Kuyini i-ELISA? Ake sifunde ngalolu vivinyo lwelabhorethri ngamagama alula!

Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa igama elithi 'ELISA' kudokotela noma embikweni welebhu , akunjalo? Noma mhlawumbe igama elisha. Ngakho-ke, liyini i-ELISA, lifunani, futhi lisebenza kanjani? Ake sixoxe ngalo namuhla, njengokungathi ukhuluma nomngane. Khona-ke ungathola ukuqonda okungcono ngalokhu.

Kuyini i-ELISA? Kulula kakhulu!

Kalula nje, i-ELISA iyindlela ekhethekile esetshenziswa emalabhorethri. Isebenza njengomseshi. Ibheka izinto ezithile emizimbeni yethu, njenge -antibodies, ama-antigen , amaprotheni, nama-hormone , futhi ilinganisa ukuthi sinawo angakanani.

Cabanga nje, lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokuthatha isampula yegazi lakho, i-plasma, umchamo, amathe, noma uketshezi lomgogodla (CSF). Amagama athi 'ELISA' amele 'i-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay'. Ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-EIA.

Abacwaningi babiza lokhu ngokuthi i-ELISA njengendlela esezingeni eliphezulu yokuhlola amasosha omzimba . Okusho ukuthi, kuyindlela ethembekile kakhulu futhi enembile. Ukuhlolwa okusebenzisa le ndlela ye-ELISA kungasiza ekuxilongeni izimo ezahlukahlukene , kusukela ekuthelelekeni ngamagciwane kanye namagciwane (isib. isifo se-Lyme, i-HIV) kuya ezifweni ezihlobene nama-hormone njengesifo se-thyroid .

Ubuwazi ukuthi ngisho nokuhlolwa kokukhulelwa ekhaya kusekelwe kule ndlela ye-ELISA? Babheka ukuba khona kwehomoni ebizwa ngokuthi i-human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) , eyaziwa nangokuthi 'ihomoni yokukhulelwa'.

Ngakho-ke, ziyini lezi zindlela zokuhlola amasosha omzimba?

Kulungile, ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi izivivinyo ze-immunoassay. Lezi izivivinyo ezincike ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwama-antigen nama -antibodies ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu (okungukuthi, elebhu, hhayi ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho).

Ukuze uqonde lokhu, kubalulekile ukuqonda kuqala ukuthi ama-antibodies nama -antigen asebenza kanjani emzimbeni wakho. Ama-antibodies ayizinto ezakha isimiso sakho somzimba sokuzivikela . Abopha ezintweni ezingezinhle emzimbeni wakho futhi asiza ekuzisuseni. Afana nebutho lezokuvikela lezwe lethu. Ama-antibodiesI-antigen yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lophawu olungabonwa ama-antibodies. Lawa ma-antigen ngokuvamile angamaphrotheni noma ushukela atholakala ebusweni bamaseli noma amagciwane.

Ama-antigen angatholakala phezu kwezinto ezahlukahlukene , okuhlanganisa:

• Igciwane
• Amabhaktheriya
• Ama-allergen - isibonelo, ama-allergen ekudleni, ama-allergen emoyeni
• Izimuncagazi
• Amaprotheni
• Amaseli omdlavuza
• Amaseli ajwayelekile emzimbeni wakho

Ngakho-ke, ekuhlolweni kwamasosha omzimba, ososayensi elabhorethri basebenzisa ama-antigen noma ama-antibodies abanawo ukuze bahlole ukuba khona kwe -antigen noma i-antibody ethile kusampula yoketshezi (isb., isampula yegazi ) ethathwe kuwe. Uyitholile?

Ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene okusebenzisa indlela ye-ELISA kungabona ukuba khona kwama -antigen athile kanye nama-antibodies.

Iyini indlela ye-ELISA esetshenziselwa yona?

Ukuhlolwa okuningi kwezokwelapha okuhlukahlukene kwenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-ELISA. Kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umbiko wakho webhulabhu ngeke ukhulume 'ngokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA'. Isizathu ukuthi i-ELISA iyindlela nje esetshenziswa ebhulabhu, futhi kunezivivinyo ezingenakubalwa ezingenziwa kusetshenziswa leyo ndlela. Njengendlela esetshenziswa ukulungiselela ukudla, ungalungisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla usebenzisa leyo ndlela.

Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwe-ELISA ukuthola nokulinganisa ama-antibodies. Isibonelo:

• Ama-antibodies alwa nokutheleleka ngamagciwane, amagciwane, noma isikhunta: Izibonelo zokutheleleka ngamagciwane zifaka phakathi isifo se-Lyme, i-brucellosis, kanye ne-syphilis. Izibonelo zokutheleleka ngamagciwane zifaka phakathi i-HIV kanye ne-hepatitis A, B, kanye ne-C. Isibonelo sokutheleleka ngesikhunta yi-yeast infection (candida).
• Ama-Autoantibodies: Lawa angama-antibodies asetshenziswa yisimiso sakho sokuzivikela komzimba ukubhubhisa amaseli akho. Izifo eziningi zokuzivikela komzimba zibangelwa yila ma-autoantibodies. Isibonelo isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1. Kulokhu, ngesizathu esingaziwa, umzimba wakho uthumela ama-autoantibodies abhubhisa amaseli akhiqiza i-insulin kuma-pancreas akho.

Ezinye izindlela ezivamile zokusebenzisa indlela ye-ELISA yilezi:

• Ukuhlonza nokuhlola amazinga ama-hormone:Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), i-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), kanye ne-testosterone.
• Ukuqapha ukuqubuka kwezifo emphakathini: Isibonelo, uma kukhona ukuqubuka kwe-chlamydia noma i-influenza (siyibiza ngokuthi 'i-flu').
• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi elinikelwe ukuze kutholakale izingxenye zamagciwane: isibonelo, i-HIV.
• Ukuthola ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungezona ezezokwelapha: Isibonelo, ukuhlola ukuthi une-amphetamine noma i-cocaine yini ohlelweni lwakho. Lokhu kumane nje kuwukuhlolwa kokuhlola.
• Ukuhlonza nokuhlola amazinga ezimpawu zesimila: Lezi yinoma yiziphi izinto emzimbeni wakho ezinikeza ulwazi mayelana nomdlavuza. Isibonelo ukuhlolwa kwe-prostate-specific antigen (PSA) komdlavuza wesimila.
• Ukuhlonza ukungezwani nothuli nokudla.
• Ukuhlola ukuthi ugonyelwe yini izifo ezithile: isibonelo, umkhuhlane kanye ne-rubella.

Isebenza kanjani le ndlela ye-ELISA? Iyamangalisa!

Kulungile, manje ake sibheke ukuthi lolu vivinyo lwe-ELISA lusebenza kanjani. Kunomehluko omncane kuye ngokuthi lufuna ama-antibodies noma ama-antigen . Ake sizame ukuqonda lokhu ngokuthatha isibonelo sokufuna ama-antibodies. Ukuhlolwa okuningi kwe-ELISA kwenziwa ngokuzenzakalela - okungukuthi, umsebenzi omningi wenziwa yimishini. Kodwa ukuze siqonde le ndlela, ake sicabange ngokuhlolwa esikwenza ngesandla.

Ake sithi uhlolwa i-HIV (igciwane lokuntuleka kwamandla omzimba womuntu) usebenzisa indlela ye-ELISA, futhi usuvele unikeze isampula yegazi. Okokuqala, usosayensi welabhorethri yezokwelapha noma uchwepheshe usebenzisa ingxenye yegciwane le-HIV (yilokhu okusebenza njenge-antigen) epayipini lokuhlola noma epuletini lepulasitiki.

Ngemuva kwalokho, usosayensi ufaka isampula yegazi lakho epayipini lokuhlola noma epuletini. Uma isampula yegazi lakho liqukethe ama-antibodies e-HIV, azobopha kuleyo antigen (kulokhu, igciwane le-HIV). Uma isampula yegazi lakho lingenawo ama-antibodies e-HIV, akukho lutho oluzokwenzeka.

Okulandelayo, usosayensi wengeza enye i-antibody, le antibody yesibili 'iyawabona' lawo ma-antibody e-HIV. Okusho ukuthi, le antibody yesibili ibopha kunoma iyiphi i-antibody ye-HIV eke yabopha i-antigen ngaphambilini. Le antibody yesibili ixhunywe ku-enzyme (into esheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali). Yilapho kuvela khona ingxenye 'exhunywe ku-enzyme' ye-ELISA.

Esigabeni sokugcina, usosayensi unezela into ephendulana ne-enzyme.Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma kukhona ama-antibodies, into izoshintsha umbala. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ukuhlolwa kuqinisekile, kuzoba noshintsho lombala. Uma ungenawo ama-antibodies amelene naleyo antigen ethile (kulokhu, igciwane le-HIV), ngeke kube noshintsho lombala. Lokho kuboniswa njengomphumela ongemuhle.

Into ebalulekile ukuthi ukuqina kokushintsha kombala, okungukuthi, ukuthi umbala unamandla kangakanani, kuhambisana nenani le-antibody. Ngakho-ke indlela ye-ELISA ingathola kokubili ukuthi i-antibody ikhona nokuthi ingakanani yayo ekhona. Akumangalisi yini?

Iyini imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA?

Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA ingahluka kuye ngokuthi yini ehlolwayo kanye nelabhorethri eyenze ukuhlolwa. Iningi lokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA linikeza umphumela omuhle noma omubi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi umphumela ungaba ongasebenzi:

• Umphumela omuhle: Umphumela omuhle usho ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuthole lokho obekukufuna (isb., i-antibody, i-hormone).
• Umphumela ongemuhle: Umphumela ongemuhle usho ukuthi ukuhlolwa akubonanga lutho olwalufunwa.
• Umphumela ongavumelekile: Umphumela ongavumelekile usho ukuthi kukhona okungahambanga kahle ngokuhlolwa. Lokhu kungaba yinkinga ngokuqoqwa kwesampula, ukuthuthwa, noma ukuhlolwa. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, kuzodingeka uphinde uhlolwe.

Kodwa-ke, udokotela wakho uzokuchazela ukuthi imiphumela yakho isho ukuthini.

Ingabe kufanele ngikhathazeke uma imiphumela yami ingajwayelekile?

Ukuthi nje imiphumela yakho yokuhlolwa ayijwayelekile akusho ukuthi unesifo. Ngezinye izikhathi, amaphutha ekuqoqweni kwamasampula, ekuthuthweni, noma ekucutshungulweni kokuhlolwa angabangela imiphumela engalungile.

Ububi obunye bendlela ye-ELISA ukuthi kungenzeka kube nemiphumela emihle nengalungile.

• Umphumela ongeyiwo: Lokhu kubhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi umphumela wokuhlolwa ubonisa ukuba khona kwento okukhulunywa ngayo, yize empeleni ingekho.
• Umphumela ongemuhle: Lokhu kubhekisela kumphumela wokuhlolwa okhombisa ngokungeyikho ukuthi into okukhulunywa ngayo ayikho, noma ngabe ikhona ngempela.

Odokotela bavame ukwenza izivivinyo ezengeziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa. Izivivinyo ze-ELISA zisetshenziswa kakhulu njengezivivinyo zokuhlola.

Uma uthola umphumela ongajwayelekile, udokotela wakho uzokhuluma nawe ngakho. Nobabili, nizonquma ukuthi yini okufanele niyenze ngokulandelayo.

Khumbula, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unasiphi isizathu sokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA, akusikho ukuxilongwa kokugcina.Umphumela wokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA ongajwayelekile akusho ukuthi unesifo esibucayi. Uma uthola umphumela ongajwayelekile, udokotela wakho uzocabangela izici eziningana futhi cishe uzoyala ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe. Ungesabi ukubuza imibuzo.

Ngakho-ke, yimuphi umyalezo okufanele siwukhumbule kule ndaba?

Kulungile, ngakho-ke ngithemba ukuthi usunombono omuhle nge-ELISA esikhulume ngayo. Kalula nje:

• I-ELISA iyindlela ekhethekile yokuhlola elebhu.
• Lokhu kusenza sikwazi ukubona izinto eziningi emzimbeni wethu, njenge -antibodies, ama-antigen , nama-hormone .
• Le ndlela isiza ukuthola izimo ezahlukahlukene njengokukhulelwa, izifo, amazinga ama-hormone, kanye nokungezwani komzimba.
• Umphumela wokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA ungaba nomthelela omuhle, omubi, noma ongavumelekile .
• Okubaluleke kakhulu: Umphumela we-ELISA awusona isifo sokugcina. Uma uthola umphumela ongajwayelekile, ungesabi, khuluma nodokotela wakho, bese uthola ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe uma kudingeka.

Uma unemibuzo, ungesabi ukubuza udokotela wakho. Ungumuntu ongcono kakhulu ukukusiza. Hlala uphilile!

I- ELISA, ukuhlolwa kwegazi, ama-antibodies, ama-antigen, ukuxilongwa, ukuhlolwa kwelebhu