Ake sifunde ngezifo ze-retinal ngendlela elula!

Amehlo ethu afana namatshe ayigugu. Lawa mehlo amabili asisiza sibone izinto ezinhle kuleli zwe, abathandekayo bethu. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu yala mehlo, esiyibiza ngokuthi i -retina . Cabanga nje, isebenza njengefilimu eqoshwayo yekhamera endala ngaphakathi kweso. Yilena edala izithombe kusukela ekukhanyeni okungena esweni bese izithumela ebuchosheni. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngezifo ezingavela kule retina eyigugu, okungukuthi, `(Izifo Zezinso)`.

Ziyini Izifo Ze-Retinal? Amehlo akho asebenza kanjani?

Kalula nje, izifo ze-retina ziyizimo ezahlukahlukene ezithinta ulwelwesi olubucayi kakhulu ngemuva kweso lakho, i-retina yakho.

Bheka manje, indlela amehlo ethu asebenza ngayo iyamangalisa.

1. Okokuqala, ukukhanya okuvela ngaphandle kungena esweni ngengxenye esobala engaphambili kweso, i-cornea .

2. Bese lokhu kukhanya kudlula emgodini omncane ophakathi kwe-iris, umfundi . Yingakho i-iris yeso iba ncane ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo futhi ibe nkulu ekukhanyeni okumnyama.

3. Okulandelayo, ilensi engaphakathi kweso igxila lokhu kukhanya ngqo ku-retina, njengoba nje sisebenzisa ingilazi yokukhulisa ukukhanya ukuze sigxilise ukukhanya endaweni eyodwa.

I-retina yakho yindawo lapho kutholakala khona izigidi zamaseli akhethekile kakhulu. Lawa maseli yiwo aguqula ukukhanya okungena esweni lakho kube izimpawu zikagesi. Lezi zibonakaliso bese zihamba nge -optic nerve yakho ziye ebuchosheni bakho. Ubuchopho buhlaziya lezi zibonakaliso bese buziguqula zibe izithombe ezifana nokuthi "O, nansi imbali," "Nansi umama," bese busitshela ukuthi sibona. Kuyindlela emangalisayo impela, akunjalo?

Isifo se-Retinal singathinta noma iyiphi ingxenye ye-retina. Ikakhulukazi, i-macula, ingxenye ephakathi ye -retina esisiza sibone imininingwane emincane, sifunde incwadi, futhi siqaphele izinhlamvu, ingonakala. Into edabukisayo ukuthi ezinye zalezi zimo zingazuzwa njengefa .

Izifo eziningi ze-retina zibangela izimpawu ezithinta umbono wakho. Kubalulekile ukuxilonga nokwelapha lezi zifo kusenesikhathi, njengoba ezinye izifo zingaholela ekubeni yimpumputhe unomphela noma ukulahlekelwa umbono uma zingelashwa.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezifo ze-retina?

Empeleni kunezinhlobo eziningana zezifo ezithinta i-retina. Ake sibheke eziyinhloko.

Izifo ezivame ukuthinta i-retina:

• Ukulimala kwamehlo okubangelwa isifo sikashukela`(I-retinopathy ehlobene nesifo sikashukela)`: Njengoba wazi, isifo sikashukela siyinkinga abantu abaningi abanayo manje. Ngakho-ke uma singalawulwa kahle, imithambo yegazi ebucayi emehlweni ingonakala, okubangela ukuba i-retina yophe futhi ivuvuke. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi `(i-retinopathy ehlobene nesifo sikashukela)`.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-retinal : Lokhu kuyisimo esiphuthumayo. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho i-retinal ihlukana nodonga lwangaphakathi lweso. Kufana nephosta elivela odongeni.
• Ukudabuka noma izimbobo ze-retinal : Ngezinye izikhathi ukudabuka okuncane noma izimbobo kungavela ku-retinal. Lokhu kuvame ukuba ukuqala kokuhlukana kwe-retinal.
• Ukuvaleka kwemithambo ye-retinal: Lesi simo singase senzeke lapho umthambo ohambisa igazi ku-retinal uvaleka . Lokhu kungaba semthanjeni oyinhloko (ukuvalwa kwemithambo ye-retinal ephakathi) noma emthanjeni wegatsha (ukuvalwa kwemithambo ye-retinal yegatsha).
• I-retinitis ethelelanayo : I-retina ingavuvukala futhi ivuvuke ngenxa yezifo ezahlukahlukene ezibangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane, noma isikhunta.
• I-Central serous retinopathy : Lesi yisimo lapho uketshezi luqongelela khona ngaphansi kwe-retina. Ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka.
• I-Birdshot chorioretinopathy kanye nezinye izifo zokuvuvukala: Lezi futhi yizimo zokuvuvukala ezingavamile ezithinta i-retina kanye nezakhiwo zayo ezihlobene nayo.

Izifo ezithinta ngqo i-macula:

I-macula, njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, iyingxenye ephakathi ye-retina enikeza umbono ocacile nobukhali. Ngakho-ke kunezifo eziningana eziyithintayo:

• I-Macular pucker (ebizwa nangokuthi i-epiretinal membrane): Lena ifilimu encane eyakheka phezu kwe-macula, njengeshidi le-cellophane. Lokhu kungabangela ukubona okufiphele kanye nokubona okufiphele.
• Imbobo ye-macular: Imbobo encane ku-macula.
• Ukuwohloka kwe-macular okuhlobene nobudala (AMD): Lesi yisimo esivamile esihambisana nokuguga. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili: i-AMD eyomile kanye ne-AMD emanzi.
• Ukuvuvukala kwe-macular: Ukuvuvukala kwe-macula. Lokhu kubangelwa ukwakheka koketshezi.

Izifo ze-retina ezizuzwe njengefa:

Lezi yizifo ezizalwa nazo futhi ezibangelwa yithonya lezakhi zofuzo:

• I-Retinitis pigmentosa : Lesi yisimo esibangela ukulahlekelwa kancane kancane kombono ongaphandle. Ukungaboni ebusuku nakho kuyisibonakaliso.
• I-Usher syndrome : Lesi yisimo esizuzwa njengefa esibangela ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa kanye ne-retinitis pigmentosa.
• Isifo i-Stargardt: Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu intsha futhi kulimaza umbono ophakathi.
• I-Retinoschisis : Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingqimba ze-retina. Lokhu kungaba khona ekuzalweni noma kukhule kamuva.

Yiziphi lezi zimpawu esizizwayo?

Uma unesifo se-retina, ungase ube nesinye noma ngaphezulu salezi zimpawu:

• Amehlo ayantanta futhi akhanya . Kungazwakala sengathi izicabucabu ezincane zihamba phambi kwamehlo akho.
• Umbono ofiphele noma oshintshiwe. Izinhlamvu zingase zingabonakali kahle, futhi izithombe zingase zibonakale njengezimbili.
• Izindawo ezingaboni kahle zenzeka embonweni oqondile (embonweni ophakathi) noma embonweni ongaphandle .
• Ukuphambuka kokubona. Isibonelo, imigqa eqondile ingase ibonakale idwetshwe ngendlela egobile. Lokhu kungabonakala uma ubheka izinto ezifana nohlaka lwamafasitela kanye nohlaka lweminyango.
• Ukulahlekelwa umbono ngokuzumayo.
• Ubunzima bokubona ebusuku noma ukuba nobunzima bokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko ekukhanyeni (njengokuphuma ngaphandle ebumnyameni).

Uma unezinye zalezi zimpawu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona udokotela wamehlo ngokushesha.

Ziyini izimbangela zalesi sifo?

Ayikho imbangela eyodwa yezifo ze-retina. Kungaba nezimbangela eziningi ezahlukene.

• Ezinye izimo, njenge-Usher syndrome, isifo se-Stargardt, kanye ne-Retinitis pigmentosa, zizuzwa njengefa.
• I-retinopathy ingenzeka nakwezinye izimo zezokwelapha. Isifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophezulu kungalimaza imithambo yegazi ebucayi esweni, okungaholela ekulimaleni kwe-retina. Izimo zokuvuvukala emzimbeni nazo zingabangela umonakalo.
• Ukulimala kwamehlo kungabangela umonakalo ku-retina kanye ne-macula. Isibonelo, uma ibhola lekhilikithi lishaya iso lakho, noma uma into ebukhali inamathela esweni lakho, kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu.
• Ngezinye izikhathi, izimo ezifana nokuthi "i-macular pucker" zingavela ngemva kokuhlinzwa kwamehlo .
• Ezinye izifo ze-retina, njenge-cytomegalovirus retinitis, zibangelwa ukutheleleka . Kodwa-ke, isifo se-retina ngokwaso asithelelani.

Yiziphi izinto ezibangela lezi zifo?

Ezinye izinto zingandisa ingozi yokuthola izifo ze-retina. Lezi yizi:

• Ukuguga.
• Ukubhema.
• Ukwanda kwesisindo noma ukukhuluphala`(Ukukhuluphala noma ukukhuluphala ngokweqile)`.
• Ukuba nezinye izimo zezokwelapha ezifana nesifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme .
• Ukudabuka noma ukuqhekeka kwe-retinal kwangaphambilini.
• Ukulimala kwamehlo noma ukuhlinzwa kwangaphambilini.
• Ukuba nomlando womndeni wezifo ze-retina .
• Ukubona eduze kakhulu (abantu abanezibuko ezibiza kakhulu zikadokotela - `I-myopia Enzima`).
• Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwemithi ethile, njenge-hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) kanye ne-pentosane polysulfate.

Ngezinye izikhathi, ubulili noma uhlanga nakho kungaba yimbangela yesifo esithile se-retina.

Yiziphi izinkinga ezingaba khona zalezi zifo?

Uma izifo ze-retina zingelashwa kahle, zingaholela ekulahlekelweni umbono ngokuphelele kanye nobumpumputhe .

Lezi zifo zelashwa odokotela bamehlo. Kodwa-ke, odokotela abakwazi ukwelapha zonke izifo ze-retina. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuxilonga lesi sifo kusenesikhathi futhi usilawule kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.

Zitholakala kanjani lezi zifo ze-retina?

Uma uya kohlolwa amehlo njalo, udokotela wamehlo uzohlala ehlola izifo ze-retina. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuthi uhlolwe amehlo akho ngezikhathi ezinconywa udokotela wakho.

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, udokotela uzofaka amaconsi amehlo akho ukuze avule amehlo akho. Lokhu kuzovumela i-retina ukuthi ihlolwe kahle. Uma udokotela esola ukuthi kunenkinga nge-retina yakho ngemva kwalokhu kuhlolwa, angase akucele ukuhlolwa okukhethekile noma akuthumele kuchwepheshe we-retina.

Yiziphi izivivinyo ezenziwayo ukuze kutholakale noma kuqashwe izifo?

Udokotela angase acele ukuhlolwa okufana nalokhu:

• I-Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Lokhu kufana nokuthatha ingxenye ye-retina. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni izinto ezifana nokuvuvukala kanye nezimbobo ku-macula.
• I-Fluorescein angiography : Lokhu kuhilela ukufaka idayi ekhethekile emthanjeni ongalweni yakho nokuthatha izithombe zemithambo yegazi engaphakathi kweso lakho. Kungabheka izinto ezifana nephethini yokugeleza kwegazi nokuthi igazi liyavuza yini emithanjeni.
• I-Fundus autofluorescence : Lokhu futhi kuyindlela yokuhlola izithombe engahlaseli.
• I-ElectroretinographyI-Electroretinography (ERG): Lokhu kulinganisa ukuthi i-retina isebenza kahle kangakanani.
• Ukuhlolwa kofuzo : Uma kusolwa ukuthi kukhona isifo esizuzwe njengefa, lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe.

Ziphathwa kanjani lezi zifo?

Izinketho zokwelapha zincike ohlotsheni lwesifo se-retina onaso. Kwezinye izimo, ukwelashwa kungamisa lesi sifo noma kwehlise izinga esiba sibi ngalo. Izinketho zokwelapha zifaka phakathi izinqubo zokuhlinzwa , ukwelashwa nge-laser , kanye nokujova imithi esweni noma eduze kwalo .

Izinqubo Zokuhlinzwa:

I-Vitrectomy inqubo yokuhlinzwa eyenziwa kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-retinal.
• I-Macular pucker `(I-Macular pucker / Ulwelwesi lwe-Epiretinal)`.
• Imbobo ye-macular.
• Ukulimala kwamehlo (isib., izinto zangaphandle ezingena esweni).
• Ukutheleleka kwamehlo.

Imijovo yamehlo:

Umjovo we-vitreous wenziwa kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuwohloka kwe-macular okuhlobene nobudala okumanzi (i-Wet AMD).
• I-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela esithuthukisiwe.
• Ukuvuvukala kwe-macular kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene.
• Ukutheleleka kwamehlo.
• Izifo zamehlo ezivuvukalayo.

Ukwelashwa Nge-Laser:

Ukwelashwa nge-laser kusetshenziswa ezimweni ezifana nalezi:

• Yelapha imithambo yegazi engafuneki.
• Vala izinyembezi ze-retina.
• I-Central serous retinopathy.
• Ukuvuvukala kwe-macular.

Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ukuhlukaniswa kwe-retinal:

• Ukuhlinzwa kwe-scleral buckle : Kule nqubo, udokotela ohlinzayo ubeka ibhande le-silicone elizungeze iso bese elithunga. Lokhu kusunduza ingxenye emhlophe yeso (i-sclera) ngaphakathi, okuvumela i-retina ukuthi iphumule odongeni.
• I-Cryoplexy : I-Cryotherapy isetshenziselwa ukudala isibazi nokuvala ukudabuka noma ukuhlukana kwaso.
• I-retinopexy ye-pneumatic : Udokotela ohlinzayo ufaka i-gas bubble esweni. Le bubble isiza ukugcina i-retina isendaweni yayo. Lokhu kwelashwa kungahlanganiswa ne-cryotherapy noma ukwelashwa nge-laser.

Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha:

• Imithi yokulwa namagciwane , imithi yokulwa namagciwane , noma imithi yokulwa namagciwane yokutheleleka okukhulu.
• I-Central serous retinopathy kanye nezinye izifo zamehloUkwelashwa nge-laser "okubandayo" .

Ingabe ikhona imiphumela emibi noma izinkinga zokwelashwa?

Imiphumela emibi noma izinkinga zokwelashwa kwezifo ze-retina kuncike ezintweni eziningi, njengohlobo lokwelashwa olutholayo, impilo yakho iyonke, kanye nesimo obhekene naso.

Ngokuvamile, kungaba nezingozi ezifana nalezi:

• Ukutheleleka.
• Izibazi.
• Amehlo omile.
• Umbono ofiphele.
• Ukucindezela okuphezulu noma okuphansi esweni lakho.
• Ukwehla kokubona.
• Ukucindezeleka kwamehlo okuphezulu.
• Ukopha.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuqala noma yikuphi ukwelashwa, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuxoxa nodokotela wakho ngokucophelela ngezinzuzo, izinkinga, kanye nemiphumela emibi engaba khona.

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukululama ngemva kokwelashwa?

Isikhathi sokululama sincike ohlotsheni lokwelashwa oye wakuthola kanye nohlobo lwesifo se-retina owake waba naso. Isibonelo, uma unebhamuza legesi esweni lakho, kungathatha amasonto amaningana ukuthi ibhamuza linyamalale. Ungase ungakwazi ukuya emsebenzini amasonto amabili kuya kwamane. Futhi, awukwazi ukundiza noma ukuphefumula i-nitrous oxide, esetshenziswa kwezinye izinqubo zamazinyo, kuyilapho unebhamuza legesi esweni lakho (kodwa lokhu kungokwesikhashana).

Uma ujova amehlo, udokotela wakho uzokutshela ukuthi uphumule amehlo akho, usebenzise izinyembezi zokwenziwa, futhi ungahlikihli amehlo akho. Kodwa akukho "isikhathi sokululama" sangempela salokho.

Ingabe i-retina eyonakele ingaphulukiswa ngokuphelele?

Kwezinye izimo, i-retina eyonakele ingelapheka noma ilungiswe. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izimo azinawo umuthi waphakade. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho ngesimo sakho. Angakuchazela isimo sakho futhi akunike uhlelo lokwelashwa olungcono kakhulu.

Ingabe lezi zifo ze-retina zingavinjelwa? Ingozi ingancishiswa kanjani?

Asikwazi ukuvimbela ezinye izifo ze-retina, ikakhulukazi lezo ezizuzwa njengefa. Kodwa-ke, kunezinto esingazenza ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthola ezinye izifo:

• Ukuphatha izifo ezingamahlalakhona: Uma unezifo ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophezulu (umfutho wegazi ophakeme) noma isifo sikashukela, kubalulekile ukuzilawula kahle. Kubalulekile futhi ukulawula isisindo somzimba (ukukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ukukhuluphala ngokweqile).
• Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile: Hlola amehlo akho ngokwesimiso esinconywe udokotela wakho wamehlo. Ngale ndlela, uma kunenkinga, ingabonakala kusenesikhathi.
• Ukuvikela amehlo akho:Gqoka izivikelo zamehlo (izibuko, izihlangu) lapho usebenza (isb., ukusebenza ngokhuni, ukusebenza ngensimbi) noma udlala imidlalo yokuthintana. Ngisho nengozi ebonakala incane emehlweni ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu.

Kwenzekani uma nginalolu hlobo lwesifo? Yini okufanele ngiyilindele?

Umbono wesifo se-retina uncike ohlotsheni lwesifo onaso. Ngakho-ke, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngesimo sakho. Angachaza isimo sakho futhi akusize ukhethe ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu kuwe. Uzokwazi nokuthi yini ongayilindela ekuboneni kwakho nasekululameni kwakho konke.

Kufanele ngimbone nini udokotela?

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlolwa kwamehlo njalo, ikakhulukazi uma unesifo esiyingozi esibangela isifo se-retina, njengesifo sikashukela.

Uma ubona noma yiziphi izinguquko ezisheshayo embonweni wakho (isib., ukulahlekelwa umbono ngokuzumayo, amabala amnyama aqala ukuntanta phambi kwamehlo akho, ukubona izibani, ukubona imigqa eqondile), bona udokotela wamehlo ngokushesha. Ungachithi isikhathi.

Kufanele ngiye nini egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo?

Kulesi simo, kufanele uye ekamelweni eliphuthumayo ngokushesha, noma ushayele u-1990:

• Uma ulahlekelwa yiwo wonke umbono wakho noma ingxenye yawo ngokuzumayo.
• Uma uzwa ubuhlungu obukhulu emehlweni.
• Uma kukhona ingozi enkulu noma ukulimala esweni.

Lezi yizimo eziphuthumayo, ngakho-ke ungalibali.

Yimiphi imibuzo okufanele ngiyibuze udokotela wami mayelana nezifo ze-retina?

Unelungelo lokubuza udokotela wakho noma yimiphi imibuzo onayo. Ungabuza imibuzo efana nale:

• Ingabe lesi simo enginaso singelashwa? Ingabe singalapheka ngokuphelele?
• Yimiphi imiphumela emibi engalindelwa ekwelashweni?
• Yimiphi imithi noma izinguquko zendlela yokuphila engingayenza ukuze ngivimbele izimpawu zami ukuba zingabi zimbi kakhulu?
• Angakanani amathuba okuthi ngilahlekelwe umbono?
• Yiziphi izinsizakalo ongazincoma ukusiza abantu baphile nokulahlekelwa umbono?
• Ingabe ngiyafaneleka ukubamba iqhaza esivivinyweni somtholampilo?

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule

Akuzona zonke izifo ze-retina ezifanayo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda isimo sakho esithile nokuqaphela noma yiziphi izinguquko ekuboneni kwakho. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa kuvame ukuveza imiphumela emihle kakhulu.

Ungase ube nemizwa ehlukahlukene ngesimo sakho samehlo. Ungase uzizwe wesaba, ukhathazekile, noma udangele. Lokho kujwayelekile. Khuluma nethimba lakho lezokwelapha kanye nomndeni wakho ngalokho okudingayo nokuthi uzizwa kanjani. Bakhona ukukusiza nganoma iyiphi indlela abangayenza. Khumbula, awuwedwa.

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i - retina, izifo ze-retina, impilo yamehlo, ukulahleka kokubona, ukuwohloka kwe-macular, i-retinopathy yesifo sikashukela, ukunakekelwa kwamehlo