Wataƙila kun ji sunan cutar bipolar disorder . Amma ba wai kawai canjin yanayi bane. Yanayi ne na lafiya wanda ke da takamaiman ganewar asali da magani. Amma shin kun san yadda ra'ayin cutar da muke kira ta a yau ya samo asali? Akwai wani labari mai ban sha'awa a bayansa wanda ya daɗe yana wanzuwa tsawon dubban shekaru. Bari mu ɗan yi magana game da wannan labarin a yau.
Ra'ayoyi daga dogon lokaci da ya wuce
Wannan labarin ya fara ne a tsohuwar Girka. Hippocrates, wanda aka sani da "uban magani," shi ne farkon wanda ya rubuta wannan. Shi ne farkon wanda ya ga cewa mutane suna da yanayi biyu masu tsauri. Ɗaya shine baƙin ciki mai tsanani da damuwa . A yau muna kiran wannan da baƙin ciki . Ɗayan kuma shine ƙarfin hali da sha'awa mai yawa . A yau muna kiran wannan da wannan mahaukaci .
A wancan lokacin, Hippocrates ya yi tunanin cewa waɗannan abubuwa sun faru ne sakamakon canje-canje a cikin ruwan jiki (bilie) a jiki.
- Bacin rai: Ya ce baƙin ciki mai yawa yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar "baƙin bile ." "Melas" yana nufin baƙi, kuma "chole" yana nufin bile.
- Mania: Ya yi tunanin cewa yawan kuzari ya samo asali ne daga ƙaruwar "hale mai launin rawaya."
Sai wani likita ɗan ƙasar Girka mai suna Aretaeus na Kappadocia, wanda ya rayu a ƙarni na farko, ya ɗan ɗauki wannan ra'ayin gaba. Shi ne wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan baƙin ciki mai tsanani da ƙarfin hali mai tsanani na iya zama yanayi biyu masu irin wannan yanayi. Shi ne kuma na farko da ya ba da shawarar cewa duka yanayin suna da alaƙa da wata matsala a cikin kwakwalwa . Wannan babban bincike ne a lokacin.
A taƙaice dai, likitoci suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar ra'ayin cewa waɗannan yanayi ba wai kawai jin baƙin ciki ko farin ciki ba ne, har ma suna da alaƙa da canje-canjen halittu da ke faruwa a jiki, musamman kwakwalwa.
Shin damuwa da rashin hankali suna da ɓangarori biyu na tsabar kuɗi ɗaya?
Tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru, likitoci sun yi tunanin cewa baƙin ciki da rashin hankali cututtuka ne guda biyu daban-daban. Amma a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, likitocin tabin hankali na Faransa guda biyu sun canza wannan ra'ayin.
- Jean-Pierre Falret: Shi ne farkon wanda ya ce wannan cuta iri ɗaya ce, cewa tana zuwa ne a cikin zagayowar. Ya kira ta "hauka mai zagaye". Tunaninsa shi ne mutum zai iya samun damuwa, sannan ya zama al'ada na ɗan lokaci, sannan ya kamu da rashin hankali. Wannan zagayowar tana ci gaba.
- Jules Baillager:Wani likita ɗan ƙasar Faransa a wannan lokacin ya ce zagayowar rayuwa ce, amma babu wani lokaci na yau da kullun tsakanin baƙin ciki da ciwon hauka , kuma da zarar ɗaya ya ƙare, ɗayan ya fara.
A halin yanzu, wani likita ɗan ƙasar Jamus mai suna Emil Kraepelin, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin "uban ilimin tabin hankali na zamani," ya haɗa duk waɗannan ra'ayoyin ya kuma ba wa wannan cuta suna guda ɗaya: "hauka mai kama da ta manic-depressive." An karɓi ra'ayinsa kusan a duk faɗin duniya a lokacin.
Yadda DSM ta canza komai
A shekarun 1950, likitocin tabin hankali sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar tsarin gama gari, littafin ƙa'idoji, don gano cututtukan kwakwalwa. Ana kiransa da Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM) . Littafin jagora ne da likitoci ke amfani da shi don taimaka musu gano cututtukan kwakwalwa. Ana sabunta wannan littafin lokaci zuwa lokaci. Yadda ake gano cututtukan bipolar ya canza tare da shi.
| Sigar DSM (Sigar) | Yadda Aka Gabatar da Ciwon Bipolar |
|---|---|
| DSM-I (1952) | An raba "hauka mai kama da na manic-depressive" na Kraepelin zuwa matakai uku: manic, depression, da "wani." An haɗa da cyclicity a cikin "wani". |
| DSM-II (1968) | An canza sunan zuwa "cutar manic-depressive." Maimakon "wani," an gabatar da wani sabon rukuni mai suna "cyclical," ma'ana mutanen da suka fuskanci yanayin manic da depression aƙalla sau ɗaya. |
| DSM-III (1980) | Wannan shine lokacin da aka fara amfani da sunan "Ciwon Bipolar Disorder" a nan. An kuma gabatar da shi a matsayin wata cuta daban, banda baƙin ciki na gama gari. An gina ƙa'idodin da muke amfani da su a yau a nan. |
Yadda muke ganin Ciwon Bipolar a yau
A yau, likitoci sun raba cutar bipolar zuwa manyan nau'i huɗu. Wannan rarrabuwar ta ba wa majiyyaci damar samun magani mafi dacewa da inganci.
| Nau'in Ciwon Bipolar | Kawai a ce... |
|---|---|
| Bipolar I | Na taɓa fuskantar aƙalla wani cikakken yanayin manic wanda ya ɗauki akalla kwana 7. Matsalolin damuwa na iya zuwa da kuma ɓacewa. |
| Bipolar II | Babu wani cikakken yanayin manic. Madadin haka, akwai lokutan da ake samun yanayin hypomanic da depression daban-daban. |
| Ciwon Cyclothymic | Aƙalla shekaru biyu, ana canza alamun manic da depression. Duk da haka, waɗannan ba su da tsanani kamar yadda suke a cikin Bipolar I ko II. Lokacin da ake cikin yanayi na yau da kullun bai wuce makonni 8 ba. |
| Rashin Lafiyar Bipolar da Ba a Fayyace Ba | Lamura inda mutum ke da canjin yanayi mai yawa amma bai cika sharuɗɗan da aka gindaya wa ɗayan waɗannan rukunan ba. |
Dangane da magani, babban sauyi ya faru a shekarun 1970 bayan amincewa da maganin lithium . A yau, akwai magunguna masu tasiri da yawa, kamar su magungunan daidaita yanayi, wasu magungunan hana farfadiya, da magungunan rage radadi.
Tasirin al'adu da al'umma
Ciwon Bipolar cuta ce da ke iya shafar mutane a kowace ƙasa da al'ada. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 45 a duk duniya suna fama da wannan matsalar.
Duk da haka, al'ada da al'umma suna tasiri ga yadda mutane ke gano cutar da kuma karɓar magani.
- Ƙiyayya: Ko a ƙasarmu, wasu mutane suna jin kunya da tsoron yin magana game da cututtukan tabin hankali ko ganin likita. Saboda wannan "ƙiyayya", mutane da yawa ba sa neman magani mai kyau. Wannan na iya jinkirta ganewar cutar daidai.
- Yadda ake bayyana alamun cutar: Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa mutane a ƙasashen Asiya suna yawan magana game da alamun cutar jiki (misali, ciwon jiki, ciwon kai) fiye da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Wannan kuma na iya haifar da wata cuta daban.
Duk manyan kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, ciki har da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, sun jaddada cewa tallafin magani da na tunani/na zamantakewa suna da matukar muhimmanci wajen shawo kan wannan matsalar.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Ciwon Bipolar Disorder ba sabon abu bane. Fahimtarmu game da shi ta samo asali ne daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, tun daga tsoffin ra'ayoyi kamar "baƙin bile" zuwa cututtukan kwakwalwa da muka sani a yau.
- Wannan ba wai kawai canjin yanayi bane. Sauyi ne na zagaye tsakanin lokutan rashin kuzari, lokacin da kake jin kuzari mai yawa, da kuma lokutan baƙin ciki, lokacin da kake jin baƙin ciki sosai.
- A yau, akwai takamaiman rarrabuwa kamar Bipolar I da II, don haka ana iya gano cutar daidai kuma a magance ta.
- Idan kai ko wani da ka sani yana da waɗannan alamun, kada ka ji kunya ko tsoro. Yi magana da likitanka ko ma'aikacin jinya game da shi. A yau, akwai magunguna masu tasiri waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen magance wannan yanayin sosai.
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