Ngaba uyazi izinto ezinokwenzakalisa usana lwakho olungekazalwa? (IiTeratogens) Masithethe ngale nto!

Ukuba ungumama oza kuzala, mhlawumbi ucinga kakhulu ngokhuseleko lomntwana wakho ongekazalwa. Enyanisweni, ezinye izinto ozifumanayo ngexesha lokukhulelwa zinokwenzakalisa umntwana wakho. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngezinto ezinjalo, esizibiza ngokuba yi-'teratogens' kwisayensi yezonyango.

Yintoni le teratogen?

Ngamafutshane, ii-teratogens zizinto ezinokuthi, ukuba zityiwe okanye zibonakaliswe kuzo ngexesha lokukhulelwa, zibangele iingxaki zokuzalwa kwimveku yakho esakhulayo okanye kwimveku. Ezi zinokubandakanya amayeza, iikhemikhali , izifo ezithile, kunye nezinto ezinobuthi . Ii-teratogens zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokuphuma kwesisu , ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha, okanye kwanokuzalwa komntwana oswelekileyo .

Ingozi ye-teratogen ifunyanwa njani?

Ngoku, ukuba ingozi kangakanani kwi-teratogen ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:

• Akunamsebenzi nokuba loluphi uhlobo lweyeza, into ethile, okanye ityhefu. Asizizo zonke izinto ezinefuthe elifanayo.
• Uchithe ixesha elingakanani ujongene nayo? Ixesha elifutshane, iintsuku, iinyanga?
• Ubungakanani (idosi okanye ubungakanani) bokuchaphazeleka. Ubungakanani obuncinci okanye obukhulu?
• Ixesha lokukhulelwa linani leeveki umntwana ebesesibelekweni xa ebevezwa. Oku kungenxa yokuba kukho amaxesha apho amalungu ahlukeneyo omntwana ekhula khona.
• Izinto ezibangelwa lufuzo zinokunyusa umngcipheko wosana. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokubakho iimpembelelo zemfuza.

Kungoko ke, kungcono ukuzikhwebula kwezi ntlobo ze-teratogens ngexesha lokukhulelwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, ukuzichanaba kuzo ngamaxesha athile okukhula komntwana kunokuba yingozi kakhulu .

Zixhaphake kangakanani iziphene zokuzalwa ezibangelwa zii-teratogens?

Izifundo zibonise ukuba phakathi kwe-4% ne-5% yeziphene zokuzalwa zibangelwa kukuvezwa kwi-teratogens. Kwaye ukuvezwa kwezi teratogens kufunyenwe kuchaphazela nophuhliso lomntwana ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba . Ngoko ke, oku akuyonto ifanele ithathwe lula, akunjalo?

Ziziphi imizekelo ye-teratogens?

IiTeratogens zizinto ezinokulimaza usana ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Izifundo zibonise ukuba zinokubangela iziphene zokuzalwa, zonyuse umngcipheko wokuphuphuma kwesisu, ukuzala umntwana oswelekileyo, okanye ezinye iingxaki zokukhulelwa . Makhe sijonge eminye yemizekelo ephambili.

Utywala, icuba, kunye neziyobisi zokuzonwabisa

Ezi ziintlobo ze-teratogens abantu abaninzi abaziqhelileyo.

• Utywala: Utywala buchaphazela inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yomntwana. Ukusela utywala ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwandisa umngcipheko wesifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Oku kunokubangela ukuba umntwana abe neempawu zobuso ezingaqhelekanga, intloko encinci kunye nengqondo, kunye nezinye iingxaki zomzimba nezokuziphatha.

Akukho bungakanani botywala obunokuthi buthathwe njengobukhuselekileyo ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

• Iicuba: Ukutshaya kunokubangela ukunqongophala kokukhula kosana olungekazalwa, ubunzima obuphantsi bokuzalwa, kunye nokuphuphuma kwesisu. Ukutshaya konakalisa izicubu zemiphunga kunye nengqondo yomntwana.
• Iziyobisi: Iziyobisi ezifana ne-cocaine, i-methamphetamines, i-heroin, kunye ne-marijuana ezisetyenziswa ngexesha lokukhulelwa zinokubangela ubunzima obuphantsi bokuzalwa, iingxaki zentliziyo, kunye nemeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Ukuyekiswa kweziyobisi kukungonwabi okwenzeka xa umntwana ezalwa. Kwakhona, ukwabelana ngeenaliti kunokubangela usulelo.

Amayeza

Amanye amayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha namayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha athathwa njenge-teratogens. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuxelela ugqirha wakho ngawo onke amayeza owasebenzisayo. Xa uthenga amayeza okanye izongezo ezithengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha, funda ilebheli ngononophelo. Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nokhuseleko lwento ethile, thetha nogqirha wakho ngoko nangoko. Kungcono uyeke ukuyisebenzisa ude ufumane ingcebiso yakhe.

Eminye imizekelo yamayeza anokuba yingozi kwi-teratogenic yile:

• Amayeza okulwa nesifo sokuwa (ii-AED)
• Amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane
• Ii-Anticoagulants (izithibi zegazi)
• Amayeza e-antithyroid
• I-Vitamin A (exhaphakileyo kwezinye iikhrimu zolusu)
• Amayeza ehomoni

Khawucinge nje, unesifo sokuwa, uze usele iyeza elifana ne-`(Phenytoin)` ngenxa yalo. Linokuba nemiphumo emibi kumntwana, kodwa elo yeza linokuba yimfuneko ebomini bakho. Ngamaxesha anje, oogqirha bajonga izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zokusebenzisa iyeza baze benze izigqibo ezingenabungozi bungako ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

Ukhuseleko lwamayeza luhlelwa njani ngexesha lokukhulelwa?

I-United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) iphuhlise inkqubo yokwahlula iingozi zamayeza ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Yayineentlobo ezintlanu: A, B, C, D, kunye no-X.

Ngowama-2015, kwaqaliswa inkqubo entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi-Pregnancy and Labing Labeling Rule (PLLR). Oku kwasusa iindidi zoonobumba zangaphambili. Inkqubo ye-PLLR inika oogqirha ulwazi oluhambelanayo abaludingayo ukuze benze izigqibo xa benyanga oomama abakhulelweyo okanye abancancisayo. Iqwalasela ezinye izinto ezininzi kwaye inika idatha kwimeko engcono koogqirha.

Eyona nto ingcono onokuyenza kukuvumela umboneleli wakho wonyango lwangaphambi kokubeletha ukuba agqibe ngokhuseleko lwamayeza ngokusekelwe kulwazi lwakhe.

Iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane

Iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane, iiparasites, kunye nezinye izifo zebhaktiriya zinokuba yingozi enkulu kumfazi okhulelweyo kunye nosana lwakhe olungekazalwa. Isifinyezo esithi `(TORCH)` sinceda ekuhleleni ezinye zezi zifo:

• T – `(Toxoplasmosis)` (usulelo olusasazeka lindle leekati)
• O – Ezinye izifo – umzekelo, iGroup B Streptococcus, iListeria, iCandida kunye nezifo ezidluliselwa ngesondo (iiSTI).
• R – `(Rubella)` (Rubella)
• C – `(iCytomegalovirus – CMV)` (iCytomegalovirus)
• H – `(Intsholongwane yeHerpes Simplex)` (Intsholongwane yeHerpes Simplex)
• Ukongeza koku, izifo ezifana ne-`(Syphilis)` nazo zingawela kolu didi.

Ezinye izifo kunye neentsholongwane ezinokubangela iingxaki ngexesha lokukhulelwa okanye iingxaki kumntwana ziquka:

• I-Chickenpox kunye neeshingles
• IHepatitis B, iHepatitis C kunye nezinye izifo zeHepatitis ezibangelwa yintsholongwane
• I-HIV `(HIV)`
• Isifo sesihlanu

Iityhefu zendalo, iikhemikhali, okanye ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo

Ezinye iikhemikhali kunye neetyhefu zinokubangela iziphene zokuzalwa. Ezi ziphene zokuzalwa zingabandakanya i-spina bifida, i-cleft palate, okanye iingxaki zenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Eminye imizekelo yezi zityhefu okanye iikhemikhali ibandakanya:

• Ukuvezwa kwimitha (umz., kwi-X-rays) okanye kwi-chemotherapy
• Iibhafu ezishushu, ii-sauna, okanye ezinye izinto ezifudumeza umzimba ezinyusa ubushushu bomzimba wakho
• I-Mercury (efumaneka kwezinye iintlobo zeentlanzi)
• Ilothe (inokufumaneka kwipeyinti nakwiipayipi kumakhaya amadala)
• Iikhemikhali ezinobuthi okanye iintsimbi ezinzima kwindawo yokusebenza okanye kwimizi-mveliso

Iimeko zonyango ezingapheliyo

Ezinye izifo ezingapheliyo onazo zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokuzalwa komntwana wakho ngenxa yeziphene. Imizekelo ibandakanya isifo seswekile, isifo se-thyroid, kunye nezifo ezizikhuselayo zomzimba ezifana ne-lupus okanye i-rheumatoid arthritis. Umngcipheko owandileyo wokufumana ii-teratogens uhlala uvela kumayeza asetyenziselwa ukunyanga ezi meko, okanye kwiimeko zonyango ezingalawulwa kakuhle.

Kubalulekile ukuthetha nogqirha wakho malunga nazo naziphi na izifo ezikhoyo onazo kunye namayeza owaselayo. Kusenokufuneka utshintshe indlela olawula ngayo izifo zakho ezingapheliyo ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

Kunini apho ukuvezwa kwi-teratogens ngexesha lokukhulelwa kukubi kakhulu?

Ukuvezwa kwi-teratogens kuyingozi nangaliphi na ixesha ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Nangona kunjalo, umngcipheko uphezulu kancinci kwiiveki ezisibhozo zokuqala zokukhulelwa. Oku kungenxa yokuba uninzi lwamalungu kunye neenkqubo zomntwana ziyakhula ngeli xesha, nto leyo eyenza umntwana abe buthathaka ngakumbi kwimiphumo emibi ye-teratogens. Izifundo zibonise ukuba i-teratogens inokuchaphazela umntwana kwangethuba kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokukhulelwa, xa isidoda sivundisa iqanda.

Umzekelo, iziphene zetyhubhu ye-neural (ii-NTD) zenzeka ngaphambi kweeveki ezintlanu zokukhulelwa. Ityhubhu ye-neural kulapho kwakheka khona ingqondo kunye nomqolo. Ii-NTD zenzeka xa ityhubhu ye-neural ingavali kakuhle. Oku kunokubangela iintlobo ngeentlobo zeziphene zokuzalwa.

Zeziphi iziphene zokuzalwa ezibangelwa zii-teratogens?

IiTeratogens ziyaziwa ngokubanga iziphene ezininzi zokuzalwa. Ezinye zezona zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• Iingxaki ngengqondo okanye ngomnqonqo, umzekelo, ukungabikho kwengqondo ngokupheleleyo okanye okuncinci (i-anencephaly)
• Ukukhubazeka komzimba okanye kwesakhiwo, umz., amathambo amancinci okanye amalungu omzimba angekhoyo
• Umlomo oqhekekileyo kunye nenkalakahla
• Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okanye iingxaki zenkqubo yemithambo-luvo (ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo)
• Iingxaki zentliziyo okanye isifo sentliziyo

Ungaziphepha njani ii-teratogens ngexesha lokukhulelwa?

Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphepha i-teratogens kukucwangcisa kwangaphambili, ukuba kunokwenzeka. Xa uceba ukukhulelwa, ungazilawula izifo ezingapheliyo kwaye wenze utshintsho kwindlela ophila ngayo, njengokuyeka ukutshaya.

Nangona kunjalo, oku akunakwenzeka rhoqo. Wakuba ukhulelwe, kukho izinto ezininzi onokuzenza ukunciphisa umngcipheko wakho wokufumana ii-teratogens:

• Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga namayeza owasebenzisayo.
• Kuphephe ngokupheleleyo ukutshaya, utywala, kunye neziyobisi zokuzonwabisa.
• Musa ukuthatha naziphi na izongezo zesondlo, amayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha, okanye amayeza abhalwe ngugqirha ngaphandle kokubonisana nogqirha wakho.
• Kuphephe ukucoca iibhokisi zenkunkuma yekati.
• Ziphephe iibhafu ezishushu, ii-sauna, nayo nayiphi na into enyusa ubushushu bomzimba wakho.
• Kuphephe ukutya iintlanzi ezine-mercury eninzi, njenge-tuna kunye ne-swordfish.
• Thetha nomphathi wakho okanye isebe lezabasebenzi malunga neekhemikhali eziyingozi kwindawo osebenza kuyo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uthethe ngokukhululekileyo nangokunyaniseka nogqirha wakho wokukhulelwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Oku kuquka ukuthetha inyani malunga nokusebenzisa utywala okanye iziyobisi. Zikhona ukukunceda ukhulelwe ngokukhuselekileyo nangokusempilweni. Ungoyiki ukubuza ugqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuba uthathe nawaphi na amayeza okanye izongezo. Kungcono ukuba uqaphele kakhulu ngexesha lokukhulelwa.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Ukukhusela umntwana wakho ongekazalwa kwi-teratogens ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunokunceda ekuthinteleni iziphene zokuzalwa. Inyathelo lokuqala kukwazi ukuba ezinye izinto eziyingozi zinokudluliselwa kumntwana wakho ongekazalwa kwaye zichaphazele kakubi ukukhula kwakhe. Ukuphepha i-teratogens kunokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okunempilo kunye nokunika umntwana wakho isiqalo esihle ebomini.

Thetha ngokukhululekileyo nogqirha wakho malunga namayeza owaselayo, ukusebenzisa kwakho utywala, kunye neemeko kwindawo osebenza kuyo okanye kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Angaphendula imibuzo yakho malunga nokuba yintoni enokubangela iziphene zokuzalwa kunye nendlela yokuzikhusela wena kunye nomntwana wakho.