Nkhumba: Tiyeni tiphunzire za matenda oopsa omwe achotsedwa padziko lonse lapansi.

Mwina munamvapo za 'nthomba' kuchokera kwa agogo anu. Panthawiyo, inkaonedwa ngati matenda oopsa komanso oopsa kwambiri. Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti matendawa tsopano achotsedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Koma lero tikambirana za matenda a nthomba, omwe apha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri m'mbiri yonse, ndi chiyani, momwe amafalikira, komanso zizindikiro zake.

Kodi nthomba ndi chiyani kwenikweni?

Mwachidule, nthomba inali matenda oopsa opatsirana omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kachilombo komwe sikapezekanso mwachibadwa padziko lonse lapansi. Kankafalikira kuchokera kwa munthu wina kupita kwa wina. Munthu amene anali ndi nthomba nthawi zambiri ankadwala zizindikiro monga malungo, kupweteka kwa thupi, komanso ziphuphu zomwe zimafalikira thupi lonse.

Unali matenda oopsa kwambiri. Pafupifupi 30% ya omwe adadwala nthomba adamwalira . Unali matenda omwe adapha anthu pakati pa 300 ndi 500 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka za m'ma 1900 zokha, matendawa asanathe mu 1980. Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) linati nthomba ndi "imodzi mwa matenda oopsa kwambiri omwe anthu adadziwapo."

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti nthomba ndi matenda omwe ali ndi zaka zoposa 3,000. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti zilonda zofanana ndi nthomba zapezeka m'matupi a ku Egypt. Chifukwa cha chitukuko, matendawa anafalikira padziko lonse lapansi kudzera m'njira zamalonda.

Patapita nthawi, anthu anazindikira kuti munthu akadwala nthomba n’kuchira, sakanathanso kudwalanso. Pambuyo pake, dokotala wina wa ku England dzina lake Edward Jenner anapeza kuti anthu akhoza kutetezedwa ku nthomba pobaya kachilombo koyambitsa nthomba (Cowpox) komwe sikoopsa komwe kamakhudza ng’ombe.

Mu 1967, bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) linayambitsa dongosolo lalikulu lothetsera nthomba padziko lonse lapansi kudzera mu pulogalamu yofala ya katemera. Zotsatira zake, palibe milandu ya nthomba yomwe inanenedwa pambuyo pa 1977. Mu 1980, idalengezedwa mwalamulo kuti yathetsedwa kwathunthu padziko lonse lapansi.

Mpaka pano, kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri kameneka kakusungidwa pansi pa chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri ku United States ndi Russia chifukwa cha kafukufuku wokha.

Kodi mungazindikire bwanji zizindikiro za nthomba?

Dzina lakuti nthomba limachokera ku chizindikiro chachikulu cha matendawa, chomwe ndi matuza ang'onoang'ono omwe amaonekera pankhope, m'manja, ndi m'thupi kenako n'kudzaza ndi mafinya .

Zizindikiro zina zingaphatikizepo:

• Kumva wopanda moyo komanso kutentha thupi
• Mutu waukulu
• Kupweteka kwa thupi
• Kupweteka kwa msana kosapiririka
• Nthawi zina kusanza
• Malungo aakulu
• Zochitika mkati mwa pakamwaZilonda ndi matuza. Kachiromboka kamalowa pakhosi kudzera mu izi.
• Kutupa pakhungu komwe kumakula pang'onopang'ono
• Matuza pafupi ndi maso, nthawi zina amayambitsa khungu

Nthawi Yopatsirana Matendawa

Pa avareji, zimatenga masiku 10-12 kuti zizindikiro ziwonekere kachilombo kakalowa m'thupi. Komabe, nthawi zina nthawi imeneyi imatha kukhala yochepa ngati masiku 7 kapena masiku 17. Kachiromboka sikawonetsa zizindikiro zilizonse m'masiku ochepa oyamba kachilombo kakalowa m'thupi.

Munthu akangodwala malungo, matendawa amayamba kufalikira kwa munthu wina.

Zizindikiro zake ndi monga kutentha thupi kwambiri, kusanza, kusanza, ndi kupweteka kwa thupi. Patatha masiku awiri, pakhungu pamakhala ziphuphu zofiira komanso zathyathyathya. Izi zimayamba mkamwa ndi pakhosi, kenako zimafalikira kumaso ndi m'manja, ndikufalikira thupi lonse mkati mwa maola 24.

Kodi matuza ndi amtundu wanji?

Matuza a nthomba amaphimba thupi lonse kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumapazi. Umu ndi momwe matuza awa amasinthira panthawi yonse ya matendawa:

• Choyamba chimayamba ngati mawanga ofiira mkati mwa pakamwa ndipo chimafalikira m'thupi lonse mkati mwa maola 24.
• Madontho amenewa amasanduka matuza okwera odzaza ndi madzi oyera.
• Pakatha tsiku limodzi kapena awiri, matuza awa amasanduka matuza odzaza ndi mafinya.
• Pakatha pafupifupi sabata imodzi, matuza awa amauma ndipo pamwamba pake pamakhala chipolopolo.
• Ma crusts awa adzagwa mkati mwa masabata 3-4 otsatira, koma angayambitse zipsera zosatha .

Kodi nthomba ndi nkhuku ndi chinthu chimodzi?

Anthu ambiri amasokoneza nthomba ndi nkhuku. Ngakhale kuti zonsezi ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amayambitsa matuza pakhungu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi.

Kodi n’chiyani chimayambitsa matendawa ndipo amafalikira bwanji?

Nkhumba imayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo kotchedwa Variola. Panali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya kachilomboka. Mtundu woopsa kwambiri unali wa Variola major, womwe unapha pafupifupi 30% ya omwe adatenga kachilomboka. Mtundu wina, Variola minor, umayambitsa matenda osaopsa kwambiri, omwe adapha pafupifupi 1%.

Matenda a nthomba amafalikira kuchokera kwa munthu wina kupita kwa wina. Matendawa amayamba ndi malungo. Matendawa amatha kufalikira popuma madontho a malovu pamene munthu akutsokomola, akutsamwitsa, kapena akulankhula. Angathenso kufalikira pokhudza zovala, zofunda, kapena madzi amthupi a munthu amene ali ndi matendawa. Matendawa safalikira ndi nyama kapena tizilombo.

Kodi njira zodziwira matenda ndi chithandizo ndi ziti?

Matenda a nthomba sananenedwe kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kotero zingakhale zovuta ngakhale kwa dokotala kuzindikira matendawa nthawi yomweyo. Matendawa amatsimikiziridwa poyesa minofu kuchokera ku chithuza cha nthomba. Ngakhale munthu mmodzi amaonedwa kuti ndi vuto la thanzi padziko lonse lapansi.

Pali mankhwala angapo oletsa mavairasi omwe amavomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pakagwa mliri. Zitsanzo zake ndi monga tecovirimat (TPOXX) ndi brincidofovir (Tembexa). Mankhwalawa awonetsedwa kuti amaletsa kukula kwa kachilombo ka nthomba. Mankhwalawa amasungidwa ndi mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kuti akagwiritsidwe ntchito pazadzidzidzi.

Katemera wa nthomba ndi nkhani zina zokhudzana nazo

Kodi mwawonapo mabala ozungulira pamapewa a makolo anu kapena agogo anu?Ndicho chizindikiro cha katemera wa nthomba. Chilondachi sichimachitika chifukwa cha singano yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pobaya katemera. Chimachitika chifukwa cha momwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimachitira ndi kachilombo ka katemera wamoyo komwe kali mu katemera.

Pamalo omwe katemerayu amaperekedwa, chilonda chokhala ndi zilonda komanso kuyabwa chimapangidwa koyamba. Chilondachi chimauma kenako n’kusiya chilonda chozungulira. Kupangika kwa chilondachi kumasonyeza kuti katemera waperekedwa bwino ndipo thupi lakhala ndi chitetezo chamthupi.

Pambuyo pa 1972, mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Sri Lanka, anasiya kupereka katemera wa nthomba kwa anthu onse. Chifukwa chake, achinyamata a masiku ano sanapatsidwe katemerayu.

Nthomba, Nthomba, Kachirombo, Zizindikiro, Nkhuku, Katemera, Zilonda, Matenda Opatsirana, Matenda