Kungani kwenzeka umdlavuza?

Igama elithi umdlavuza liyigama elethusa abantu abaningi emphakathini wanamuhla. Kodwa akuyona imfihlakalo ngempela. Umdlavuza uwumphumela wezinqubo ezithile eziphazamisayo ezenzeka edolobheni elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi umzimba wethu. Kulesi sihloko, sizobona ukuthi imithetho yedolobha lethu iphulwa kanjani nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani isimo somdlavuza.

Umzimba wethu ufana nomuzi ogcina umthetho!

Okokuqala, ake sibheke imizimba yethu njengokungathi idolobha elibuswa kahle neligcina umthetho.

Izakhamuzi zedolobha: Amaseli

Izigidi zezakhamuzi ezihlala kuleli dolobha zibizwa ngokuthi amaseli. Ngayinye yala maseli inomsebenzi othile eyabelwe wona. Futhi kukhona umyalelo, umthetho, okumele basebenze ngawo: ukuthi bazokhula nini, ukuthi bazokwakha nini izakhamuzi ezintsha (amaseli amasha) (iSeli Elihlukanisayo), ukuthi bazothatha umhlalaphansi nini ngemva kokuqeda impilo yabo yenkonzo (Ukufa Kwamaseli Okuhlelwe - I-Apoptosis). Konke lokhu kwenzeka ngokwecebo elibekiwe.

Incwadi yemithetho yedolobha: i-DNA

I-DNA yincwadi enkulu yemithetho echaza ukuthi lo muzi wonke usebenza kanjani, ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe yiwo wonke umuntu (iseli) nokuthi yini okungafanele ayenze. Iseli ngalinye lisebenza ngokwemiyalelo ekule ncwadi ye-DNA.

Amaphutha Encwadini Yemithetho: Izinguquko

Kodwa, ngezinye izikhathi amaphutha angenzeka kule ncwadi enkulu yemithetho. Njengohlamvu noma igama encwadini elingatholakali. Sibiza la maphutha kule ncwadi yemithetho ye-DNA ngokuthi "izinguquko."

Kwenzeka Kanjani La Maphutha?

Kunezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani le ncwadi yemithetho ingalungile:

1. Amaphutha azenzekelayo: Lapho kudalwa izakhamuzi ezintsha (amaseli) edolobheni, amaphutha amancane angenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo lapho kukopishwa incwadi yemithetho (i-DNA).
2. Amathonya angaphandle ( Izinhlayiya ): Ezinye izinto zangaphandle zingalimaza le ncwadi yemithetho. Njengokuyinki owela phansi, amakhasi asha, kanye nezinhlamvu ezinyamalalayo. Sibiza izinto zangaphandle ezilimaza le ncwadi yemithetho ngokuthi " Izinhlayiya ." (Sizoxoxa ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe kamuva).

Amaphoyisa aseDolobheni: Izindlela Zokulungisa I-DNA

Ngenhlanhla, idolobha lethu lineqembu lamaphoyisa anekhono (izakhi zofuzo ezihlobene ne-DNA Repair Mechanisms). Umsebenzi wawo ukuthola nokulungisa amaphutha encwadini yomthetho (i-DNA) ngokushesha nje lapho evele. Esikhathini esiningi, la maphoyisa ayawalungisa lawo maphutha. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, uma inani lamaphutha landa, noma uma amaphoyisa (izakhi zofuzo zokulungisa) ngokwawo onakele, la maphutha awakwazi ukulungiswa.

Indlela Ukuvukela Okubangelwa Umdlavuza Okuqala Ngayo

Yilapho inkinga iqala khona. Njengoba izinguquko encwadini yemithetho ziqoqana, futhi imithetho emibili ebaluleke kakhulu yokuphatha idolobha iphulwa, ezinye izakhamuzi (amaseli) ziqala ukuvukela.

Ukwephula Imithetho Emibili Ebalulekile

Imithetho emibili eyinhloko ephulwayo yile:

1. Umthetho olawula isignali ukuqala ukwakhiwa (ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli).
2. Umthetho uyakwenqabela ukwakhiwa okungadingekile noma okungafanele.

"Ungayeki ukwakha!" Ukuminyana kwesignali (i-Oncogenes)

Kukhona isikhulu sedolobha esinikeza isignali yokuthi "qala ukwakha" (qala ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli) (amajini ajwayelekile alokhu angama-proto-oncogenes). Ngenxa yephutha encwadini yemithetho ye-DNA, isignali yalesi sikhulu ivaliwe, futhi siqhubeka simemeza sithi "Qala ukwakha! Yakha okwengeziwe! Yakha okwengeziwe!" (la majini anephutha angama-oncogenes). Kufana nokunyathela i-accelerator yemoto bese inamathela! Ngakho amaseli aqala ukuhlukana ngaphandle kokuma.

Ukwephula isignali ethi "Yeka ukwakheka okungalungile!" (Izakhi Zofuzo Zokucindezela I-Tumor)

Futhi, lapho kwakhiwa izakhiwo ngokungadingekile edolobheni, kukhona esinye isikhulu esithi "Yeka!", sithumele amaqembu okulungisa (Ukulungiswa kwe-DNA) uma kukhona amaphutha ekwakhiweni, futhi uma kungenzeki, siyala ukubhidlizwa kwesakhiwo esenza amaphutha ( i-Apoptosis - ukufa kweseli) (izakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nalokhu yi-Tumor Suppressor Genes ). Ngenxa yalawo maphutha e-DNA, isignali yalesi sikhulu ethi "Yeka!" iyayeka ukusebenza. Njengoba nje amabhuleki emotweni eyeka ukusebenza lapho eguga!

Umphumela wamaseli aphula imithetho: Amathumba anomdlavuza

Ake ucabange nje, kwenzekani uma i-accelerator ibambeka futhi amabhuleki eyeka ukusebenza?

Izakhiwo Ezingagunyaziwe Ezingalawulwa

• Izakhamuzi (amaseli) ziyaqhubeka nokuhlukana ngaphandle kokuyeka, zephula imithetho.
• Noma ngabe kungalungile, ngeke kulungiswe.
• Ziyaqhubeka nokuba khona ngaphandle kokuyeka (ukufa - i-apoptosis) ngesikhathi esifanele.

Lezi ziqoqo zamaseli eziphula imithetho futhi zihlukane futhi zikhule ndawonye ngendlela engadingekile yizo esizibiza ngokuthi “amathumba.” Zifana nezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphandle kwemvume edolobheni.

Amathumba Angenabungozi Nanobuhlungu

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zalezi zakhiwo ezingagunyaziwe (amathumba):

• Ama-Tumors Angemahle: Labo abaphula umthetho endaweni eyodwa: Laba bafana nalabo abaphula umthetho futhi bakhe isakhiwo esincane esingekho emthethweni endaweni eyodwa. Sihlala lapho sakhiwe khona, futhi asisakazekeli kwamanye amadolobha. Kodwa kuye ngokuthi sikuphi (njengokuvimba umgwaqo), singaba yinkinga kancane.
• Amathumba Amabi: Izihlubuki eziphazamisa idolobha: Laba ngabantu abayingozi kakhulu! Abagcini nje ngokwakha okungekho emthethweni. Baphinde babhidlize izindonga zezwe labo (ukuhlasela) bese begxumela ezindaweni abahlala kuzo.

Ukusabalala kokuvukela umbuso: Ukuhlasela kanye nokusabalala kwezifo

Lezi zimila ezibulalayo azigcini lapho.

Ukunqoba izindawo ezithathiwe: Ukuhlasela

Lawo maseli avukelayo (Amaseli omdlavuza aphula imingcele yendawo avela kuyo (isitho) futhi ahlasele izicubu eziphilile ezizungezile kanye nomhlaba (ukuhlasela).

Amakoloni amasha emadolobheni akude: I-Metastasis

Okuyingozi nakakhulu, la maseli avukelayo ahamba emigwaqweni emikhulu yedolobha (imithambo yegazi) kanye nemigwaqo eseceleni (imithambo ye-lymphatic), aze ahambe aye nasezingxenyeni ezikude zedolobha (ezinye izitho zomzimba - amaphaphu, isibindi , ubuchopho, njll.), lapho asungula khona amakoloni amasha angemthetho (amathumba esibili noma ama-metastases). Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "i-metastasis". Lesi yisigaba esiyingozi kakhulu somdlavuza.

Izici Zangaphandle Ezithinta Ingozi Yomdlavuza

Manje ake sibheke izinto zangaphandle (izinto ezibangela umdlavuza) ezilimaza incwadi yemithetho (i-DNA) esikhulume ngayo ngaphambili. Lezi yizo ezandisa ingozi yomdlavuza.

Izinto Ezonakalisa Incwadi Yomthetho Yedolobha

• Ugwayi: Njengokushisa incwadi yomthetho: Ugwayi, i-beedi, intuthu kagwayi, kanye nogwayi ohlafunwayo (ngezinye izikhathi one-betel) kuyizitha ezinkulu ezilimaza kakhulu incwadi yomthetho (i-DNA). Lokhu kuyimbangela yomdlavuza eminingi efana namaphaphu, umlomo nomphimbo.
• Utshwala: Njengesithiyo ekuphoqelelweni komthetho: Ukuphuza utshwala ngokweqile akugcini nje ngokulimaza umthetho ngokungaqondile, kodwa futhi kuphazamisa nezinqubo zokulungisa umzimba. Kwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza onjengesibindi, umphimbo kanye nebele.
• Ukudla Okungaphilile Nokukhuluphala : Njengokwenza buthaka ingqalasizinda yedolobha: ukudla okune-fiber ephansi, okucutshunguliwe kanye nokudla okunamafutha amaningi/ushukela, ukuntuleka kwezithelo nemifino, kanye nokukhuluphala kuthinta impilo yedolobha iyonke kanye nokuzinza kwencwadi yemithetho, okwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza othile (isib. umdlavuza wamathumbu).
• Imisebe Namakhemikhali: Njengokusula izinhlamvu encwadini yomthetho: Imisebe yelanga enamandla ye-ultraviolet (imisebe ye-UV), imisebe efana ne-X-ray, kanye namakhemikhali athile afana ne-asbestos kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane kungalimaza ngqo izinhlamvu encwadini yomthetho (i-DNA).
• Ukutheleleka: Njengezitha ezingena edolobheni:Amanye amagciwane [isib., i-human papillomavirus (HPV), i-hepatitis B no-C] kanye namagciwane [isib., i-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)] angangena edolobheni, athonye incwadi yemithetho, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abe nomthelela ekuqubukeni komdlavuza.

Isiphetho: Ukuqonda Umdlavuza Nokunciphisa Ingozi

Ngakho-ke, umdlavuza awuyona into eyenzeka ngobusuku obubodwa. Uwumphumela womonakalo (ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo) kwi-DNA, incwadi yemithetho yedolobha lethu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yezici ezahlukene (imikhuba yethu, indawo esizungezile, mhlawumbe ufuzo), kanye nokulawulwa kwedolobha (ukulawulwa kokukhula kwamaseli nokufa) kuyaphela. I-accelerator iyabhajwa, amabhuleki ayaphuka, futhi izakhamuzi eziphula umthetho (amaseli) ziziphatha ngendlela engalawuleki, zihlasela lonke idolobha.

Uma uqonda le ndaba, kusobala ukuthi kubalulekile ukuvikela incwadi yethu yemithetho (i-DNA) ngokugwema izinto ezibangela umdlavuza (ugwayi, utshwala obungadingekile, ukudla okungenampilo) nokuphila impilo enempilo (ukudla okuhle, ukuvivinya umzimba). Futhi, ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kwalabo abaphula imithetho (amangqamuzana omdlavuza) lapho kuvela inkinga (izimpawu) noma ngokuhlolwa kuzosiza ekumiseni lokhu kuvukela ngaphambi kokuba kusakazekele emhlabeni kabanzi.