheleleka (yingakho evame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaseli obovu).
- Ngokuvamile, inani kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-5. Inani eliphezulu libonisa ukutheleleka okusebenzayo.
Amaseli e-Epithelial
- Lawa maseli aphuma olwelwesini lomgudu womchamo. Inani elincane livamile.
- Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi ngokweqile noma ezithile (njengamaseli e-Renal Tubular) zingabonisa ukulimala kwezinso.
Ama-Cast
- Lezi yizakhiwo ezincane, ezimise okweshubhu ezakhiwe ngamaprotheni noma amaseli angaphakathi kwezinso.
- Uhlobo lokufakwa kwe-cast (isb., ama-RBC cast, ama-WBC cast) kusiza ekutholeni izimo ezithile zezinso.
Amakristalu
- Lezi yizinhlobo ezincane zamaminerali.
- Ezimbalwa (njengeCalcium Oxalate) zivamile, kodwa inani eliphezulu noma izinhlobo ezithile zingabonisa ingozi yamatshe ezinso .
Ama-microorganism (Amagciwane, Imvubelo, Ama-Parasites)
- Umchamo ojwayelekile kufanele ungabi nalezi zinambuzane ezincane.
- Ukuba khona kwazo kuyisibonakaliso esicacile sokutheleleka okufana ne-UTI noma ukutheleleka kwemvubelo.
Ungakuchaza kanjani konke lokhu?
Manje usuyabona ukuthi umbiko we-UFR unikeza ulwazi olungakanani. Kodwa khumbula lo mthetho obalulekile: Ungazami ukuzixilonga ngokusekelwe emgqeni owodwa embikweni!
Uma udokotela ebukeza lo mbiko, uhlobanisa yonke imiphumela nezimpawu zakho, umlando wezokwelapha, kanye nezinye izivivinyo ukuze anikeze ukuxilongwa okunembile.
Indlela yokunikeza isampula engcono kakhulu
Ukuqoqwa okufanele kubalulekile ukuze uthole umphumela onembile. Nazi izinyathelo ezijwayelekile:
- Umchamo Wokuqala Wasekuseni:Uma kungenzeka, nikeza umchamo wokuqala ekuseni ngoba yiwona ogxile kakhulu.
- Ukuphuma komoya ophakathi: Qala ukuchama, bese ubamba ingxenye "ephakathi" esitsheni. Gwema izingcezu zokuqala nezokugcina.
- Ukuhlanzeka: Ngaphambi kokuqoqa, hlanza indawo yesitho sangasese ngamanzi bese uyomisa. Lokhu kuvimbela amagciwane angaphandle ukuthi angangcolisi isampula futhi kuholele emphumeleni onganembile.
Igama lokugcina (Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu!)
Manje usunokuqonda okungcono kokuthi ungawufunda kanjani umbiko we-UFR. Cabanga ngawo njengendaba umzimba wakho okutshela yona. Kodwa-ke, ungakhohlwa ukuthi lokhu kunikeza izinkomba kuphela. Ukuze uqonde indaba ephelele futhi unqume ngezinyathelo ezidingekayo, kufanele uthintane nodokotela wakho bese wabelana ngombiko naye. Yileyo ndlela kuphela yokuqiniseka!
Yabelana ngalo mhlahlandlela ukuze usize nabanye bafunde!
