Masifunde ngakumbi ngalo 'mkhuhlane' (umkhuhlane) ofunyanwa ngumntu wonke, akunjalo?

Ngoko ke, esi sifo sithethwa ngaso kuyo yonke indawo kule mihla, mhlawumbi nawe uphilile, okanye mhlawumbi ukhe wabona umntu kusapho lwakho egula aze ahlupheke yiso, sibizwa ngokuba yi-'flu'. Abanye abantu basibiza ngokuba yi-'viral flu'. Ngoko ke namhlanje, masithethe nge- 'flu ' ngokulula. Siza kujonga izinto ezininzi ezifana nokuba yintoni, kutheni isenzeka, indlela yokuyiphepha, kunye nento omawuyenze ukuba uyayifumana.

Yintoni kanye kanye i-influenza?

Ngamafutshane, umkhuhlane sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yi-influenza. Xa uwufumana, unokuba neempawu ezifana nentloko ebuhlungu, iintlungu zomzimba, umphimbo obuhlungu, kunye nomkhuhlane, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ezi zinokuba nzima kakhulu. Umkhuhlane uxhaphake kakhulu ngexesha lokubanda. Ngamanye amaxesha, uchaphazela abantu abaninzi ngaxeshanye, kwaye siwubiza ngokuba yi-bhubhane.

Liliphi ixesha lonyaka apho umkhuhlane uxhaphake kakhulu?

Kumazwe akuMantla eHlabathi, afana ne-United States, ixesha lomkhuhlane lithathwa njengeliqala ngo-Okthobha ukuya kuMeyi. Nangona kunjalo, incopho yesi sifo, oko kuthetha ukuba uninzi lwabantu luyagula, idla ngokuba phakathi kukaDisemba noFebruwari. ESri Lanka, olu hlobo lomkhuhlane wentsholongwane ludla ngokubonakala rhoqo ngexesha lokubanda nelemvula.

Ixhaphake kangakanani i-flu?

Enyanisweni, umkhuhlane sisifo esosulelayo esixhaphakileyo. Khawuthelekelele, kwilizwe elifana neMelika, phakathi kwezigidi ezingama-20 nama-40 zabantu bafumana esi sifo ngexesha ngalinye lomkhuhlane. Ngoko ke ungacinga ukuba oku kusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi komkhuhlane kunye nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo?

Lo ngumbuzo abantu abaninzi abanawo. Umkhuhlane kunye nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo unokuba neempawu ezifanayo, njengempumlo egobhozayo kunye nokukhwehlela. Nangona kunjalo , iimpawu zomkhuhlane zihlala zingekho nzima kangako, ngelixa iimpawu zomkhuhlane zinokuba nzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela kwiingxaki eziyingozi. Khumbula, ezi zifo zimbini zibangelwa ziintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeentsholongwane.

Ndingaqiniseka njani ukuba ndinomkhuhlane okanye i-COVID-19?

Lo ngumbuzo obaluleke kakhulu, kuba iimpawu zazo zombini ziyafana kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukuze wazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uneflu okanye iCOVID-19, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka uvavanywe. Kukho umngcipheko wokuba nezifo ezinzulu kuzo zombini ezi zifo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ezi zifo zimbini zibangelwa ziintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeentsholongwane, oogqirha bazinyanga ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamayeza.

Ngubani osengozini enkulu yokufumana iingxaki ezivela kumkhuhlane?

Abanye abantu banokufumana umkhuhlane kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba banokuba neengxaki ezisongela ubomi kwaye banokufuna ukulaliswa esibhedlele. Ukuba unenye yezi meko zilandelayo, usengozini enkulu yokugula kakhulu ngumkhuhlane:

• Eya kuweUkuba unesifo semiphunga esinganyangekiyo esifana ne-asthma okanye i-COPD (iSifo seMiphunga esingapheliyo).
• Ukuba ukhe wakha wanesifo sezintso, sesibindi, semithambo-luvo , sentliziyo, okanye semithambo yegazi (esifana nesifo sohlangothi).
• Ukuba unesifo esichaphazela ukusebenza kwezihlunu okanye esenza kube nzima ukukhohlela, ukuginya, okanye ukususa umhluzi emiphungeni.
• Ukuba unesifo seswekile (iDiabetes Mellitus) .
• Ukuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka (umzekelo, ngenxa ye-HIV/AIDS, umhlaza, okanye ukusebenzisa amayeza okunciphisa umzimba).
• Ukuba unesifo esinxulumene negazi , umzekelo, isifo se-sickle cell.
• Ukuba i-body mass index yakho (BMI) ingaphezulu kwama-30 (oko kuthetha ukuba utyebile kakhulu).
• Ukuba ungumntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala , okanye ukuba ungaphezulu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala .
• Ukuba ungumama okhulelweyo .
• Ukuba ungaphantsi kweminyaka eli-19 ubudala kwaye uthatha i-aspirin rhoqo.
• Ukuba uhlala kwindawo yokhathalelo lwexesha elide.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abakumaqela asemngciphekweni, ingakumbi abo basengozini, ukuba bafune iingcebiso zonyango ngokukhawuleza xa iimpawu zomkhuhlane zibonakala.

Zithini iimpawu zomkhuhlane?

Iimpawu zomkhuhlane zihlala zivela ngequbuliso. Usenokuba nezinye okanye zonke ezi:

• Ifiva
• Ukugodola
• Iintlungu zomzimba
• Ukukhwehlela
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• Umqala obuhkungu
• Impumlo egobhozayo okanye ukuxinana kwempumlo
• Ndiziva ndidiniwe kwaye ndingenabomi
• Urhudo okanye ukuhlanza (oku kubonakala kakhulu kubantwana abancinci)

Zithini izizathu zomkhuhlane?

Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, umkhuhlane ubangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yi-influenza. Iintlobo ezixhaphake kakhulu ebantwini yi-influenza A, B, kunye ne-C. Kwezi, iintlobo ezimbini, i-influenza A kunye ne-B, zezonyaka (oko kukuthi, rhoqo ngexesha lokubanda), kwaye iimpawu zazo azibi kakhulu. I-Influenza C ayibangeli iimpawu ezinzima kangako, kwaye ayibangeli ngexesha lonyaka - ixelwa kwinani elifanayo lamatyala unyaka wonke.

Zombini i-H1N1 (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-"swine flu") kunye ne-bird flu, esivileyo ngazo, ziintlobo zentsholongwane ye-influenza A.

Ingaba umkhuhlane uyasulela?

Ewe, umkhuhlane ngokuqinisekileyo sisifo esosulelayo. Ngokwesiqhelo, umntu onomkhuhlane unokosulela umntu omnye okanye ababini.

Umkhuhlane usasazeka njani?

Intsholongwane yomkhuhlane isasazeka ngokudibana ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo nomntu osulelekileyo. Nazi ezinye zeendlela eziphambili zokusasazwa komkhuhlane:

• Xa umntu ogulayo ekhohlela, ethimla, okanye ethetha, amathontsi anokufika ezandleni zakho okanye aphefumlelwe ngqo empumlweni okanye emlonyeni wakho. Ukusuka apho, intsholongwane inokuhamba iye emiphungeni yakho.
• Ngokuchukumisa indawo enentsholongwane uze uchukumise ubuso bakho, impumlo, umlomo, okanye amehlo. Umzekelo, izibambo zomnyango, iidesika, iikhompyutha kunye neefowuni.
• Ngokuchukumisa izandla okanye ubuso bomntu onesifo somkhuhlane uze uchukumise ubuso bakho, impumlo, umlomo, okanye amehlo.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba intsholongwane ingene emzimbeni ize ibonise iimpawu?

Ukuba wosulelwe yintsholongwane, iimpawu zihlala ziqala ukubonakala kwiintsuku enye ukuya kwezine (ixesha lokufukama).

Ifunyaniswa njani i-flu?

Ugqirha uza kubuza ngeempawu zakho aze avavanye isampuli ye-mucus empumlweni yakho ukuqinisekisa umkhuhlane. Baza kufaka i-swab ethambileyo, enencam yekotoni (i-swab) empumlweni yakho ukuze bajonge intsholongwane yomkhuhlane. Ezinye iimvavanyo zinokukunika iziphumo ngemizuzu, okanye ngamanye amaxesha isampuli ingathunyelwa kwilebhu kwaye iziphumo zingafunyanwa ngosuku okanye ezimbini.

Inyangwa njani i-flu?

Kwezinye iimeko, oogqirha banokukunika amayeza okulwa nomkhuhlane. La mayeza anokunciphisa umngcipheko wokugula kakhulu aze anciphise ixesha lokugula kwakho. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi banokuphela umkhuhlane ngaphandle kwala mayeza. Oogqirha bakunika la mayeza okulwa nomkhuhlane kwezi meko zilandelayo:

• Ukuba iimpawu bezikho ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-48, ukusebenza kakuhle kwala mayeza kunokuncipha ukuba iimpawu bezikho ngaphezu kweentsuku ezimbini. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngelo xesha intsholongwane isasazeke kakhulu emzimbeni kwaye umzimba uqalile ukulwa nayo ngee-antibodies.
• Ukuba unenye ingxaki yezonyango engabonakaliyo, okanye ukuba usemngciphekweni wokufumana isifo esinzulu, ugqirha wakho unokukunika eli yeza nokuba sele kudlule iiyure ezingaphezu kwama-48 ukususela oko iimpawu zakho zaqala.
• Ukuba iimpawu zinzima kakhulu , unokunikwa amayeza nokuba isifo sithatha iintsuku ezingaphezu kwembini.
• Kulungile ukuba uhlala okanye ukhathalela abantu abanokuba neengxaki ezinkulu ngenxa yomkhuhlane.

Ngawaphi amayeza omkhuhlane?

Nazi ezinye ii-antiviral medics ze-influenza:

• I-Oseltamivir phosphate (igama lophawu iTamiflu®). Le ithathwa ngomlomo njengepilisi okanye ulwelo. Idla ngokuthathwa iintsuku eziliqela.
• I-Zanamivir (igama lophawu i-Relenza®). Le iphefumlwa ngomlomo kusetyenziswa i-inhaler. Ikwafuneka ithathwe iintsuku eziliqela. Ayikhuthazwa kubantu abaneengxaki zokuphefumla ezifana ne-asthma okanye i-COPD.
• I-Peramivir (igama lophawu iRapivap®). Eli liyeza elinikwa ngqo emthanjeni (IV) ngugqirha. Lidla ngokunikwa ngedosi enye.
• I-Baloxavir marboxil (igama lophawu lwe-Xofluza®). Le ikwathathwa ngomlomo njengepilisi okanye ulwelo. Ithathwa njengedosi enye. Ayikhuthazwa kubafazi abakhulelweyo, oomama abancancisayo, izigulane ezibhedlele, kunye nabantu abanezinye iimeko zonyango.

Ukuba unezinye iingxaki zempilo, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka uxelele ugqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuba uqale amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane afana nala.

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango

Iyeza ngalinye elilwa neentsholongwane linokuba nemiphumo emibi eyahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezona zixhaphakileyo zizicaphucaphu kunye norhudo. Amayeza afunxwayo ngamanye amaxesha anokubangela i-bronchospasm.

Ungazilawula njani iimpawu zomkhuhlane ekhaya?

Abantu abaninzi banokukwazi ukulawula iimpawu zomkhuhlane ekhaya. Amayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwekhawuntara (OTC) kunye nolunye unyango lunokunceda:

• Phumla kakuhle kangangoko unako.
• Sela iziselo ezininzi, ezifana namanzi kunye nesobho. Oku kunokunceda ukuthintela ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.
• Ukufaka ingxowa yamanzi ashushu emzimbeni kunokunceda ekunciphiseni iintlungu.
• Ungathatha amayeza okunciphisa iintlungu afana ne -acetaminophen (umz., iTylenol®) okanye ii-NSAID (umz., i-Advil®, i-Motrin®, i-Aleve®) ukunciphisa umkhuhlane, intloko ebuhlungu, kunye neentlungu zomzimba.
• Ukuba impumlo yakho ixinene okanye impumlo yakho ivuza amanzi, ungasebenzisa izitshizi zempumlo okanye izicoci zomlomo, ezifana ne -phenylephrine okanye i-pseudoephedrine .
• Ukulawula ukukhwehlela rhoqo, ungathatha amayeza okulwa nokuvuvukala afana ne -dextromethorphan .
• Izinto zokukhupha iintlungu, ezifana ne -guaifenesin , zinceda ukukhulula i-mucus emiphungeni.

Ayizizo zonke ii-OTC medicine ezisebenzela wonke umntu, ngoko ke kulungile ukuba ubuze ugqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuba uzisebenzise. Kwakhona, qiniseka ukuba ujonge ukuba amayeza athile akhuselekile na ukuwasebenzisa kunye okanye kunye nezinye izongezo ozithathayo. Musa ukunika abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-16 ubudala i-aspirin ngaphandle kokuba uyalelwe ngugqirha.

Ungakuthintela njani ukufumana umkhuhlane?

Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokunciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana umkhuhlane kukufumana igonyo lomkhuhlane rhoqo ngonyaka.Oku kungenziwa ngenaliti okanye njenge-spray yempumlo. Kubalulekile ukufumana i-vaccine rhoqo ngonyaka kuba intsholongwane yomkhuhlane inokutshintshatshintsha.

Nazi ezinye iindlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko wakho wokufumana umkhuhlane:

• Hlamba izandla zakho kakuhle ngesepha namanzi rhoqo. Ukuba isepha namanzi azifumaneki, sebenzisa isicoci sezandla esisekelwe kutywala .
• Gquma impumlo nomlomo xa ukhohlela okanye uthimla. Kungcono ukukhohlela/ukuthimla engqinibeni yakho okanye kwithishu kunokuba ukwenze ngesandla.
• Kuphephe ukuba phakathi kwabanye abantu ukuba wena okanye omnye umntu unesifo esosulelayo, esifana nomkhuhlane. Ukuba uyagula kwaye kufuneka ube phakathi kwabanye abantu, nxiba imaski.
• Kuphephe ukuchukumisa ubuso bakho, amehlo, impumlo, nomlomo.
• Musa ukwabelana ngokutya, iziselo, okanye izitya (iipuni, iifolokhwe, iikomityi) nabanye.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ndifumana umkhuhlane? Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba ndiphile?

Uninzi lwabantu lunokulawula iimpawu zomkhuhlane ekhaya baze baphile kwiintsuku ezimbalwa okanye iveki. Nangona kunjalo, kunokuba yinto enzulu, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukujonga iimpawu zakho kwaye ufumane ingcebiso kagqirha ukuba kuyimfuneko. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba unezinye iimeko zempilo ezingabonakaliyo.

Ukuba uneflu, kufuneka ukuphephe ukunxulumana nabanye abantu ngaphandle kokuba ufuna ingcebiso kagqirha.

Ihlala ixesha elingakanani i-flu?

Umkhuhlane unokuhlala iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini. Iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane kunye neentlungu zomzimba zivela ngequbuliso, kodwa ziphela ngokukhawuleza kunezinye iimpawu. Ukukhohlela okanye impumlo egobhozayo inokuhlala ixesha elide.

Ihlala ixesha elingakanani intsholongwane isasazeka?

Ungasasaza umkhuhlane ukususela kusuku olungaphambi kokuba uqale ukuba neempawu ukuya kwiveki emva kokuba uqale ukuba neempawu. Usulela kakhulu kwiintsuku ezintathu ukuya kwezine zokuqala emva kokuba iimpawu ziqalile. Abantu abaneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka kunye nabantwana abancinci banokusasaza isifo kwangethuba.

Ndingabuyela nini emsebenzini/esikolweni?

Ukuze uthintele ukusasaza umkhuhlane kwabanye, kufuneka ulinde ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba ungenawo umkhuhlane (ngaphandle kokuthatha amayeza okunciphisa umkhuhlane) ngaphambi kokuba ubuyele emsebenzini okanye esikolweni. Indawo yakho yokusebenza okanye isikolo sakho sinokuba nemithetho eyahlukileyo.

Iingxaki zomkhuhlane

Intsholongwane yomkhuhlane ngokwayo inokubangela iingxaki, okanye ingenza buthathaka inkqubo yakho yomzimba kwaye ivumele iintsholongwane ukuba zosulele amalungu ahlukeneyo omzimba wakho (usulelo lwesibini). Ezi ngxaki kunye nosulelo lwesibini ziquka:

• Usulelo lwendlebe
• Usulelo lweSinus
• I-pneumonia, usulelo olukhulu lwemiphunga. I-pneumonia inokukhokelela kwiimeko ezisongela ubomi ezifana ne-Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
• Ukulahlekelwa/ukuphuma kwesisu.
• Iziphene zetyhubhu yemithambo-luvo (ii-NTD) zenzeka kumntwana okhula esibelekweni sikamama okhulelweyo.

Ngexesha lobhubhane oqhelekileyo womkhuhlane kwilizwe elifana ne-United States, kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwabantu abangama-20,000 nama-50,000 bayafa ngenxa yomkhuhlane minyaka le. Abanye abantu abangama-300,000 ukuya kuma-500,000 bagula kakhulu kwaye kufuneka bangeniswe esibhedlele.

Ufanele uye nini kugqirha?

Ukuba ucinga ukuba uneflu, kubalulekile ukuba uhlolwe kwangethuba. Emva koko, ukuba ugqirha wakho unika amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane, aya kusebenza ngakumbi. Bona ugqirha ngoko nangoko ukuba:

• Ukuba uneempawu zomkhuhlane kwaye unesinye isifo esingabonakaliyo esikubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu wokugula kakhulu .
• Ukuba iimpawu aziphucuki emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe ukuya kwezilishumi, okanye ukuba umkhuhlane uyaqhubeka iintsuku ezingaphezu kwezintathu.
• Ukuba ungumama okhulelweyo kwaye unemfiva okanye ezinye iimpawu zomkhuhlane .

Ufanele uye nini kwiYunithi yoNyango oluNgxamisekileyo (i-ETU) ?

Ukuba uneempawu zesifo esinzulu, kuya kufuneka uye kwigumbi likaxakeka okanye ufumane ingcebiso yezonyango ngokukhawuleza. Ezi mpawu ziquka:

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu (ngaphezulu kwe-103 Fahrenheit/40 Celsius).
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla.
• Akukho okanye kuphuma umchamo omncinci kakhulu.
• Intlungu yesifuba okanye yesisu (esiswini) engapheziyo.
• Ukudinwa okungapheliyo.
• Ukudideka.
• Intlungu okanye ubuthathaka obukhulu bemisipha.
• Ukuxhuzula.
• Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wolusu, imilebe, okanye iinzipho ( i-cyanosis - oku kuthetha ukuba kukho amanqanaba aphantsi eoksijini egazini okanye kwizicubu zakho).
• Umkhuhlane okanye ukukhohlela kuya kuba ngcono, kuze kube mandundu kwakhona.
• Ukuwohloka kwezinye izifo ezingapheliyo.

Yeyiphi imibuzo omele uyibuze ugqirha wakho?

• Ndingalithatha njani kanye kanye eli yeza?
• Zeziphi iintlobo zamayeza e-OTC endinokuzithenga kwikhemesti?
• Ndingazilawula njani iimpawu zam ekhaya?
• Zeziphi iimpawu ezinzima ekufuneka ndizixhalabele?
• Ndingaya nini kwigumbi likaxakeka?
• Ndingakubona nini kwakhona?
• Kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba ndiphile?

Ingaba umkhuhlane wesisu uyafana nomkhuhlane?

Hayi. I-Gastroenteritis, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-stomach flu, ayibangelwa yi-influenza virus. Sisifo esahlukileyo esingenanto yakwenza ne-seasonal flu.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Nangona umkhuhlane uyinto eqhelekileyo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba unokubangela iingxaki ezisongela ubomi. Ukufumana inaliti yomkhuhlane yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzikhusela ekuguleni nokukhusela abantu obathandayo kunye nabamelwane bakho.Ukuba unezinye iimeko zempilo ezifihlakeleyo okanye ukhulelwe, thetha nogqirha wakho ngeendlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko wakho wokufumana umkhuhlane. Ukufumana umkhuhlane akumnandi, kodwa kubantu abaninzi, yimeko enokunyangeka ngefilimu elungileyo kunye nesitya sesuphu yenkukhu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukufuna ingcebiso kagqirha xa kuyimfuneko.