Siva igama elithi "ADHD" kakhulu kule mihla, akunjalo? Mhlawumbi ulivile eli gama xa uthetha ngomntwana wakho, okanye umntwana wesalamane okanye umhlobo. Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba "kukuthatha ingqalelo egqithisileyo." Kodwa i-ADHD yimeko enembali yezonyango enzulu kakhulu kunaleyo. Ke namhlanje, masithethe ngendlela oogqirha abafumene ngayo okokuqala le meko ebizwa ngokuba yi-ADHD, indlela etshintshe ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunye noko sikwaziyo ngayo namhlanje.
Le meko yachongwa njani ekuqaleni?
Eli bali aliqali izolo, kodwa liqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 eyadlulayo. Khawuthelekelele, ngo -1798 , ugqirha waseScotland, uSir Alexander Crichton, waphawula into engaqhelekanga. Waphawula ukuba abanye abantu babenengxaki enkulu yokuhlala begxile kwinto enye efana nezinye, iingqondo zabo zazihlala zizulazula. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba babenale meko ukususela ebuntwaneni. Oko sikubiza namhlanje ngokuba yi-ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) kufana kakhulu naloo meko.
Emva koko, ngo -1902 , omnye ugqirha ogama linguSir George Frederic Still waxela ngeqela labantwana ababesempilweni kwaye bengenazo iziphene zengqondo. Aba bantwana babenomdla kakhulu, benobunzima bokulawula ingqalelo yabo nokuzilawula. Waxela ngabafana abali-15 kunye namantombazana ama-5. Sisazi nanamhlanje ukuba abafana banamathuba amaninzi okufunyanwa bene-ADHD kunamantombazana. Ngoko unokucinga ukuba ezi ngqwalaselo zazichane kangakanani, akunjalo?
Indlela igama elithi "hyperkinetic" elavela ngayo
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwenziwa uphando olongezelelekileyo ngale nto. Ngo -1932, oogqirha ababini baseJamani, uFranz Kramer noHans Polnau, bachaza imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Hyperkinetic Disease." Ngamafutshane, abantwana abanale meko banengxaki yokuhlala bezolile . Abalandeli imithetho, enokuphazamisa imisebenzi yeklasi. Bakwanengxaki yokusebenza kunye nabanye abantwana.
Le meko yaqala besebancinci, malunga neminyaka emi-3-4 ubudala, yaza yafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu malunga neminyaka emi-6 ubudala. Kodwa iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba xa abantwana befikelela kwiminyaka esi-7 ubudala, oku kungakhululeki kwaphela kancinci, kwaye kwabaninzi, imeko yaphucuka njengoko babekhula.
Iyeza lokuqala le-ADHD kunye nokufika kweRitalin
Esi sisiganeko esinomdla kakhulu. Ngo -1937 , ugqirha waseMelika ogama linguCharles Bradley waphawula ukuba xa wayenika abanye abantwana iBenzedrine, isikhuthazi, ukuziphatha kwabo kwaphucuka. Akuphelelanga apho, kodwa nomsebenzi wabo wesikolo waphucuka.
Cinga nje, sihlala sicinga ukuba xa abantwana benikwa isikhuthazi, baya kuba neentloni ngakumbi. Kodwa kule meko, kwakunjalo ngenye indlela. Oku kwenze oogqirha baqonda ukuba i-ADHD inxulumene nekhemistri yengqondo .
Amayeza aqhelekileyo anikwa i-ADHD namhlanje yi-methylphenidate. Yaqala ukuthengiswa ngo- 1954 phantsi kwegama leRitalin . Ekuqaleni yayisetyenziselwa ukunyanga izinto ezifana nokudinwa okungapheliyo, kodwa kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba iyasebenza kakhulu ekulawuleni iimpawu ze-ADHD.
Ukusuka kwi-ADD ukuya kwi-ADHD: Indlela etshintshe ngayo igama
Igama lesi sifo liye latshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, ikakhulu njengoko ulwazi lwethu ngaso luye lwaphucuka. Olu tshintsho lubonakala ngokucacileyo kwi-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), epapashwe yi-American Psychiatric Association.
| Unyaka | Igama kunye nenkcazo esetyenzisiweyo |
|---|---|
| 1968 | Impendulo ye-hyperkinetic yobuntwana: Igxile kakhulu ekusebenzeni kakhulu. |
| 1980 | Ingxaki Yokuswela Ingqalelo (YONGEZA): Kuvezwe iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili apha. YONGEZA ngokugqithisileyo kunye neYONGEZA ngaphandle kokugqithisileyo. Lo ngumahluko omkhulu, kuba ikwagxile kubantwana ababengengobantu ababi, kodwa ababengenangqalelo ingako. |
| 1987 | Ingxaki Yokungakwazi Ukuqwalasela Izinto Ngokugqithisileyo (ADHD): Igama elidibanisa iimpawu ezintathu zokungakhathali, ukungxama, kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo. |
Ukuqonda i-ADHD namhlanje
Namhlanje, oogqirha bayijonga ngendlela ebanzi i-ADHD. Ngokwencwadi yamva nje yeDSM, ekhutshwe ngo- 2013 , kukho "iintetho" ezintathu eziphambili ze-ADHD. "Iintetho" yindlela nje ezibonakala ngayo iimpawu . Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ezi ntetho zinokutshintsha ebomini bomntu.
| Inkcazo-ntetho ye-ADHD | Kalula nje... |
|---|---|
| Abakhathali kakhulu | Aba bantu banengxaki yokuhlala bekwimeko elungileyo, belandela imiyalelo, kwaye becwangcisa umsebenzi. Basenokubonakala belahlekile kwihlabathi lamaphupha. Kodwa akubonakali ngathi banenkohlakalo kangako. |
| Eyona nto iphambili isebenza kakhulu kwaye ishukuma ngokukhawuleza | Aba bantu abanakuhlala ndaweni nye, basoloko bedlala, bebaleka, betsiba. Abakwazi kulinda ithuba labo. Batsiba phakathi kwencoko yabanye abantu. Benza izinto ngaphandle kokucinga. |
| Idibeneyo | Aba bantu baneempawu zazo zombini ezi ntlobo zikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla. Oko kukuthi, bane-attention deficit kunye ne-hyperactivity. |
Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba oogqirha ngoku bayayamkela into yokuba i-ADHD ayipheleli nje ebuntwaneni, kwaye ezi mpawu zinokubakho nasebudaleni .
Unyango olutsha kunye nekamva
Izivuseleli zifo ziseseyindlela yonyango esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-ADHD. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku kukho amanye amayeza amaninzi ngaphandle kweRitalin. Amayeza angavuseleli zifo nawo aqaliswa emva kowama-2002. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-atomoxetine kunye ne-guanfacine.
Kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba ukrokrela ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho une-ADHD, thetha nogqirha ofanelekileyo ngayo. Nguye onokuxilonga ngokuchanekileyo imeko kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, acebise amayeza kunye nonyango lokuziphatha . Ungaze wenze izigqibo ngokusekelwe kumahemuhemu.
Xa sijonga imbali ye-ADHD, siyabona ukuba asiyonto eyenzekileyo nje, kodwa yinto eye yaqondwa kancinci kancinci ngomsebenzi onzima woogqirha noososayensi kwiminyaka emininzi. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukucinga ngale meko ngokwesayensi.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-ADHD ayintsha. Inembali ende yezonyango , eqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 eyadlulayo.
- Oku akusiyo nje "into embi" okanye "ubuvila." Yimeko yokwenyani yezonyango enxulumene nokusebenza kwengqondo.
- I-ADHD ingabonakala kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonisa. Abanye abantu abanamdla kuphela, abanye banomdla wokuzibhokoxa, kwaye abanye banokuba nazo zombini ezi zinto.
- Le meko ayinakuchaphazela abantwana kuphela kodwa nabantu abadala.
- Namhlanje, kukho unyango olusebenzayo kakhulu lwe-ADHD, kodwa zonke ezi zigqibo kufuneka zenziwe ngugqirha wakho.
- Ukuba ucinga ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho ninokuba nezi mpawu, nceda uthethe nogqirha wosapho lwakho okanye ingcali ngayo.
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