Ngaba ngamanye amaxesha ukhe uzive ngathi umntwana wakho uziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunabanye abantwana? Mhlawumbi akathandi ukujonga abanye aze athethe nabo, okanye adlale nabo. Okanye ngaba unesiko lokuphindaphinda izinto ezifanayo? Kuqhelekile ukuba umzali azive esoyika kwaye exhalabile xa ubona izinto ezinje. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngemeko ebonisa ezi mpawu, ezazisaziwa ngaphambili kwisayensi yezonyango njenge-'Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), kodwa ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi- 'Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Musa ukoyika nangona igama litshintshile, masiqonde oku ngokulula.
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Ngaphambi kowama-2013, oogqirha babesebenzisa igama elithi 'Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)' ukuchaza ukulibaziseka okuthile kokukhula kwabantwana. Oku kuquka ubunzima bokunxulumana nabanye abantu, ukungafuni ukuziqhelanisa notshintsho lwesiqhelo, kunye neentshukumo okanye iindlela zokuziphatha eziphindaphindwayo.
Kodwa phantsi kolu didi lwe-PDD, bekukho ezinye iindidi ezininzi ezifana ne-(Asperger's syndrome) kunye ne-(Autistic disorder). Ngenxa yoku, abantwana abaneempawu ezifanayo bafunyaniswa benamagama ahlukeneyo. Oku kwakubabhida kancinci abazali kunye noogqirha ngokufanayo.
Ngamafutshane, ukuze kupheliswe oku kudideka nokwenza ukuxilongwa kucace ngakumbi kwaye kuchaneke ngakumbi, zonke ezi meko zaziswa phantsi kwegama elinye: i-Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Ngoko ke ukuba ubona igama elithi PDD kwincwadi okanye kwinqaku elidala, khumbula ukuba libhekisa kwimeko efanayo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yi-ASD.
Zithini iimpawu zale meko?
I-Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) ayisiyongxaki echaphazela wonke umntu ngendlela efanayo. Ifana nemibala yomnyama, esasazeke kwi-spectrum nganye. Oku kuthetha ukuba iimpawu zabanye abantwana zinokuba zingabonakali kangako , ngelixa ezinye zinokuba neempawu ezicacileyo.
Itheyibhile engasezantsi ingakuchaza ngakumbi oku.
| Indawo yengxaki | Iimpawu ezibonwa rhoqo |
|---|---|
| Unxibelelwano lwentlalo kunye nokusebenzisana (Unxibelelwano lweNtlalo kunye nokuNxibelelana) |
|
| Ukuziphatha okulinganiselweyo okanye okuphindaphindwayo (Iindlela zokuziphatha ezithintelweyo okanye eziphindaphindwayo) |
Into ebalulekileyo kukuba abanye abantu abanale meko banokufunda kakuhle, babe nemisebenzi, kwaye baphile ngokuzimela. Sisenokungazi nokuba banale meko. Kwakhona, abanye abantu banokuba neziphene ezinzulu kwaye badinga uncedo lwabantu abadala.
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"Kutheni oku kwenzeke kumntwana wam?" Lo ngumbuzo abazali abaninzi abazibuza wona. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule kuqala kukuba i-ASD ayibangelwa yimpazamo yabazali, iimpazamo zokukhulisa umntwana, okanye ukugonywa.
Izazinzulu azikafumani unobangela we-ASD. Nangona kunjalo, i-genetics ichongiwe njengeyona nto iphambili echaphazela oku. Nangona kunjalo, le ayisiyo "gene ye-autism" enye kuphela. Le ngozi inokwandiswa yindibaniselwano ye-genetic factors kunye ne-environment factors .
Izinto ezinokunyusa umngcipheko:
- Imbali yosapho: Ukuba omnye umntwana kusapho une-ASD, umngcipheko wokuba umntwana olandelayo abe nayo uyanda kancinci.
- Ukuzalwa kwangaphambi kwexesha: Iintsana ezizelwe ngaphambi kweeveki ezingama-37 zisengozini enkulu, ingakumbi ezo zizelwe zisencinci kakhulu.
- Ubudala babazali: Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba umngcipheko uyanda kancinci xa abazali bobabini beneminyaka yobudala.
- Ezinye iimeko zonyango:Umngcipheko we-ASD uphezulu xa kukho iimeko ezithile zemfuza. Umzekelo:
- Isifo seFragile X
- I-Tuberous sclerosis
- I-Down syndrome
- Isifo seRett
Ungayibona njani le meko?
I-ASD ayinakubonwa ngovavanyo lwegazi olunye okanye ngeskeni yobuchopho. Luvavanyo olupheleleyo oluqhutywa liqela leengcali. Ugqirha wezingane womntwana wakho uya kukuthumela kwingcali ukuba ineengxaki ngexesha lokuhlolwa komntwana wakho kweenyanga ezi-9, 18, kunye ne-24/30.
Oogqirha abanolwazi koku ngaba:
- Iingcali zengqondo zabantwana
- Iingcali zengqondo zabantwana
- Iingcali zeNeurologists zabantwana
- Iingcali zoPhuhliso lwabantwana
Bafikelela kwisigqibo esichanekileyo ngokujonga indlela umntwana aziphethe ngayo, bebuza abazali ngendlela aziphethe ngayo umntwana kunye neendlela zakhe zokunxibelelana, baze benze uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukufumanisa le meko kwangethuba, kuba okukhona unyango olufunekayo kunye nonyango luqaliswa ngokukhawuleza, kokukhona ikamva lomntwana liya kuba ngcono.
Zithini iindlela zonyango?
Akukho nyango lwe-ASD okwangoku. Nangona kunjalo, kukho unyango oluninzi olusebenzayo kunye nonyango olunokunceda ukulawula imeko, ukuphuhlisa izakhono zomntwana, kunye nokwenza ubomi bemihla ngemihla bube lula kumntwana .
Unyango lwezemithi
Nangona kungekho nyango lwe-ASD, amayeza asetyenziselwa ukunyanga ezinye iimeko ezinokunxulunyaniswa nayo. Umzekelo, abantwana abaninzi abane-ASD baneemeko ezifana ne-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) kunye ne-anxiety. Amayeza ezi meko anokunceda abanye abantwana. Oogqirha banokunika amayeza anjenge-risperidone kunye ne-aripiprazole ukulawula ukuziphatha okufana nomsindo ogqithisileyo kunye nokuzilimaza. Onke la mayeza kufuneka anikwe kuphela phantsi kweliso kunye nengcebiso yengcali.
Unyango
Okubaluleke ngaphezu kwamayeza zezi ndlela zonyango, ezahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomntwana.
- Unyango lokuthetha: Phuhlisa ubuchule bokuthetha nokunxibelelana nabanye.
- Unyango Lomsebenzi: Ukunceda abantu benze imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla efana nokunxiba, ukutya, kunye nokubhala ngokuzimela.
- Unyango Lomzimba: Ukuphucula intshukumo yomzimba kunye nokulinganisela.
- Unyango Lokuziphatha:Ukulawula ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga nokuphuhlisa ukuziphatha okuhle. "Uhlalutyo Lokuziphatha Olusetyenzisiweyo (ABA)" yindlela eyaziwayo ewela phantsi kwale ndlela.
- Uqeqesho lweZakhono zoLuntu: Ukufundisa indlela yokuxubana nabanye, ukwenza abahlobo, kunye nokuziphatha kuluntu.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- 'Ingxaki yoPhuhliso oluPheleleyo (PDD)' ligama elidala elisetyenziselwa imeko ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi-'Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).'
- I-ASD yimeko yophuhliso lwemithambo-luvo enxulumene nophuhliso lobuchopho, ayisiyongxaki yengqondo okanye ngenxa yempazamo yomzali.
- Le meko 'yiSpectrum', oko kuthetha ukuba ibanzi kakhulu ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ezakhono kunye nemingeni. Wonke umntwana wahlukile.
- Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nokuziphatha komntwana wakho, thetha nogqirha wabantwana ngokukhawuleza. Ukuxilongwa kwangoko kubaluleke kakhulu.
- Nangona oku "kungenakunyangwa", iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, amayeza anokunika umntwana izakhono ezifunekayo ukuze aphile ubomi obuphumelelayo nobonwabisayo.
- Hlonipha ubuwena bomntwana wakho kunye nobuchule bakhe. Ubona ihlabathi ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Mnike uthando, inkxaso, kunye nolwalathiso aludingayo.
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