Ke nānā ʻoe i kahi teledrama a i ʻole kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni e pili ana i nā hoʻokolokolo kalaima ma ke TV, pono ʻoe e lohe i nā kamaʻilio e like me "A hiki mai ka hōʻike DNA hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo pololei i ka mea lawehala," ʻeā? I kekahi manawa ua ʻike paha ʻoe ma ka nūpepa ua ʻike ʻia ke kino make i nā makahiki ma hope ma o kahi hoʻāʻo DNA. He aha ke ʻano o ka DNA fingerprinting a nā mea a pau e kamaʻilio nei? I kēia lā, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kēia ʻenehana kupaianaha e hiki ke ʻike i ke kanaka e like me ka manamana lima, akā me ka pololei a me ka pololei.
ʻO ka 'palapala ʻāina genetic' i loko o ko mākou kino
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka DNA kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā kuhikuhi liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i loko o kēlā me kēia cell i loko o ko mākou kino. E like me ka palapala hoʻolālā no ke kūkulu ʻana i hale, ʻo nā ʻike āpau e pono ai ko mākou kino e ulu, hoʻomohala, a hana pono i kēlā me kēia lā ua kākau ʻia i loko o kēia DNA ma ke ʻano he code. ʻO ka inoa piha o ka DNA ʻo deoxyribonucleic acid .
Ua hana ʻia kēia kaulahao DNA me 4 ʻano hui kemika. Kāhea mākou i kēia mau mea he 'bases'. Hui pū kēia mau mea ma nā pālua e hana i nā 'base pairs'. Hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo, aia ma kahi o 3 biliona o kēia mau pālua i loko o hoʻokahi cell i loko o ko mākou kino! ʻO ke kaʻina o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o kēia mau mea e haʻi i kā mākou mau cell pehea e hana ai i nā cell hou a like.
ʻO kēia hoʻonohonoho piha o ka DNA i loko o ko kākou kino ua kapa ʻia ʻo ' genome ' . Eia ka mea kupaianaha. ʻO kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ka honua he 99.9% o ko lākou genome like. ʻAe, ʻo kāu DNA a me ko kekahi āu i ʻike ʻole ai he 99.9% like. Akā ʻo kēlā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi he 0.1% ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai iā ʻoe a me aʻu i ke kino a me ka noʻonoʻo. ʻAʻole wale ko mākou kala ʻili , ke ʻano o ka lauoho, ke kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻo ko mākou hiki ke loaʻa i kekahi mau maʻi i hoʻoholo ʻia e kēia ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻohana ka ʻenehana DNA fingerprinting i nā kemika e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mau kaula DNA a ʻike i nā ʻāpana i kū hoʻokahi iā ʻoe, he 0.1% ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hopena hope loa he ʻano kaha. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia ʻano me kahi ʻano i loaʻa mai kahi laʻana DNA ʻē aʻe.
No laila pehea ʻoe e loaʻa ai kahi manamana lima DNA?
ʻAʻole kēia he mea paʻakikī a weliweli paha e like me kou manaʻo. Pono kēia hoʻāʻo e lawe i kahi hāpana o nā ʻāpana mai kou kino.
- I loko o ka waha: Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi swab e kahakaha ai i loko o ka waha mai ka ʻaoʻao papālina.
- ʻIli: He ʻāpana ʻili liʻiliʻi loa.
- Mai ka lauoho: he aʻa o kahi lāʻau lauoho.
- Nā wai kino: Mai ka lawai, ka hou, a i ʻole nā wai kino ʻē aʻe.
Akā, ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia mau ʻano hana a pauʻO ke ala maʻalahi a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana i kahi hāpana koko.
ʻO ka mea e hana ʻia ma ka lab a laila penei:
1. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka DNA: Hoʻohui ʻia nā kemika i ka hāpana e hoʻokaʻawale i ka DNA mai nā cell i loko.
2. ʻOki ʻana i ka DNA: ʻO ka mea aʻe, ʻo kekahi hana kemika e uhaʻi i kēia mau kaulahao DNA lōʻihi i nā ʻano hana hou kikoʻī a mākou e pono ai. ʻO kēia nā ʻāpana e ʻokoʻa ana mai kēlā kanaka a kēia kanaka.
3. Ke hana ʻana i nā kope: I kēia manawa, ua kope ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka DNA i nā miliona o nā manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hana ʻia lākou i mau kope he nui, e hoʻonui ana i ka nui. A laila ua maʻalahi ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.
4. Ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻohālike: A laila, ua kau ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana DNA i loko o kahi mea like me ka gel a ua hoʻouna ʻia kekahi au uila ma o ia mea. A laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana DNA i nā ʻāpana nui a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma muli o ko lākou nui a neʻe i loko o ka gel. A laila, ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi kala kūikawā, e ʻālohilohi kēia mau kaula DNA i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma lalo o ke kukui ultraviolet a i ʻole ke kukuna laser.
I ka hopena, loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻano o nā kaha, e like me ka barcode ma kahi huahana supermarket. ʻO kēia ʻano kou 'manamana lima DNA' kū hoʻokahi. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia me kahi ʻano mai ka laʻana o kekahi kanaka me ka pololei 100%.
He aha nā pono maoli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manamana lima DNA?
Mai ka lā i ʻike ʻia ai kēia ʻenehana i ka makahiki 1984, ua hoʻonui ʻia kona mau pono pākahi. Hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia kona mau pono i ʻelua ʻāpana.
| Kahua | Nā hoʻohana |
|---|---|
| Kānāwai a me ka Forensic | |
| Nā hoʻokolokolo kalaima | E hoʻohālikelike i nā hōʻike, e like me kahi lauoho a i ʻole kahi ʻōpala koko, i loaʻa ma kahi hanana hewa me kahi mea i kānalua ʻia a i ʻole e hōʻoia i ka mea i kānalua ʻia ke kanaka kūpono. |
| Ke ʻimi nei i nā hoahānau | E hōʻoia pololei i nā mākua o ke keiki (hoʻāʻo paternity), nā kaikaina, a me nā hoahānau koko ʻē aʻe. |
| Ke ʻike ʻana i nā kānaka | E hōʻoia i ka ʻike o nā kino i make i kahi ulia a i ʻole kahi pōʻino kūlohelohe a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia. |
| Nā Hoʻohana Lapaʻau | |
| Nā hoʻoili kino | E nānā inā kūpono nā ʻiʻo o ka mea hāʻawi me nā ʻiʻo o ka mea maʻi e pono ai ke kino. |
| Ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi hoʻoilina | E ʻike mua inā loaʻa iā ʻoe, a i ʻole ke pilikia nei i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi hoʻoilina . |
| Ke ʻimi nei i nā lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi | Kōkua ka noiʻi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā loli genetic e hoʻokumu ai i kēia mau maʻi hoʻoilina a loaʻa nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ai ke ho'ōla iā lākou. |
Hiki paha ke ʻike e pili ana i nā maʻi o ka ʻohana ma mua?
ʻAe, he hoʻohana lapaʻau koʻikoʻi kēia o ka ʻenehana DNA. Aia kekahi mau maʻi i hoʻoili ʻia mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna ma o nā genes. No ka laʻana, kekahi mau ʻano maʻi kanesa (umauma, ovarian, colon cancer), nā maʻi puʻuwai, a me nā maʻi e like me Thalassemia , kahi mea maʻamau i ko mākou ʻāina.
Inā loaʻa i kekahi o kou ʻohana kahi maʻi like, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike ma o kahi hoʻāʻo DNA inā he predisposition genetic kou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēlā maʻi. ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo e loaʻa maoli iā ʻoe ka maʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻike mua ʻana ua pilikia ʻoe e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kahi manawa kūpono e pale aku iā ʻoe iho mai ka maʻi a i ʻole e ʻike koke iā ia ma ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻololi nohona olakino a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau e pono ai i ka manawa kūpono. Inā he mau hopohopo kāu e pili ana i kēia, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa e hana ai, ʻo ia ke kamaʻilio me kāu kauka ʻohana a i ʻole kekahi loea.
Leka Lawe-Home
- He hoʻāʻo hoʻoilina pololei loa ka DNA fingerprinting e hiki ai ke ʻike i kahi kanaka. He ʻano DNA kū hoʻokahi ko kēlā me kēia kanaka.
- Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa no nā kumu kānāwai e like me nā hoʻokolokolo kalaima a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka paternity .
- He mea nui loa kēia ʻenehana no nā kumu lapaʻau e like me ke hoʻoili ʻana i nā ʻōpū, ka ʻike ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻoilina, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau no lākou.
- Hiki i kēia hoʻāʻo ke hoʻohana i kekahi hāpana cell mai ke kino, e like me ka lawai, ke koko, a i ʻole ka follicle lauoho.
- Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala olakino o kou ʻohana a i ʻole nā pilikia genetic, e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka e pili ana i ia mea a loaʻa i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kūpono.
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