Wake wathatha umuthi? Noma wahlinzwa? Uma kunjalo, ubuwazi ukuthi ukwelashwa okutholile kuhlolwe ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kanye nekhwalithi yawo ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelele ezandleni zakho? Namuhla sikhuluma ngalolu hambo olubalulekile oluletha imithi emisha kanye nokwelashwa kithi. Kalula nje, sikhuluma ngezifundo zezokwelapha .
Luyini ucwaningo lwezokwelapha?
Kalula nje, ucwaningo lwezokwelapha luyinqubo yokuhlola imithi emisha, izinqubo zokuhlinzwa, noma amadivayisi ezokwelapha emaqenjini abantu. Lezi zivivinyo yizo ezivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bafunde kahle ukuthi ukwelashwa okusha kuphephile yini nokuthi kuyasebenza ngempela yini .
Lezi zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko.
1. Izivivinyo Zemitholampilo
Yilapho umuthi omusha, ithuluzi, noma ukwelashwa kuqhathaniswa nento esivele ikhona. Ake sithi usuthole umuthi omusha wesifo sikashukela. Nansi indlela owuhlola ngayo:
- Ngokwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kwamanje: Umuthi omusha uqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela okungcono kakhulu kwamanje.
- Nge-placebo: Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. I-"placebo" yinto ebukeka njengomuthi, kodwa empeleni ayinaso isithako esisebenzayo semithi. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukucabanga nje ukuthi kuzokwenza uzizwe ungcono kungakwenza uzizwe ungcono kancane. Ngakho lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuthi umuthi omusha uyasebenza ngempela noma ukuthi umane nje umthelela wengqondo okwenza uzizwe ungcono.
- Akukho ukwelashwa: Kwezinye izimo, kuqhathaniswa neqembu elingatholi ukwelashwa.
Abacwaningi bahlukanisa ababambiqhaza babe amaqembu amabili. Elinye iqembu linikezwa ukwelashwa okusha. Elinye iqembu linikezwa ukwelashwa okukhona noma "i-placebo". Bese beqhathanisa imiphumela yala maqembu amabili.
2. Izifundo Zokubuka
Lokhu kuhilela ukubheka okwenzekayo kubantu lapho belandela ukwelashwa noma indlela ethile yokuphila. Isibonelo, ukutadisha umehluko empilweni phakathi kwabantu abavivinya umzimba njalo nalabo abangazivivinyi.
Ubani oza nale mibono yocwaningo? Ubani onikeza imali?
Ngokuvamile, umqondo walolu hlobo locwaningo lwezokwelapha uvela kumcwaningi esibhedlela, esikhungweni sezokwelapha saseyunivesithi, noma enkampanini yezokwelapha. Umcwaningi ube eseklama ucwaningo ukuze aphendule imibuzo ethile. Isibonelo, “Ingabe lo muthi ungcono kunemithi ekhona?” “Ingabe uzodala imiphumela emibi ?”
Ucwaningo olufana nalolu lungabiza izigidi zamaRandi. Leyo mali ivela ku:
- Kusukela ezinkampanini ezenza izidakamizwa noma amadivayisi ezokwelapha.
- Kusukela ezikhungweni zezokwelapha zaseyunivesithi.
- Kusuka ezinhlanganweni ezingenzi nzuzo njenge- Alzheimer 's Association noma i-American Cancer Society.
- Kusuka ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezifana ne-National Institutes of Health.
Ubani owenza lezi zinto? Zenziwa kuphi?
Yonke iphrojekthi yocwaningo iholwa uMphenyi Oyinhloko . Ngokuvamile, lowo muntu ungudokotela. Usizwa yithimba elikhulu labacwaningi. Lelo thimba lihlanganisa:
- Odokotela
- Abahlengikazi
- Izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle
- Ochwepheshe bezokudla
- Abafundi bezokwelapha
- Abanye ochwepheshe bezempilo bafakiwe.
Lolu cwaningo lwenziwa ezibhedlela, ezikhungweni zocwaningo zaseyunivesithi, emitholampilo yomphakathi, nasemahhovisi odokotela. Ngezinye izikhathi, ucwaningo lukhokhela ngisho nezindleko zendiza, ezokuthutha, kanye nezamahhotela kubantu abahlala kude nesikhungo socwaningo.
Ubani ohlanganyela ocwaningweni? Yiziphi izigaba zalokhu?
Yakhiwe ngabantu abafana nawe. Abantu babo bonke ubudala, izinhlanga, kanye nobulili bafakiwe. Abanye abantu bajoyina ngoba ezinye izindlela zokwelapha abazizamile azisebenzanga. Abanye bajoyina ngoba alikho ikhambi lesifo sabo okwamanje.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba kunikezwe ukwelashwa okusha kubantu, kuqale kuhlolwe ezilwaneni zaselabhorethri ukuze kubonakale ukuthi kungabangela yini umonakalo. Ukwelashwa okubonisa ukuphepha okuhle kuphela okube sekudluliselwa ezivivinyweni zemitholampilo kubantu.
Kunezigaba ezine eziyinhloko zocwaningo lwezokwelapha. Inani labahlanganyeli liyakhula ngesigaba ngasinye.
| Isigaba | Incazelo |
|---|---|
| Isigaba I | Abantu ababalelwa ku-20-80 bayahlanganyela. Umgomo oyinhloko ukuthola ukuthi ukwelashwa kuphephile yini nokuthi umthamo ofanele ungakanani. |
| Isigaba II | Abantu ababalelwa ku-100-300 bayahlanganyela. Lesi sigaba siwukubona ukuthi lokhu kwelashwa kusebenza kahle kangakanani esimweni esithile. |
| Isigaba III | Amakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zabantu bayahlanganyela. Babheka ukuthi ukwelashwa kusebenza kanjani emaqenjini ahlukene abantu, ngemithamo ehlukene. Uma imiphumela yalesi sigaba iphumelela, ukwelashwa kuzovunyelwa yizikhungo ezifana ne-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). |
| Isigaba IV | Lokhu kwenziwa ngemva kokuba ukwelashwa sekuvunyelwe. Inhloso ukuqapha ukuphepha kwayo kwesikhathi eside . |
Yiziphi izici zocwaningo lwezokwelapha oluhle noluthembekile?
Ngaphambi kokuba udokotela wakho akunike umuthi omusha, ufunda imibiko yocwaningo lwezokwelapha efana nale ukuze athole ukuthi iyasebenza yini futhi iphephile. Iphinde ibonise ukuthi yimiphi imiphumela emibi engase ibangelwe ukwelashwa. Ukuze udokotela wakho aqaphele izimpawu zakho.
Ngakho-ke, nazi ezinye izici zocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu noluthembekile:
- Ukuvunyelwa komthetho: Imithi emisha, imijovo, namadivayisi ezokwelapha kumele kuvunyelwe yi-ejensi efana ne- FDA e-United States. Lezi zinhlangano zinemithetho eqinile yokuvikela abantu abahlanganyela ocwaningweni.
- Ukubuyekezwa okuzimele: Ucwaningo lubuyekezwa njalo yithimba lodokotela noma ososayensi abangahilelekile ocwaningweni. Baqinisekisa ukuthi luphephile kubahlanganyeli kulo lonke inqubo.
- Imvume Enolwazi: Kubalulekile ukuthi kutholakale imvume enolwazi kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza ocwaningweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba othile abhalisele ukubamba iqhaza, kumele achazwe ngokucacile zonke izinzuzo, ukungalungi, kanye nezingozi ezihilelekile, futhi anikezwe lonke ulwazi aludingayo ukuze enze isinqumo esinolwazi.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Yonke imithi kanye nokwelashwa okusebenzisayo kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo lwezokwelapha ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kwayo ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele ezandleni zakho.
- Lezi zifundo zithatha iminyaka, futhi kunemithetho nezinyathelo eziqinile zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabahlanganyeli.
- Ukuhlanganyela ocwaningweni kuyinto yokuzithandela ngokuphelele, futhi ukuphepha kwakho kubhekwa njalo ngamakomidi azimele.
- Uma udokotela wakho ekubhalela umuthi omusha, leso sinqumo sisekelwe ebufakazini obuvela ocwaningweni olusezingeni eliphezulu njengalolu.
Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, izivivinyo zemitholampilo, izifundo zezokwelapha, i-placebo, ucwaningo lwezidakamizwa, izivivinyo zemitholampilo
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