Ukuba ulindele umntwana, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ukhathazeke kakhulu ngokhuseleko lomntwana wakho. Enyanisweni, ukuchatshazelwa zizinto ezithile ezingqongileyo ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunokubangela umngcipheko kumntwana wakho osakhulayo. Namhlanje, sifuna ukuthetha ngezi zinto—ezaziwa ngokwezonyango ngokuba yi-'teratogens'.
Zithini iiTeratogens?
Ngamafutshane, ii-teratogens zizinto ezinokuthi, ukuba uzityile okanye uzifunxe ngexesha lokukhulelwa, zibangele iingxaki zokuzalwa (iziphene zokuzalwa) kwimveku yakho esakhulayo okanye kwimveku. Ezi zinokubandakanya amayeza, iikhemikhali , usulelo oluthile, okanye izinto ezinobuthi . Ukuvezwa kwi-teratogens kunokunyusa kakhulu umngcipheko wokuphuma kwesisu , ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha, okanye kwanokuzalwa komntwana oswelekileyo.
Yintoni emisela ubunzima be-teratogen?
Ubungakanani bomngcipheko obubangelwa yi-teratogen buxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:
- Uhlobo lwesithako, amayeza, okanye ityhefu. Ayizizo zonke izinto ezichaphazela ukukhulelwa ngendlela efanayo.
- Ubude bexesha lokuvezwa. Ngaba yayikukudibana okwethutyana, okanye ingaba ukuvezwa kwaqhubeka iintsuku okanye iinyanga?
- Inqanaba lokuvezwa (umthamo). Ingaba isixa sasincinci okanye sikhulu?
- Ubudala bokukhulelwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Oku kubalulekile kuba amalungu ahlukeneyo ayakhula ngexesha elithile lokukhula komntwana wakho.
- Izinto ezibangela ufuzo. Indlela owakheke ngayo ufuzo lwakho inokwenza umntwana wakho abe sesichengeni esincinci okanye esincinci kwiingozi ezithile.
Ngoko ke, ukuphepha ii-teratogens kulo lonke ixesha lokukhulelwa kwakho yeyona ndlela ilungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, nceda uqaphele ukuba ukuvezwa ngexesha elithile, elinobuthathaka lokukhula komntwana ongekazalwa kunokuba yingozi kakhulu.
Zixhaphake kangakanani iziphene zokuzalwa ezibangelwa zii-teratogens?
Izifundo zibonisa ukuba malunga ne- 4% ukuya kwi-5% yazo zonke iingxaki zokuzalwa zidibene ngokuthe ngqo nokuvezwa kwe-teratogenic. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvezwa okunjalo kubonakaliswe ukuba kuchaphazela zombini uphuhliso lwengqondo nolwenyama lomntwana. Le yingxaki ekufuneka uyiqwalasele ngokupheleleyo kwaye uyilumkele.
Ziziphi ezinye zemizekelo eqhelekileyo ye-teratogens?
IiTeratogens zizinto ezaziwa ngokuba yingozi, nokuba zikhokelela kwiziphene zokuzalwa, ukulahlekelwa kukukhulelwa, okanye ezinye iingxaki zokukhulelwa . Makhe sihlolisise iindidi ezibalaseleyo.
Utywala, Icuba, kunye neziyobisi zokuzonwabisa
Mhlawumbi ezi zezona ntlobo ze-teratogens zaziwayo kakhulu.
- Utywala: Utywala buyichaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yomntwana wakho. Ukusela utywala ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwandisa umngcipheko we-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, enokubangela iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga zobuso, ubukhulu bentloko encinci, kunye nemingeni yokuziphatha neyomzimba ehlala ixesha elide.
Akukho bungakanani bamanzi akhuselekileyo asetyenziswayo ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
- Iicuba: Ukutshaya kunegalelo elikhulu ekuthinteleni ukukhula komntwana ongekazalwa, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha, kunye nokuphuphuma kwesisu. Kunokubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kwizicubu zemiphunga zomntwana wakho ezibuthathaka kunye nengqondo ekhulayo.
- Iziyobisi zokuzonwabisa:Iziyobisi ezifana necocaine, i-methamphetamines, i-heroin, kunye ne-marijuana zinokubangela ukuzalwa okunobunzima obuphantsi, iziphene zentliziyo, kunye ne-Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome—imeko apho usana luba neempawu zokurhoxa emva nje kokuzalwa. Ukongeza, ukusebenzisa iinaliti ezisetyenziswa kunye kunomngcipheko omkhulu wosulelo olusasazeka egazini.
Amayeza
Amayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha kunye namayeza abhalwe ngugqirha ngamanye amaxesha anokusebenza njenge-teratogens. Kubalulekile ukuba udibane nomboneleli wakho wezempilo ngaphambi kokuba uthathe naliphi na iyeza okanye izongezo. Soloko ufunda iileyibhile ngononophelo. Ukuba awuqinisekanga malunga nokhuseleko lwemveliso, nxibelelana nogqirha wakho ngoko nangoko; kukhuselekile ukuyiphepha ukuyisebenzisa ude ufumane imvume yobungcali.
Imizekelo yamayeza anokubangela ukuba umntu angakwazi ukwelapha isifo sesibindi iquka:
- Amayeza okulwa nesifo sokuwa (ii-AED)
- Amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane
- Ii-Anticoagulants (izithibi zegazi)
- Amayeza e-antithyroid
- I-Vitamin A enedosi ephezulu (efumaneka kwezinye iikhrimu zolusu)
- Amayeza ehomoni
Umzekelo, ukuba uphatha imeko efana nesifo sokuwa, ungadinga amayeza afana ne-phenytoin. Ugqirha wakho uya kuvavanya ngononophelo iingozi kunye neenzuzo ukuqinisekisa ukuba wena nomntwana wakho nihlala nikhuselekile kangangoko ninako ngelixa nilawula iimfuno zenu zempilo.
Iingozi zonyango zihlulwe njani ngexesha lokukhulelwa?
I-US FDA ngaphambili yayisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba (A, B, C, D, X) ukwahlulahlula iingozi. Ngo-2015, oku kwathathelwa indawo nguMthetho woKubhala ukukhulelwa nokuncancisa (PLLR). Lo mthetho ubonelela ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha ezithe vetshe, olunomxholo opheleleyo ukunceda ababoneleli bezempilo ukuba benze izigqibo ezinolwazi kwizigulana ezikhulelweyo nezincancisayo.
Inyathelo elibaluleke kakhulu kukuthemba umboneleli wakho wezempilo ukuba ahlole ukhuseleko lwalo naliphi na iyeza ngokusekelwe kwiprofayili yakho yezonyango eyahlukileyo.
Iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane
Iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane, iiparasites, kunye nezifo zeebhaktheriya ziyingozi enkulu kuwe nakumntwana wakho. Isifinyezo esithi 'TORCH' sinceda oogqirha ukuba bahlukanise izifo eziqhelekileyo ezinobungozi obukhulu:
- I-T – I-Toxoplasmosis (idla ngokusasazeka ngokudibana nendle yekati)
- O – Ezinye izifo (umz., iGroup B Streptococcus, iListeria, iCandida, kunye neeSTIs)
- R – iRubella
- C - iCytomegalovirus (CMV)
- I-H - Intsholongwane yeHerpes Simplex
- I-Syphilis ikwaqukwe kolu luhlu lomngcipheko.
Ezinye izifo kunye neentsholongwane ezinokubangela iingxaki ziquka:
- I-Chickenpox kunye neeshingles
- IHepatitis B, iHepatitis C, kunye nezinye izifo zesibindi ezibangelwa yintsholongwane
- I-HIV
- Isifo sesihlanu
Iityhefu zeNdalo, iiKhemikhali, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo
Iikhemikhali ezithile zokusingqongileyo kunye neetyhefu zinokubangela iziphene zokuzalwa, kubandakanya iingxaki ezifana ne-Spine Bifida, i-Cleft Palate, okanye iingxaki zemithambo-luvo. Imizekelo yokuvezwa okuyingozi ibandakanya:
- Ukuvezwa kwimitha (umz., ii-X-ray) okanye unyango lomhlaza (i-Chemotherapy)
- Iibhafu ezishushu, ii-sauna, okanye ezinye izinto ezifudumeza umzimba eziphakamisa ubushushu bomzimba wakho
- I-Mercury (efumaneka kwiintlobo ezithile zeentlanzi)
- I-Lead (ehlala ikhona kwipeyinti nakwiipayipi zezindlu ezindala)
- Iikhemikhali eziyingozi okanye iintsimbi ezinzima ezifumaneka kwiindawo zokusebenza okanye kwiindawo zokuvelisa
Iimeko Zezonyango Ezingapheliyo
Ezinye izifo ezingapheliyo onokuba nazo zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokuzalwa kweziphene kumntwana wakho. Imizekelo ibandakanya iDiabetes Mellitus, iingxaki ze-thyroid, kunye nezifo ezikhusela umzimba ezifana neLupus okanye iRheumatoid Arthritis. Kwezi meko, umngcipheko owandileyo wokufumana ii-teratogens uhlala uvela kumayeza asetyenziselwa ukunyanga ezi meko okanye kwiimeko ezingalawulwa kakuhle.
Kubalulekile ukuxoxa nogqirha wakho ngazo naziphi na iimeko zempilo ezikhoyo kunye namayeza owasebenzisayo. Kusenokufuneka uhlengahlengise isicwangciso solawulo lwesifo sakho esingapheliyo ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwakho.
Kunini apho ukuchasana ne-teratogens kuyingozi kakhulu ngexesha lokukhulelwa?
Ukuvezwa kwi-teratogens kuyingozi nakweyiphi na inqanaba lokukhulelwa. Nangona kunjalo, umngcipheko uphezulu kakhulu kwiiveki ezisibhozo zokuqala zokukhulelwa. Oku kungenxa yokuba, ngeli xesha, uninzi lwamalungu kunye neenkqubo zomntwana wakho ziyakhula ngokukhutheleyo, nto leyo eyenza umntwana abe buthathaka kakhulu kwimiphumo emibi ye-teratogens. Uphando lubonisa ukuba i-teratogens inokuchaphazela umntwana kwangethuba kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokukhulelwa.
Umzekelo, iiNeural Tube Defects (NTDs) zenzeka ngaphambi kweveki yesihlanu yokukhulelwa. I-neural tube sisiseko sengqondo nomqolo. Ii-NTD zenzeka ukuba i-neural tube ayivali kakuhle, nto leyo enokubangela iziphene ezahlukeneyo zokuzalwa.
Ziziphi iziphene zokuzalwa ezibangelwa yi-teratogens?
IiTeratogens zaziwa ngokubanga iziphene ezininzi zokuzalwa. Ezinye zeengxaki ezixhaphakileyo ziquka:
- Iingxaki zobuchopho okanye zomnqonqo, ezifana ne-Anencephaly (apho iindawo zengqondo okanye zentloko zingekhoyo)
- Iziphene zomzimba okanye zesakhiwo, ezifana nokungabikho kwamalungu omzimba okanye amalungu omzimba angasebenzi kakuhle
- Umlomo oqhekekileyo kunye nenkalakahla
- Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okanye iingxaki zenkqubo yeemvakalelo
- Iingxaki zentliziyo okanye iziphene zentliziyo
Ungaziphepha njani ii-teratogens ngexesha lokukhulelwa?
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphepha i-teratogens kukucwangcisa ukukhulelwa kwakho kwangaphambili ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ukucwangcisa kukuvumela ukuba ukwazi ukulawula izifo ezingapheliyo kwaye wenze utshintsho olufunekayo kwindlela ophila ngayo, njengokuyeka ukutshaya.
Nangona kunjalo, oku akunakwenzeka rhoqo. Wakuba ukhulelwe, kukho amanyathelo aliqela onokuwathatha ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa yi-teratogen:
- Xoxa nogqirha wakho ngayo nayiphi na imithi oyithathayo.
- Ziphephe ngokupheleleyo icuba, utywala, kunye neziyobisi zokuzonwabisa.
- Musa ukuthatha naziphi na izongezo, amayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha, okanye amayeza esintu ngaphandle kokubonisana nogqirha wakho kuqala.
- Kuphephe ukucoca iibhokisi zenkunkuma ukuze uthintele ukuvezwa zizinambuzane ezithile.
- Ziphephe iibhafu ezishushu, ii-sauna, nayo nayiphi na into ephakamisa ubushushu bomzimba wakho.
- Kuphephe ukutya iintlanzi ezine-mercury eninzi, njenge-tuna kunye ne-swordfish.
- Thetha nomphathi wakho okanye iSebe leMicimbi yaBasebenzi malunga nazo naziphi na iikhemikhali eziyingozi ezikhoyo kwindawo yakho yokusebenza.
Kubalulekile ukuba nencoko evulekileyo nenyanisekileyo nogqirha wakho wokubelekisa ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwakho. Oku kuquka ukuba nenyaniso malunga nokusetyenziswa kotywala okanye iziyobisi. Bakho ukuze bancede ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhulelwa kwakho kukhuselekile kwaye kusempilweni. Ungaze ungathandabuzi ukubuza ugqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuba uqale naliphi na iyeza okanye izongezo. Ukulumka ngakumbi ngexesha lokukhulelwa kusoloko kuyindlela engcono.
Iingcinga zokugqibela ekufuneka uzikhumbule
Ukukhusela umntwana wakho kwi-teratogens ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunceda ekuthinteleni ukuzalwa kweziphene. Inyathelo lokuqala kukuhlala unolwazi malunga nendlela izinto ezithile eziyingozi ezinokufikelela ngayo kumntwana wakho kwaye zichaphazele kakubi ukukhula kwakhe. Ukuphepha i-teratogens kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okunempilo kwaye kunika umntwana wakho isiqalo esihle ebomini.
Thetha ngokukhululekileyo nogqirha wakho malunga namayeza owaselayo, naluphi na utywala obuselayo, kunye nendawo osebenza kuyo okanye ohlala kuyo. Bangaphendula imibuzo yakho malunga nokuba zeziphi izinto ezinokubangela iziphene zokuzalwa kunye nendlela engcono yokuzikhusela wena kunye nomntwana wakho.
