Masiku ano timamva mawu oti "ADHD" kwambiri, sichoncho? Mwina mwamvapo mawuwa polankhula za mwana wanu, kapena mwana wa wachibale kapena bwenzi. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti ndi "kungoganizira kwambiri." Koma ADHD kwenikweni ndi vuto lomwe lili ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri yazachipatala kuposa pamenepo. Lero, tiyeni tikambirane za momwe madokotala adapezera vutoli lotchedwa ADHD koyamba, momwe lasinthira pakapita nthawi, komanso zomwe tikudziwa za ilo masiku ano.
Kodi vutoli linadziwika bwanji poyamba?
Nkhaniyi siinayambe dzulo, koma zaka zoposa 200 zapitazo. Tangoganizirani, mu 1798 , dokotala waku Scotland, Sir Alexander Crichton, adazindikira chinthu chachilendo. Adazindikira kuti anthu ena anali ndi vuto lalikulu loyang'ana kwambiri pa chinthu chimodzi monga ena, malingaliro awo anali kuyendayenda nthawi zonse. Chofunika kwambiri chinali chakuti anali ndi vutoli kuyambira ali ana. Chimene masiku ano timachitcha ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) chikufanana kwambiri ndi vutoli.
Kenako, mu 1902 , dokotala wina dzina lake Sir George Frederic Still anafotokoza za gulu la ana omwe anali athanzi komanso opanda vuto la maganizo. Ana awa anali opupuluma kwambiri, anali ndi vuto lolamulira chidwi chawo ndi kudziletsa okha. Anafotokoza za anyamata 15 ndi atsikana 5. Tikudziwabe masiku ano kuti anyamata ndi omwe amapezeka ndi ADHD kuposa atsikana. Ndiye mutha kuganiza momwe zomwe adaziwonerazi zinali zolondola, eti?
Kodi dzina lakuti "hyperkinetic" linachokera bwanji
Patapita nthawi, kafukufuku wowonjezereka unachitidwa pa izi. Mu 1932, madokotala awiri aku Germany, Franz Kramer ndi Hans Polnau, anafotokoza za matenda otchedwa "Hyperkinetic Disease." Mwachidule, ana omwe ali ndi vutoli amavutika kukhala chete . Satsatira malamulo, zomwe zingasokoneze zochitika m'kalasi. Amavutikanso kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi ana ena.
Vutoli linayamba ali aang'ono, pafupifupi zaka 3-4, ndipo linafika pachimake pafupifupi zaka 6. Koma nkhani yabwino inali yakuti anawo atakwanitsa zaka 7, kusakhazikika kumeneku kunachepa pang'ono, ndipo kwa ambiri, vutoli linayamba kusintha akamakula.
Mankhwala oyamba a ADHD ndi kubwera kwa Ritalin
Ichi ndi chochitika chosangalatsa kwambiri. Mu 1937 , dokotala waku America dzina lake Charles Bradley adazindikira kuti pamene adapatsa ana ena Benzedrine, mankhwala olimbikitsa, khalidwe lawo lidayamba kusintha. Sikuti zokhazo, komanso ntchito yawo yakusukulu idayambanso kusintha.
Taganizirani izi, nthawi zambiri timaganiza kuti ana akapatsidwa mankhwala owonjezera mphamvu, amakhala opusa kwambiri. Koma pankhaniyi, zinali zosiyana. Izi ndi zomwe zinapangitsa madokotala kumvetsetsa kuti ADHD imagwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka ubongo .
Mankhwala omwe amaperekedwa kwambiri a ADHD masiku ano ndi methylphenidate. Anayamba kugulitsidwa mu 1954 pansi pa dzina la Ritalin . Poyamba ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zinthu monga kutopa kosatha, koma pambuyo pake anapezeka kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri poletsa zizindikiro za ADHD.
Kuchokera ku ADD kupita ku ADHD: Momwe dzinalo linasinthira
Dzina la matendawa lasintha pakapita nthawi, makamaka pamene chidziwitso chathu chawonjezeka. Kusintha kumeneku kumawonekera bwino mu Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), yofalitsidwa ndi American Psychiatric Association.
| Chaka | Dzina ndi kufotokozera komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito |
|---|---|
| 1968 | Kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso muubwana: Kumayang'ana kwambiri pa kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso. |
| 1980 | Matenda Osowa Chidwi (ADD): Mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu yaperekedwa apa: ADD yokhala ndi zochita zambiri komanso ADD yopanda zochita zambiri. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi kwakukulu, chifukwa imayang'ananso ana omwe sanali amisala, koma omwe anali ndi chidwi chochepa. |
| 1987 | Matenda Osazindikira Kwambiri (ADHD): Dzina lophatikiza zizindikiro zitatu za kusalabadira, kusachita zinthu mwachangu, ndi kusachita zinthu mopitirira muyeso. |
Kumvetsetsa ADHD lero
Masiku ano, madokotala amaona ADHD m'njira yokulirapo. Malinga ndi buku laposachedwa la DSM, lomwe linatulutsidwa mu 2013 , pali "mafotokozedwe" atatu akuluakulu a ADHD. "Mafotokozedwe" ndi momwe zizindikiro zimaonekera . Chofunika kwambiri, mafotokozedwe awa amatha kusintha pa moyo wa munthu.
| Kufotokozera kwa ADHD | Mwachidule... |
|---|---|
| Osasamalira kwambiri | Anthu awa amavutika kukhalabe pa njira yoyenera, kutsatira malangizo, ndi kukonza ntchito. Angaoneke ngati otayika m'dziko lamaloto. Koma sakuwoneka ngati ndi amisala kwenikweni. |
| Ochita Zinthu Mopitirira Muyeso-Osaganiza Bwino Kwambiri | Anthu awa sangakhale pamalo amodzi, nthawi zonse amakhala akugwedezeka, akuthamanga, komanso akudumphadumpha. Sangathe kudikira nthawi yawo. Amadumpha pakati pa zokambirana za anthu ena. Amachita zinthu osaganiza. |
| Kuphatikiza | Anthu awa ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi a mitundu yonse iwiri yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ali ndi vuto la kusasamala komanso kusasamala. |
Chinthu china chofunika n’chakuti madokotala tsopano akuvomereza kuti ADHD si yaubwana wokha, ndipo kuti zizindikiro zimenezi zimathanso kuchitika munthu akakula .
Mankhwala atsopano ndi tsogolo
Mankhwala olimbikitsa akadali mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ADHD. Komabe, palinso mankhwala ena ambiri kupatula Ritalin. Mankhwala osalimbikitsa nawonso adayambitsidwa pambuyo pa 2002. Zitsanzo zake ndi atomoxetine ndi guanfacine.
Koma chofunika kwambiri, ngati mukukayikira kuti inu kapena mwana wanu ali ndi ADHD, lankhulani ndi dokotala wodziwa bwino za vutoli. Iye ndiye amene angathe kuzindikira vutoli molondola ndipo, ngati pakufunika, alimbikitseni mankhwala ndi chithandizo cha khalidwe . Musapange zisankho zochokera ku mphekesera.
Tikayang'ana mbiri ya ADHD, timaona kuti si chinthu chomwe changochitika, koma chinthu chomwe chakhala chikumveka pang'onopang'ono kudzera mu ntchito yovuta ya madokotala ndi asayansi kwa zaka zambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuganizira za vutoli mwasayansi.
Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba
- ADHD si yatsopano. Ili ndi mbiri yayitali ya zamankhwala , kuyambira zaka zoposa 200 zapitazo.
- Izi si "kungochita zinthu molakwika" kapena "ulesi." Ndi matenda enieni okhudzana ndi ntchito ya ubongo.
- ADHD ingawonekere m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Anthu ena saganizira bwino, ena amakhala ndi zochita zambiri, ndipo ena amakhala ndi zonse ziwiri.
- Matendawa angakhudze ana okha komanso akuluakulu.
- Masiku ano, pali mankhwala othandiza kwambiri a ADHD, koma zisankho zonsezi ziyenera kupangidwa ndi dokotala wanu.
- Ngati mukuganiza kuti inu kapena mwana wanu mungakhale ndi zizindikiro izi, chonde lankhulani ndi dokotala wa banja lanu kapena katswiri wa za izi.
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