Yɛte asɛmfua "ADHD" pii nnansa yi, ɛnte saa? Ebia woate saa asɛmfua yi bere a woreka wo ba, anaa obusuani anaa w’adamfo bi ba ho asɛm no. Nnipa binom susuw sɛ ɛyɛ "adwene a wɔde si biribi so dodo" kɛkɛ. Nanso ADHD yɛ tebea a ɛwɔ aduruyɛ mu abakɔsɛm a emu dɔ sen saa ankasa. Enti ɛnnɛ, momma yɛnka sɛnea nnuruyɛfo dii kan huu tebea a wɔfrɛ no ADHD yi, sɛnea bere kɔ so no asesa, ne nea yenim fa ho nnɛ no ho asɛm.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na wohuu tebea yi mfiase no?
Ɛnyɛ nnɛra na saa asɛm yi mfi ase, na mmom bɛboro mfe 200 a atwam ni. Fa no sɛ, wɔ 1798 , Scotlandni oduruyɛfo bi, Sir Alexander Crichton, huu biribi a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Ɔhyɛɛ no nsow sɛ na ɛyɛ den ma nnipa binom paa sɛ wɔde wɔn adwene besi ade biako so te sɛ afoforo, na wɔn adwene kyinkyin bere nyinaa. Nea na ɛho hia paa ne sɛ na wɔwɔ saa tebea yi fi wɔn mmofraase. Nea yɛfrɛ no nnɛ ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) no ne saa tebea no di nsɛ yiye.
Afei, wɔ 1902 mu no , oduruyɛfo foforo a wɔfrɛ no Sir George Frederic Still bɔɔ mmofra kuw bi a anka wɔwɔ apɔwmuden na wonni adwene mu dɛmdi biara ho amanneɛ. Ná mmofra yi yɛ nnipa a wɔyɛ katee paa, na ɛyɛ den ma wɔn sɛ wobedi wɔn adwene so na wɔadi wɔn ho so. Ɔbɔɔ mmarimaa 15 ne mmeawa 5 ho amanneɛ. Yɛda so ara nim nnɛ sɛ mmarimaa na wɔtaa hu sɛ wɔwɔ ADHD sen mmeawa. Enti wubetumi asusuw sɛnea na nneɛma a wohui yi yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no ho, ɛnte saa?
Sɛnea edin "hyperkinetic" no bae
Bere kɔɔ so no, wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu pii wɔ eyi ho. Wɔ 1932 mu no, German nnuruyɛfo baanu, Franz Kramer ne Hans Polnau, kaa tebea bi a wɔfrɛ no “Hyperkinetic Disease” ho asɛm. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ɛyɛ den ma mmofra a wɔwɔ saa tebea yi sɛ wɔbɛtra ase dinn . Wɔnni mmara so, na ebetumi asɛe adesuadan mu dwumadi ahorow. Afei nso, ɛyɛ den ma wɔn sɛ wɔne mmofra afoforo bɛbom ayɛ adwuma.
Saa tebea yi fii ase wɔ mmofraase, bɛyɛ mfe 3-4, na ɛkɔɔ soro bɛyɛ mfe 6. Nanso asɛmpa no ne sɛ bere a mmofra no dii bɛyɛ mfe 7 no, saa ahomegye a wonni yi ano brɛɛ ase kakra, na wɔ nnipa pii fam no, tebea no yɛɛ yiye bere a wɔrenyin no.
Aduru a edi kan a wɔde sa ADHD ne Ritalin a ɛbae no
Eyi yɛ asɛm a esii a ɛyɛ anigye yiye. Wɔ 1937 , Amerikani oduruyɛfo bi a wɔfrɛ no Charles Bradley hui sɛ bere a ɔde Benzedrine, aduru a ɛkanyan mmofra bi maa mmofra binom no, wɔn nneyɛe yɛɛ yiye. Ɛnyɛ ɛno nko, na mmom wɔn sukuu dwumadi nso nyaa nkɔso.
Susuw ho hwɛ, yɛtaa susuw sɛ sɛ wɔma mmofra aduru bi a ɛkanyan mmofra a, wɔbɛyɛ ahuhufo kɛse. Nanso wɔ eyi mu no, na ɛne no bɔ abira. Eyi na ɛmaa nnuruyɛfo tee ase sɛ ADHD ne amemene mu nnuruyɛ wɔ abusuabɔ .
Aduru a wɔtaa kyerɛw ma ADHD nnɛ ne methylphenidate. Wodii kan de baa gua so wɔ 1954 mu wɔ din Ritalin ase . Mfiase no na wɔde saa nneɛma te sɛ ɔbrɛ a enni sabea, nanso akyiri yi wohui sɛ etu mpɔn kɛse wɔ ADHD sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a wodi so no mu.
Efi ADD so kɔɔ ADHD so: Sɛnea edin no sesae
Bere kɔ so no, edin a wɔde frɛ saa ɔhaw yi asesa, titiriw bere a nimdeɛ a yɛwɔ wɔ ho no atu mpɔn no. Nsakrae ahorow yi da adi pefee wɔ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) a Amerika Adwene ne Nkate Ho Ayaresa Fekuw tintimii no mu.
| Afe | Edin ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu a wɔde dii dwuma |
|---|---|
| 1968 mu | Hyperkinetic reaction of childhood: Wɔde wɔn adwene si nneɛma a wɔyɛ boro so so titiriw. |
| 1980 mu | Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD): Wɔde ahorow atitiriw abien baa ha. ADD a ɛyɛ adwuma boro so ne ADD a ɛnyɛ nea ɛyɛ adwuma boro so. Eyi yɛ nsonsonoe kɛse, efisɛ na ɛsan nso twee adwene sii mmofra a wɔnyɛ ahuhufo so, na mmom na wɔn adwene nyɛ wɔn ho yiye kɛkɛ. |
| 1987 mu | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Edin a ɛka sɛnkyerɛnne abiɛsa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi nhwɛ nneɛma so yiye, ɔyɛ obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ ade ntɛmntɛm, na ɔyɛ ade boro so no bom. |
ADHD ho ntease a yɛwɔ nnɛ
Ɛnnɛ, nnuruyɛfo hwɛ ADHD wɔ ɔkwan a ɛtrɛw so. Sɛnea DSM nwoma a ɛtwa toɔ, a wɔyii no adi wɔ afe 2013 mu kyerɛ no, ADHD ho "nkyerɛkyerɛmu" titire mmiɛnsa na ɛwɔ hɔ. "Nkyerɛkyerɛmu" yɛ ɔkwan a sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow fa so da adi ara kwa . Nea ɛho hia no, nsɛm a wɔka kyerɛ yi betumi asesa wɔ obi nkwa nna nyinaa mu .
| ADHD Nkyerɛkyerɛmu | Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a... |
|---|---|
| Titiriw no, Wɔn a Wɔnyɛ Ahwɛyiye | Ɛyɛ den ma saa nkurɔfo yi sɛ wɔbɛkɔ so atra kwan so, adi akwankyerɛ ahorow akyi, na wɔayɛ adwuma ho nhyehyɛe. Ebia ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea wɔayera wɔ adaeso wiase bi mu. Nanso ɛte sɛ nea wɔnyɛ atirimɔdenfo titiriw. |
| Titiriw no, wɔyɛ Hyperactive-Impulsive | Saa nkurɔfo yi ntumi ntra baabi biako, wɔyɛ fidgeting, mmirikatu, na wohuruw bere nyinaa. Wontumi ntwɛn wɔn kwan. Wohuruw wɔ afoforo nkɔmmɔbɔ mfinimfini. Wɔyɛ ade a wonsusuw ho. |
| Wɔaka abom | Saa nnipa yi wɔ su ahorow a ɛte sɛ nea yɛaka ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ no abien no nyinaa. Ɛne sɛ, wɔn adwene ntumi nyɛ adwuma yiye na wɔyɛ nneɛma a ɛtra so. |
Ade foforo a ɛho hia ne sɛ mprempren nnuruyɛfo gye tom sɛ ɛnyɛ mmofraberem nkutoo na ADHD ba, na saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi betumi aba wɔ mpanyin afe so nso .
Ayaresa foforo ne daakye
Nnuru a ɛkanyan adwene da so ara yɛ aduru a wɔtaa de sa ADHD. Nanso, mprempren nnuru afoforo pii wɔ hɔ a Ritalin nka ho. Wɔde nnuru a ɛnyɛ nea ɛkanyan adwene nso bae wɔ afe 2002 akyi.Nhwɛso ahorow bi ne atomoxetine ne guanfacine.
Nanso nea ɛho hia sen biara no, sɛ wususuw sɛ wo anaa wo ba wɔ ADHD a, wo ne oduruyɛfo a ɔfata nka ho asɛm. Ɔno na obetumi ahu tebea no pɛpɛɛpɛ na sɛ ɛho hia a, ɔkamfo nnuru ne nneyɛe ho ayaresa kyerɛ. Mfa nsɛm a wote so nsi gyinae da.
Sɛ yɛhwɛ ADHD abakɔsɛm mu a, yehu sɛ ɛnyɛ biribi a esii nkyɛe, na mmom biribi a wɔde nkakrankakra ate ase denam nnuruyɛfo ne nyansahufo adwumaden a wɔayɛ wɔ mfe pii mu no so. Enti, ɛho hia paa sɛ yesusuw tebea yi ho wɔ nyansahu kwan so.
Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔ Fie
- ADHD nyɛ ade foforo. Ɛwɔ aduruyɛ mu abakɔsɛm a ɛware, na efi bɛboro mfe 200 ni.
- Eyi nyɛ "atirimɔdensɛm kakra" anaa "ɔbrɛ" kɛkɛ. Ɛyɛ aduruyɛ mu tebea ankasa a ɛfa amemene no dwumadi ho.
- ADHD betumi ada adi wɔ nsɛm ahorow a wɔka kyerɛ mu. Nnipa binom mfa wɔn adwene nsi biribi so kɛkɛ, ebinom nso yɛ wɔn ade tra so, na ebia afoforo nso wɔ abien no nyinaa.
- Ɛnyɛ mmofra nko na tebea yi betumi aka wɔn na mmom mpanyimfo nso.
- Ɛnnɛ, ADHD ayaresa a etu mpɔn yiye wɔ hɔ, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wo duruyɛfo si gyinae ahorow yi nyinaa.
- Sɛ wususuw sɛ ebia wo anaa wo ba no benya saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi a, yɛsrɛ sɛ wo ne w’abusua oduruyɛfo anaa oduruyɛfo titiriw bi nka ho asɛm.
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