Xa sisiva igama elithi PCR, sicinga ngobhubhane weCovid, akunjalo? Ixesha apho kwakufuneka sifake iswab empumlweni yethu size silinde ingxelo ukuba ifike... oko akusayi kuze kulityalwe. Kodwa ubusazi na ukuba iPCR ayisetyenziselwa nje ukufumanisa iCovid? Olu luvavanyo olubaluleke kakhulu oluye lwenza inkqubela enkulu kwisayensi yezonyango. Ke namhlanje, masithethe ngokuba luyintoni olu vavanyo lwePCR, zeziphi ezinye izinto olunokuzifumanisa, kunye nendlela olusebenza ngayo ngendlela elula onokuyiqonda.
Yintoni i-PCR ngokulula?
Kulungile, masiyibeke ngolu hlobo. Khawucinge ukuba bekufuneka ufumane igama elinye kwiphepha elinye lencwadi enye, kumawaka eencwadi ezikwithala leencwadi elikhulu. Bekuya kuba nzima kangakanani oko? Kufana nokufumana iqhekeza elincinci le -DNA okanye i-RNA , izinto zemfuza ezingaphakathi kwiiseli emizimbeni yethu.
Itekhnoloji ye-PCR (iPolymerase Chain Reaction) yenza loo msebenzi unzima ube lula. Oku kukwenza oku kukukopa iqhekeza elincinci le-DNA okanye i-RNA esilifunayo ngamakhulu amawaka, kwanamaxesha ezigidi (ukukhulisa). Kufana nokufumana iphepha elinegama kwincwadi yethala leencwadi, ulifake kumatshini wokufotokopa, uze wenze iikopi ezimalunga nesigidi. Emva koko, ekubeni elo gama kunzima ukulifumana likho kuyo yonke indawo ngoku, sinokulibona ngokulula.
Ngamafutshane, i-PCR luvavanyo oluthatha inani elincinci kakhulu leseli emzimbeni wethu, ithontsi legazi, okanye i-swab yempumlo, kwaye ngokwenziwa lukhulise iqhekeza elithile le-DNA okanye i-RNA kulo kwilebhu ukuqinisekisa ukuba likhona na kwisampulu yethu okanye akunjalo. Olu luvavanyo olubucayi kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba lunokubona nokuba linani elincinci kakhulu lentsholongwane. Le ndlela ikwiqela leemvavanyo ezibizwa ngokuba yiNucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT).
Zeziphi izifo ezinokufunyaniswa ngovavanyo lwe-PCR?
Nangona i-PCR idumile ngenxa yobhubhane we-COVID, ibisetyenziswa kwihlabathi lezonyango kangangeminyaka emininzi. Zininzi izinto ezinokufunyaniswa ngolu vavanyo. Makhe sijonge ezinye zezona ziphambili.
| Yintoni enokuchongwa | Imizekelo kunye nengcaciso |
|---|---|
| Izifo Ezisulelayo | Ingafumanisa izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezifana neentsholongwane, iibhaktheriya, iifungi, kunye neeparasites. Umzekelo, i-PCR isetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ngokuchanekileyo izifo ezifana ne-COVID-19, i-dengue, i-influenza (umkhuhlane), isifo sephepha, i-HIV, kunye ne-hepatitis B kunye ne-C. |
| Izifo zofuzo | Ezinye izifo zizuzwa njengelifa ngee-genes. I-PCR inceda ekuchongeni utshintsho oluthile (iinguqu) kwezi genes. Imizekelo: I-Cystic Fibrosis, isifo sikaHuntington. |
| Umhlaza | Olu vavanyo lunokuchonga utshintsho oluthile kwimfuza kwiiseli zomhlaza. Oku kunokunceda oogqirha bakhethe amayeza anokujolisa kuloo mhlaza (unyango olujolisiweyo). |
| Uvavanyo lwangaphambi kokuzalwa | Iteknoloji ye-PCR isetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo zokufumanisa kwangaphambili ukuba umntwana osesiswini sikanina unezifo zemfuza. |
| Isayensi yeForensic | I-DNA ikhutshwa kwibala elincinci kakhulu legazi okanye iinwele ezifunyenwe kwindawo yolwaphulo-mthetho, yandiswa kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-PCR, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuchonga abarhanelwa. |
Uthatha njani isampulu yovavanyo lwe-PCR?
Indlela othatha ngayo isampulu yovavanyo lwe-PCR ixhomekeke ekubeni loluphi uhlobo lwesifo osifunayo. Indlela yokuthatha isampulu yahlukile kwimeko nganye.
| Indlela yokuthatha iisampulu | Kwenziwa phantsi kweyiphi imeko oku? |
|---|---|
| Isampuli yegazi (Uvavanyo lwegazi) | Kuthathwa isampuli yegazi ukuze kufunyanwe izifo zemfuza, kunye nokufumanisa iintsholongwane ezithile (umz. i-HIV, i-Hepatitis B/C) ezingene egazini. |
| I-nasopharyngeal swab | Le yindlela esiyaziyo sonke. Uyakhumbula xa wafaka intonga empumlweni yakho ngexesha leCovid? Le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukubona iintsholongwane ezichaphazela inkqubo yokuphefumla (i-COVID, i-Influenza, i-RSV). |
| I-Biopsy | Le sampuli ithathwa kwiqhekeza elincinci lesicwili esivela kwithumba elinomhlaza okanye umongo wethambo kwaye isetyenziselwa ukujonga utshintsho lwemfuza kwiiseli. |
| I-Amniocentesis | Oku kwenzelwa ukuvavanya imeko yemfuza yomntwana ngokuthatha inani elincinci lolwelo lwe-amniotic olujikeleze umntwana kumama okhulelweyo. |
| Ukuxilongwa Kwemfuza Ngaphambi Kokufakelwa Kwesibeleko | Kwi-in vitro fertilization (IVF), le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iiseli ezimbalwa ezivela kwi-embryo ukuze kubonwe ukuba ingaba inezifo zemfuza ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe kwisibeleko sikamama. |
Ixesha elininzi, awudingi ukwenza nantoni na ekhethekileyo ukulungiselela uvavanyo lwe-PCR. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, njengaxa wenza into efana ne-biopsy, ugqirha wakho uya kukunika imiyalelo efunekayo kwangaphambili.
Isebenza njani iteknoloji ye-PCR?
Kulungile, ngoku masibone ukuba obu buchwepheshe bumangalisayo busebenza njani ngokwenene. Oku kungokwesayensi kancinci, kodwa ndiza kukuchaza ngokulula.
1. Ukulungiswa kwesampuli: Okokuqala, i-DNA okanye i-RNA yahlulwe kwisampuli (igazi, ulwelo, njl.njl.) ethathwe kuwe.
2. Ukwenza umxube: Okulandelayo, le DNA/RNA ehlukanisiweyo ixutywa neekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo. Eyona nto iphambili kulo mxube yi-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-DNA Polymerase . Le yeyona iphambili eyenza umsebenzi wokufotokopa.
3. Umjikelo Wokufudumeza Nokuphola: Ngoku ityhubhu encinci enalo mxube ifakwa kumatshini okhethekileyo. Lo matshini unyusa kwaye wehlise ubushushu ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.
- Ukuguquka kwe-DNA: Okokuqala, ubushushu bunyuswa bufikelele kuma-95 degrees Celsius. Oku kubangela ukuba imicu emibini ye-DNA yahlukane.
- Ukudibanisa: Okulandelayo, ubushushu buyehliswa bufikelele kuma-degrees angama-55. Emva koko, iziqwenga ezincinci ze-DNA (ii-primers) ezihambelana neqhekeza le-DNA esilifunayo zincamathiselwa kwimicu ye-DNA eyahlulweyo.
- Ukufudumeza kwakhona (Ulwandiso): Emva koko ubushushu bunyuswa bufikelele kuma-degrees angama-72. Emva koko i-enzyme ye-DNA polymerase ingena ize yenze umsonto omtsha we-DNA kuloo primer ihambelana nomsonto wokuqala we-DNA.
4. Ukukopa: Ngoku kwenziwe iikopi ezimbini zomsonto omnye we-DNA. Lo mjikelo wobushushu uziphinda-phinda malunga namaxesha angama-30-40. Kumjikelo omnye, inani le-DNA liphindaphindeka kabini. Ezimbini ziba zine, ezine ziba zisibhozo, ezisibhozo ziba zilishumi elinesithandathu... Emva kwemijikelo emalunga nama-30, kwenziwe iikopi ezingaphezu kwebhiliyoni kwiqhekeza elinye le-DNA yokuqala.
Ngoku, eso siqwenga seDNA/RNA, esasincinci kakhulu ukuba singabonwa ngaphambili, siye saba sikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba singabonwa lula.
Ngaba kukho iintlobo zovavanyo lwe-PCR?
Ewe, kukho iintlobo ezimbini ekufuneka siziqaphele.
- I-Reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR): Ezinye iintsholongwane, ezifana neCovid, i-influenza, kunye ne-HIV, zinolwazi lwazo lwemfuza kwi-RNA kunokuba zibe yi-DNA. I-PCR eqhelekileyo inokukopa i-DNA kuphela. Ngoko ke, into oyenzayo kwi-RT-PCR kukusebenzisa kuqala i-enzyme ekhethekileyo (`Reverse Transcriptase`) 'ukuguqula' loo RNA ibe yi-DNA. I-DNA ephumayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-DNA eyongezelelekileyo (cDNA). Emva koko inkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-PCR iyenzeka.
- I-PCR yexesha langempela / i-PCR yobuninzi (Q-PCR): Le yindlela ephucuke kancinci. Okwenzekayo koku kukuba njengoko i-DNA ikopishwa, ilebhile ye-fluorescent incamathiselwa kuyo. Njengoko inani le-DNA ekopishiweyo lisanda, le fluorescence nayo iyanda. Umatshini unokulinganisa le fluorescence. Ngoko ke, ngelixa silindile, oko kukuthi, ngexesha langempela , sinokubona ukuba i-DNA efanelekileyo ikhona kwisampuli okanye ayikho. Ayipheleli apho, inokunika nombono ocacileyo wokuba ingakanani intsholongwane eyayikwisampuli yokuqala (umthwalo wentsholongwane). Uvavanyo lwe-RT-PCR lwexesha langempela oludibanisa zombini ezi ndlela ludla ngokusetyenziswa ukufumanisa i-Covid.
Ithetha ukuthini ingxelo yePCR?
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ingxelo ye-PCR xa uyifumana.
- Ifunyenwe/Iyaphila: Ukuba ingxelo yakho ithi "Ifunyenwe" okanye "Iyaphila," oko kuthetha ukuba isampulu yakho yayineendawo ezithile zentsholongwane okanye izinto zofuzo ababezifuna. Ngamafutshane, mhlawumbi unayo intsholongwane.
- Ayifunyaniswanga / Ayilunganga: Oku kuthetha ukuba iziqwenga ze-DNA/RNA ezifanelekileyo azifumanekanga kwisampuli evavanyiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba awunalo olo sulelo.
Kodwa nantsi into ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba uvavanya kwiintsuku zokuqala zosulelo (ingakumbi ngaphambi kokuba iimpawu ziqale), ubungakanani bentsholongwane emzimbeni wakho bunokuba sezantsi kwaye i-PCR isenokungayiboni. Ngoko ke, nokuba ufumana iziphumo 'ezingafunyanwanga', ukuba usenazo iimpawu, kungcono ukuthetha nogqirha wakho kwaye ulandele icebiso lakhe. Ungacelwa ukuba uphinde uvavanye emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa.
Ixesha elithathwayo ukufumana iziphumo liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuvavanyo olwenziweyo. Ii-swabs zempumlo (ezifana ne-COVID, i-influenza) zihlala zifumana iziphumo zingadlulanga iiyure ezingama-24. Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lwegazi kunye ne-biopsies ukukhangela izifo zemfuza zingathatha iveki okanye ngaphezulu.
Ukuba unemibuzo okanye iinkxalabo malunga novavanyo lwe-PCR okanye iziphumo zalo, qiniseka ukuba uthetha nogqirha wakho ngayo.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-PCR ayilulo nje uvavanyo lwe-COVID. Luvavanyo lwezonyango olunamandla kakhulu noluchanekileyo olusetyenziselwa ukuxilonga izifo ezahlukeneyo, izifo zofuzo, kunye neemeko ezifana nomhlaza.
- Le teknoloji ikopisha inani elincinci kakhulu le-DNA okanye i-RNA kwisampulu ibe ziikopi ezigidi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifikelele kwinqanaba elinokubonwa lula.
- Nokuba iziphumo ze-PCR zithi "Azifunyanwanga" (Zimbi), ukuba uneempawu, akuthethi ukuba awunaso esi sifo ngokupheleleyo. Oku kunokuba njalo, ingakumbi kwizigaba zokuqala zosulelo.
- Ugqirha wakho ngumntu ofanelekileyo ukuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo okanye iinkxalabo onokuba nazo malunga neziphumo zovavanyo lwakho kunye nemeko yakho yempilo, ngoko ungaze ungathandabuzi ukuthetha naye.
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